Erik Erikson Stages of Psychosocial Development Theory
Summary
TLDRThe video script explores Erik Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development, a framework for understanding human growth from childhood to adulthood. Each stage presents a developmental conflict that, when resolved, leads to a virtue. The stages range from trust and autonomy in early childhood to intimacy, generativity, and wisdom in adulthood. The script also covers Erikson's personal life, his influence by Freud, and critiques of his theory, including its vagueness and cultural bias.
Takeaways
- 👶 Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development consists of eight stages that people face throughout their lives.
- 📚 Erikson's stages each involve a developmental conflict that must be resolved to acquire a specific virtue.
- 🧒 The first stage, trust vs mistrust, occurs from birth to 18 months, focusing on the child's trust in their caregivers.
- 👧 The second stage, autonomy vs shame and doubt, occurs from 18 months to 3 years, focusing on the child's independence.
- 👦 The third stage, initiative vs guilt, occurs from 3 to 6 years, focusing on the child's ability to initiate activities.
- 🧑🏫 The fourth stage, industry vs inferiority, occurs from 6 to 12 years, focusing on the child's competence in skills.
- 👨🎓 The fifth stage, identity vs role confusion, occurs from 12 to 18 years, focusing on the adolescent's self-identity.
- 💑 The sixth stage, intimacy vs isolation, occurs from 20 to 40 years, focusing on forming intimate relationships.
- 👨👩👦 The seventh stage, generativity vs stagnation, occurs from 45 to 65 years, focusing on contributing to society.
- 👴 The eighth stage, integrity vs despair, occurs after 65 years, focusing on reflecting on one's life with integrity or despair.
Q & A
What is the main focus of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory?
-Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory focuses on the eight stages that a healthy individual encounters from childhood through adulthood, emphasizing the developmental conflicts that must be resolved to progress through each stage.
How did Erikson's work combine Freudian methodology with another field of study?
-Erikson's work combines Freudian methodology with cultural anthropology, examining how childhood training and cultural accomplishments relate to one another.
What is the virtue associated with the first stage of Erikson's theory?
-The virtue associated with the first stage of Erikson's theory is hope, which is developed through the resolution of the psychosocial crisis of trust vs. mistrust in infants.
What is the existential question that children in the second stage of Erikson's theory ask themselves?
-The existential question children in the second stage ask is 'Is it okay to be me?', which relates to the psychosocial crisis of autonomy vs. shame and doubt.
What is the virtue that children aim to acquire in the third stage of Erikson's theory?
-In the third stage, the virtue children aim to acquire is purpose, which is developed through resolving the psychosocial crisis of initiative vs. guilt.
What is the virtue associated with the fourth stage of Erikson's theory, and what is the corresponding psychosocial crisis?
-The virtue associated with the fourth stage is competence, and the corresponding psychosocial crisis is industry vs. inferiority, which occurs in children around 6 to 12 years old.
What is the virtue that individuals aim to achieve in the fifth stage of Erikson's theory, and what is the existential question they face?
-In the fifth stage, individuals aim to achieve the virtue of fidelity, facing the existential question 'Who am I? What can I be?', which relates to the psychosocial crisis of identity vs. role confusion.
What is the virtue associated with the sixth stage of Erikson's theory, and what is the main life event of this stage?
-The virtue associated with the sixth stage is love, and the main life event of this stage is forming intimate and caring relationships.
What is the virtue that individuals aim to achieve in the seventh stage of Erikson's theory, and what is the psychosocial crisis they face?
-In the seventh stage, individuals aim to achieve the virtue of caring, facing the psychosocial crisis of generativity vs. stagnation, which involves contributing to society and mentoring the next generation.
What is the virtue associated with the final stage of Erikson's theory, and what is the existential question posed?
-The virtue associated with the final stage is wisdom, and the existential question posed is 'Is it okay to have been me?', which relates to the psychosocial crisis of ego integrity vs. despair.
What is the ninth stage added by Joan Erikson, and how does it differ from the original eight stages?
-The ninth stage added by Joan Erikson involves revisiting the previous eight stages in reverse order of crisis during old age, focusing on the impact of physical deterioration and the reevaluation of past stages, which was not present in the original eight stages.
What are some of the criticisms of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
-Some criticisms of Erikson's theory include its vague mechanisms for resolving conflicts, its primary focus on boys and childhood, an overemphasis on social expectations in certain cultures, and the assumption that completion of one stage is a prerequisite for the next, which not everyone agrees with.
Outlines
📚 Introduction to Erikson's Psychosocial Development
This paragraph introduces the topic of Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development, presented by the narrator, Frank Avella. It emphasizes the importance of resolving developmental conflicts at each stage to acquire virtues. The theory, which became widely recognized after the publication of 'Childhood and Society,' explores the relationship between childhood training and cultural accomplishments. Erikson's work, influenced by Freud, combines psychoanalytic methodology with cultural anthropology. The paragraph also touches on the significance of organized activities in aiding children's development and provides a brief background on Erikson's life and career, including his lack of formal education and his contribution to the field of personality theory.
👶 Stages of Childhood Development
This section delves into the first five stages of Erikson's psychosocial development, each with its own developmental conflict and virtue. Stage one, for infants up to 18 months, focuses on trust vs. mistrust, with the mother-child relationship being pivotal. Stage two, for children aged 18 months to 3 years, is about autonomy vs. shame and doubt, emphasizing the development of self-control. Stage three, applicable to children aged 3 to 6 years, deals with initiative vs. guilt, encouraging children to take on tasks. Stage four, for 6 to 12-year-olds, is centered on industry vs. inferiority, highlighting the importance of learning new skills. Lastly, stage five, for 12 to 18-year-olds, addresses identity vs. role confusion, focusing on the formation of personal identity through social relationships.
👤 Adolescent and Adult Development Stages
This paragraph outlines the latter stages of Erikson's theory, focusing on adolescence and adulthood. Stage six, for individuals aged 20 to 40, is about intimacy vs. isolation, where the ability to form lasting relationships is crucial. Stage seven, for those aged 45 to 65, involves generativity vs. stagnation, with a focus on contributing to society and guiding the next generation. The final stage, for individuals over 65, is about ego integrity vs. despair, where a retrospective view of life leads to wisdom or despair, depending on one's accomplishments. Additionally, the paragraph introduces a ninth stage added by Joan Erikson, addressing the experiences of individuals in their 80s and 90s, where they revisit previous stages in reverse order due to the effects of old age.
🔍 Criticism and Conclusion
The final paragraph discusses criticisms of Erikson's theory, noting its vagueness in resolving conflicts and transitioning between stages. Critics argue that the theory predominantly applies to boys and is overly focused on childhood, with the first five stages occurring within the first 20 years of life. The theory is also criticized for its emphasis on social expectations within certain cultures and the assumption that completing one stage is a prerequisite for the next. The paragraph concludes by thanking the audience for their time and encouraging them to subscribe to the channel, check out additional resources, and engage with the content by liking and sharing the video.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Psychosocial Development
💡Erik Erikson
💡Developmental Conflict
💡Virtue
💡Identity Crisis
💡Autonomy
💡Initiative
💡Industry
💡Fidelity
💡Intimacy
💡Generativity
💡Ego Integrity
💡Cultural Anthropology
Highlights
Erik Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development provide a framework to view development over a lifespan.
Each stage involves a developmental conflict that must be resolved to acquire the stage's virtue.
Erikson's theory became widely recognized after the publication of his book 'Childhood and Society'.
Erikson was influenced by Sigmund Freud and combined Freudian methodology with cultural anthropology.
Organized activities like sports and teamwork can help children advance through developmental stages.
Erikson's father left before he was born, and he was adopted by his mother's second husband.
Erikson started as an artist and became an art teacher, eventually focusing on personality theory.
Erikson coined the phrase 'identity crisis' and is renowned in academia despite not having a bachelor's degree.
Stage one (Trust vs. Mistrust) occurs from birth to 18 months, with the mother being the significant relationship.
In stage two (Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt), children develop self-control from 18 months to 3 years.
Stage three (Initiative vs. Guilt) involves children taking on projects with support from 3 to 6 years old.
In stage four (Industry vs. Inferiority), children learn new skills or feel inferior from 6 to 12 years old.
Stage five (Identity vs. Role Confusion) is about forming a school identity and occurs from 12 to 18 years old.
Stage six (Intimacy vs. Isolation) involves forming intimate relationships between 20 and 40 years old.
Stage seven (Generativity vs. Stagnation) focuses on contributing to society from 45 to 65 years old.
The final stage (Ego Integrity vs. Despair) involves contemplating life achievements in senior years.
A ninth stage was added by Joan Erikson, focusing on revisiting previous stages in old age.
Critics argue that Erikson's theory is too vague and primarily applies to boys and childhood.
Erikson's theory is also criticized for focusing too much on social expectations and the completion of one stage as a prerequisite for the next.
Transcripts
hello and welcome to teachings in
education i am your narrator frank
avella
in this presentation we will cover eric
erickson's eight stages of psychosocial
development
his work offered a vast framework to
view development over a lifespan
during each stage people face a
developmental conflict that must be
resolved in order to acquire that
stage's virtue as we'll explore
now we're going to begin with an
overview
his theory of psychosocial development
describes eight stages that a healthy
individual encounters from childhood
through adulthood
erickson's research on the eight stages
became widely recognized after the
publication of his book entitled
childhood and society and it deals with
the relationship between childhood
training and cultural accomplishment
erickson was immensely influenced by
psychoanalyst sigmund freud his work
combines freudian methodology with
cultural anthropology
organized activities such as sports and
teamwork experience are seen today as a
way to help children advance through the
developmental stages of their lives
as individuals advance through each of
the eight stages they must encounter a
psychosocial crisis and if the
individual is able to reconcile that
conflict they will emerge from the stage
with a corresponding virtue
next we're going to look at eric
erickson the person
eriksen's father left his mother before
he was born his mother remarried a
jewish pediatrician who officially
adopted eric as his child
eric started as an artist and eventually
landed a job as an art teacher
he worked well with children and began
getting hired as a tutor
eric married artist and dancer joan
erickson
they had four children together
joan was a main collaborator in his
eight stages of psychosocial
ericsson focused his life's work on
personality theory
he is also credited with corning the
phrase identity crisis amazingly
although erickson had achieved much
success and is renowned in the fields of
academia
he never earned a bachelor's degree
he did earn two certificates from the
montessori teachers association
right now i want to take a quick break
and ask that you please subscribe to
this channel also don't forget to like
and share this video and you can get a
powerpoint presentation from a link in
the description below
now let's get back to this presentation
stage one has the ultimate outcome
virtue of hope
in this stage
children go through a psychosocial
crisis of trust vs mistrust and their
personality is first developed this
stage occurs for newborn babies up to 1
year old 18 months
the mother is their significant
relationship in the child's life the
child's interaction with the mother
determines their level of trust
the stage's existential question
is can i trust the world if the child
has parents who satisfy their needs they
learn trust in others
if a child is neglected they will learn
that the world is dangerous and
unpredictable thus mistrust
providing a secure environment is needed
parents must respond quickly to an
infant's cries
leading to trust and the acquisition of
the virtue hope
next up is stage two with an outcome
virtue of will
the psychosocial crisis in state in this
stage is autonomy for shame and doubt
the stages occur in children 18 months
to about 3 years
here children develop a sense of
self-control
both parents share a significant role in
that they must be there as a security
blanket in allowing the children to
explore at their own will
in this stage children ask the question
is it okay to be me
children develop their own interests
perhaps insects or dancing they begin to
develop independence
important tasks for children at this
stage include potty training getting
dressed washing hands
if children are not allowed to complete
tasks by themselves they'll develop
shame and doubt about their ability to
handle problems
autonomy will lead to will
the will to do it on their own
stage 3 the virtue of purpose
the psychosocial crisis in this stage is
initiative versus guilt
children in stage 3 are between
3 and 6 years of age
during this time of their lives children
must be able to make judgment the
question looms is it okay for me to do
to move to act
children will begin to take on projects
with the support of parents and teachers
children will develop initiative to take
on tasks
if adults discourage independent
activities children will feel guilty
about their desires
in this stage life events that take
place include bike riding creating
drawings exploring their surroundings
at the end of this stage a child wants
to complete their activities for a
reason for a purpose they should be
granted a level of freedom and
encouragement to play
continuing we come to stage four the
virtue of this stage is competence
here children encountered a psychosocial
crisis of industry versus inferiority
children in this stage are approximately
6 to 12 years of age
children are required to learn new
skills or feel inferior for their lack
of success
many of the significant relationships of
the child's life take place at school
this stage focuses on socio-emotional
factors that influence a child's life
the child asked the question
can i make it in this world of people
and things
children notice individual differences
in other cultures in school
the children are recognized for success
in school work sports activities and
this praise leads them to work harder
take risks and further accomplishment
ridicule for poor performance will lead
to inferiority feelings and lack of
motivation
moving forward we come to stage five
fidelity
at this stage children go through the
psychosocial crisis of identity vs role
confusion
this stage usually takes place when
children are between 12 and 18 years of
age
children at this age care about how they
appear to others
significant relationships at this age
include peer friends and role models
children settle on a school identity
then they ask the question of who am i
what can i be
children may affiliate with different
groups religions politics etc all in an
effort to establish their identity
important life events center on social
relationships
many teenagers drift from one
relationship to the next
they want to make their mark on society
successful identity formation in
children helps develop fidelity and the
ability to relate to others in a general
manner
role confusion leads to low self-esteem
stage six is the virtue of love
in this stage the psychosocial crisis is
intimacy versus isolation
individuals are anywhere between 20 and
40 years old during the stage
people are ready to make serious
commitments at this time
the significant relationships in this
stage are life partners and very close
friends
the existential question is can i love
people
think to themselves am i ready to make
long lasting commitments to another
person
many individuals do form intimate and
caring relationships romantic
relationships are the key events of this
stage
people that don't form these
relationships mostly due to lack of
sacrifice will not achieve the virtue of
love
the ability to reciprocate is necessary
for any relationship
others are simply afraid of rejection
and intimate relationships and therefore
never achieve love
continuing we now have stage seven and
it's the virtue of caring
psychosocial crisis at this stage is
generativity versus stagnation
generativity refers to the concern for
the next generation and making your mark
on society
the age range is from 45 to 65 years old
basically middle adulthood the major
relationships at this stage are
household relationships kids family etc
and workplace friends
people in this stage should want to
mentor and guide youngsters
at this stage we ponder the question how
can i make my life count
the primary task of middle age is to
find ways to meaningfully contribute to
society
work and parenthood are the major life
events parenthood's task is to help
children grow up to be responsible
adults
a self-centered person selfish people
who are unwilling to help society
develop feelings of stagnation and never
achieve care
on to the last stage which is wisdom
the psychosocial crisis is ego integrity
vs despair
this is the stage for senior citizens
individuals over the age of 65. many
people are retired by this point and
slow down their lives
people begin to contemplate not only
their personal accomplishments but the
accomplishments of all mankind
people are retrospective yet still
developing
the existential question posed
is it okay to have been me
notice it's in the past tense
people with integrity near the ends of
their lives are more at peace about
death
they achieve wisdom
major life events are simply reflecting
on your own life if a person doesn't
have any accomplishments
they live the rest of their lives in
despair if they are successful
those who have achieved success
develop integrity and wisdom and look
back on their lives with fulfillment and
joy
and now on to the ninth stage which was
added by joan erickson in the life cycle
completed extended version
this ninth stage was published after her
husband's death
this stage takes place when a person is
in their 80s and 90s old age really has
a negative impact on a person's life
in this stage older adults revisit the
previous eight stages in reverse order
of crisis for example stage one's crisis
was trust verse mistrust but when a
person is in their nineties they're
forced to mistrust their own abilities
as their body deteriorates in stage two
now a person experiences shame as they
lose bodily control
the reversal occurs for the rest of the
stages as well
it can be a sad thing
but before we finish let's discuss some
of the criticism of erickson's theory of
psychosocial development
major criticism being that the
mechanisms for resolving conflict and
moving from one stage to the next is not
clearly defined
critics claim it to be too vague
another criticism of erickson is that
most of his work applies mainly to boys
others claim that the theory is too
focused on childhood
stages 1 through 5 all occur within the
first 20 years of a person's life
this theory also focuses too much on
social expectations found in certain
cultures
also
erickson focuses too much on the stages
where it's assumed that completion of
one stage is a prerequisite
for the next psychosocial crisis not
everyone agrees on that
anyway right now i want to thank you for
your time i want to ask that you please
subscribe to this channel check the
description below for links to a
powerpoint presentation and other
resources and don't forget to like and
share this video thank you very much for
your time
and i look forward to creating another
video
you
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