Roger Penrose: "Time Has No Beginning And Big Bang Wrong"

Summary

The script challenges the Big Bang Theory, suggesting that recent findings from the James Webb Space Telescope indicate galaxies appear older and smaller than expected, contradicting the theory of an expanding universe. It delves into alternative concepts of time and space, exploring theories like conformal cyclic cosmology, emergent gravity, and the block universe. The debate between string theory and loop quantum gravity highlights the ongoing quest for a unified theory reconciling quantum mechanics with general relativity, with implications for our understanding of the universe and future technologies.

Takeaways

• 🔴 The Big Bang Theory, which suggests the universe emerged from nothing, is being challenged by new evidence from the James Webb Space Telescope.
• 🕒 The concept of time as a human construct is gaining support, with some scientists arguing that time doesn't exist and everything happens simultaneously.
• 🌌 The James Webb Space Telescope's images of galaxies contradict the Big Bang Theory, showing galaxies that are smaller, smoother, and older than expected.
• 🌟 Galaxies in the JWST images appear to defy the expected expansion, becoming smaller with increasing distance, which challenges the idea of an expanding universe.
• 🌌 The red shifts observed in these galaxies are also greater than expected, suggesting that distant galaxies must be exceptionally tiny, which is implausible.
• 🌠 The age and abundance of galaxies in the JWST images pose problems for the Big Bang Theory, with some galaxies showing stellar populations over a billion years old, contradicting the theory's timeline.
• 🌐 The number of galaxies observed at high red shifts is much greater than predicted, challenging the theory that there should be fewer galaxies in the early universe.
• 🔄 Some scientists propose that time might reverse during a Big Crunch, leading to a reversal of the cooling and expansion observed in the Big Bang.
• 🔬 Theories like string theory and loop quantum gravity are being explored to reconcile general relativity with quantum mechanics, but they face challenges in experimental verification.
• 🌐 Alternative theories such as causal dynamical triangulation, emergent gravity, and non-commutative geometry offer fresh perspectives on the fundamental nature of the universe.

Q & A

What is the Big Bang Theory and why has it been challenged recently?

The Big Bang Theory suggests that the Universe emerged out of nothing, signifying the beginning of the universe with no time, space, or matter before it. It has been challenged recently due to evidence from the James Webb Space Telescope that suggests the Big Bang may not have been the beginning of the universe and that time itself may not exist.

How do the images from the James Webb Space Telescope contradict the Big Bang Theory?

The images show galaxies that appear unusually small, smooth, and surprisingly old. According to the Big Bang Theory, galaxies should appear larger as they move away from us due to the stretching of light, but the JWST images show the opposite, with galaxies becoming smaller as the distance increases.

What are the implications of the galaxies observed by the James Webb Space Telescope being older than expected?

The presence of galaxies with stellar populations over a billion years old contradicts the assumption that nothing could have existed before the Big Bang, suggesting that the universe might be older or that the Big Bang Theory needs revision.

What is the concept of time being an illusion, and how does it relate to the Big Bang Theory?

The idea that time is an illusion suggests that everything that has ever happened or will ever happen is occurring simultaneously. This challenges the idea that time must move strictly in a forward direction and implies that the Big Bang Theory's linear timeline might be flawed.

What is the Big Crunch Theory and how does it relate to the concept of time?

The Big Crunch Theory suggests that when the universe stops expanding and starts contracting, time may reverse, leading to a reversal of the cooling and expansion observed in the Big Bang. This theory challenges the fundamental nature of time and its directionality.

What is the block universe concept and how does it differ from the traditional view of time?

The block universe concept posits that space and time are interconnected in a four-dimensional structure where each event has its position in space-time, implying that everything including the past and future coexist, making them equally significant alongside the present. This contrasts with the traditional view of time as a linear progression.

How does the theory of space-time as an artifact of the quantum world challenge Einstein's theory of space-time?

The theory suggests that space-time does not exist independently of the objects within it but is defined by the interactions of objects. This challenges Einstein's theory of space-time as a continuous, smooth fabric that exists independently of matter and energy.

What is string theory and how does it attempt to reconcile general relativity with quantum physics?

String theory proposes that tiny, vibrating strings make up subatomic particles like electrons and quarks. It attempts to reconcile general relativity with quantum physics by suggesting that different combinations of strings create various particles, potentially explaining the fundamental nature of the universe.

What are the challenges faced by string theory and how does loop quantum gravity (LQG) offer an alternative?

String theory faces challenges such as the need for experimental evidence for extra dimensions and mathematical inconsistencies when merged with quantum theory. Loop quantum gravity offers an alternative by suggesting that space-time consists of interwoven loops, providing structure at the smallest scale and potentially reconciling general relativity with quantum theory.

What are some alternative theories proposed to understand the nature of space-time and gravity?

Alternative theories include causal dynamical triangulation (CDT), emergent gravity, asymptotic safety, quantum graphity, and non-commutative geometry. These theories offer fresh perspectives on the fundamental nature of the universe, challenging conventional notions of space-time and gravity.

Outlines

00:00

🌌 Challenging the Big Bang Theory

The first paragraph discusses the Big Bang Theory, traditionally considered the beginning of the universe from absolute nothingness. However, recent findings from the James Webb Space Telescope suggest that the universe may not have originated from a singular event. The galaxies observed appear smaller and older than expected, contradicting the theory's predictions of an expanding universe. The paragraph also mentions the concept of time as potentially non-existent and the idea of 'Mighty Mouse' galaxies that should have grown larger through collisions or expansion, which the new data disputes. This has led to a significant upheaval in the scientific community and a reevaluation of the universe's origin and evolution.

05:01

🕰 The Nature of Time and Theories of the Universe

This paragraph delves into the concept of time, questioning whether it is a human construct or a fundamental aspect of the universe. It explores the idea that all events might be occurring simultaneously, challenging the linear progression of time. The Big Crunch Theory is mentioned, suggesting a possible reversal of time when the universe begins to contract. The paragraph also discusses the block universe concept from Einstein's theory of relativity, where past, present, and future coexist. Various physicists, including Max Tegmark and Julian Barb, offer perspectives on the nature of time and memory, leading to debates on the fundamental nature of time and the potential implications for understanding the universe.

10:03

🌐 The Clash of General Relativity and Quantum Theory

The third paragraph examines the conflict between general relativity and quantum theory, two fundamental yet incompatible frameworks in physics. It discusses the peculiarities of quantum superposition and the challenges it poses to the continuous fabric of space-time as described by Einstein. The paragraph highlights the difficulty of merging these theories, resulting in mathematical inconsistencies. The search for a unified theory of quantum gravity is introduced, with string theory and loop quantum gravity (LQG) presented as leading proposals. While string theory suggests a higher-dimensional space-time with vibrating strings, LQG proposes a space-time made of interwoven loops at the smallest scales, challenging the concept of continuous space-time.

15:04

🔬 Exploring Quantum Gravity and Space-Time Defects

This paragraph continues the discussion on the quest for a unified theory, focusing on experimental approaches to test theories like LQG. It mentions the use of Bose-Einstein condensates to investigate quantum properties of gravity and the analysis of light from distant gamma-ray bursts for evidence of space-time defects. The paragraph introduces alternative theories such as causal dynamical triangulation (CDT), emergent gravity, asymptotic safety, quantum graphity, and non-commutative geometry, each offering unique perspectives on the nature of space-time and gravity. The potential impact of these theories on future technologies and our understanding of the universe is also highlighted.

20:06

🌟 Contrasting Viewpoints in Theoretical Physics

The final paragraph presents contrasting viewpoints from notable scientists Roger Penrose and Michio Kaku on the nature of space-time and gravity. Penrose's conformal cyclic cosmology suggests infinite cycles of expansion and contraction, while Kaku supports string theory but acknowledges its challenges and remains open to alternatives like LQG. The paragraph emphasizes the importance of diverse perspectives in the scientific community and the ongoing pursuit of a theory that can unify general relativity and quantum mechanics, potentially leading to a revolution in theoretical physics.

Keywords

💡Big Bang Theory

The Big Bang Theory is the prevailing cosmological model that explains the origin of the universe as emerging from an extremely hot and dense state around 13.8 billion years ago. It suggests that space and time began with the Big Bang, marking the start of the universe. In the video, this theory is challenged by new evidence from the James Webb Space Telescope, which suggests that the universe may not have had a singular beginning, thus casting doubt on the traditional understanding of the Big Bang Theory.

💡James Webb Space Telescope

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a large, space-based observatory that has provided new insights into the universe. It is known for its high-resolution images and spectra, which have been used to study distant galaxies and stars. The script mentions that recent images from the JWST have contradicted the Big Bang Theory, showing galaxies that appear smaller and older than expected, challenging the idea of an expanding universe.

💡Time

Time, as discussed in the video, is traditionally viewed as a dimension that moves forward and is a fundamental aspect of our universe. However, the script introduces the idea that time may not exist in the way we perceive it, suggesting that all events might be occurring simultaneously. This concept is supported by some scientists who argue that time is a human construct and that our perception of past and future is an illusion.

💡Roger Penrose

Sir Roger Penrose is a renowned British mathematician and theoretical physicist known for his work in general relativity and cosmology. In the context of the video, Penrose supports the idea that the Big Bang Theory might be incorrect and that time may not exist as we understand it. His concept of conformal cyclic cosmology suggests an infinite cycle of universes, each beginning with a big bang and ending with a big crunch.

💡Expansion of the Universe

The expansion of the universe is a key concept in cosmology, which posits that galaxies and other objects are moving away from each other due to the stretching of space. This concept is central to the Big Bang Theory. However, the video mentions that the JWST images show galaxies becoming smaller with increasing distance, which contradicts the expected behavior of an expanding universe.

💡Red Shift

Red shift refers to the phenomenon where the wavelength of light or other electromagnetic radiation from an object is increased, or shifted, to the longer-wavelength (red) end of the spectrum. In the context of the video, the red shifts observed in galaxies are greater than expected, suggesting that these galaxies are farther away than predicted by the Big Bang Theory, which challenges the assumptions of an expanding universe.

💡Mighty Mouse Galaxies

Mighty Mouse galaxies, as mentioned in the script, are small and dense galaxies that were hypothesized to exist based on the Big Bang Theory. These galaxies were expected to grow into larger galaxies through collisions or expansion. However, the JWST images show well-formed galaxies that do not support the idea that these small galaxies could grow significantly, thus challenging the traditional understanding of galaxy formation and evolution.

💡Block Universe

The block universe concept is a model of the universe in which past, present, and future all exist simultaneously within a four-dimensional space-time structure. This idea, supported by Albert Einstein's theory of relativity, is discussed in the video as a way to understand the nature of time and space. It implies that everything, including the past and future, coexists in space-time, which contrasts with the traditional linear perception of time.

💡Quantum Theory

Quantum theory, also known as quantum mechanics, is a fundamental theory in physics that describes the behavior and interactions of particles at the smallest scales of energy levels of atoms and subatomic particles. The video discusses the conflict between quantum theory and general relativity, particularly in the context of reconciling the discrete, probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics with the continuous, deterministic space-time of general relativity.

💡String Theory

String theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings. It is one of the leading candidates for a theory of quantum gravity, attempting to reconcile general relativity with quantum mechanics. The video mentions string theory as a proposal that requires additional dimensions for its mathematical consistency, but it currently lacks experimental evidence to support the existence of these extra dimensions.

💡Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG)

Loop quantum gravity is a theoretical framework for unifying general relativity and quantum mechanics, which suggests that space-time is composed of discrete, interconnected loops rather than a continuous fabric. The video discusses LQG as an alternative to string theory, proposing a different approach to quantum gravity that does not require extra dimensions and offers a different perspective on the fundamental nature of space-time.

Highlights

The Big Bang Theory suggests the universe emerged out of nothing, signifying its beginning, but recent evidence challenges this notion.

James Webb Space Telescope's images contradict the Big Bang Theory, showing galaxies that are unexpectedly small, smooth, and old.

Galaxies in JWST images appear to become smaller with increasing distance, contradicting the theory of an expanding universe.

The red shifts observed in galaxies are significantly greater than expected, challenging the assumptions of an expanding universe.

JWST images show well-formed spiral structures and smooth discs in distant galaxies, contradicting expectations of mangled galaxies from collisions.

The age and abundance of galaxies in JWST images pose problems for the Big Bang Theory, showing stellar populations over a billion years old.

The number of galaxies observed at high red shifts is far greater than predicted, indicating a challenge to the rapid formation timeline postulated by the Big Bang Theory.

Some scientists argue that time is a human construct, proposing that all events occur simultaneously, challenging the forward movement of time.

The Big Crunch Theory suggests that time may reverse when the universe starts contracting, leading to a reversal of the Big Bang's cooling and expansion.

The block Universe concept supported by Einstein's theory of relativity implies that past, present, and future coexist in a four-dimensional space-time.

Julian Barb proposes that our perception of time and past is an illusion created by our brains and memories.

The possibility of Einstein's space-time theory being incorrect prompts contemplation of what would happen if it were disproven.

String theory proposes that subatomic particles are tiny vibrating strings across 11 dimensions, attempting to reconcile general relativity with quantum physics.

Loop quantum gravity (LQG) challenges the continuous fabric of space-time, suggesting it consists of interwoven loops at the smallest scale.

Physicists are exploring the possibility of space-time defects in the universe, which could be observable over vast cosmic distances.

The modulus space-time theory redefines the concept of separation, suggesting space-time emerges from quantum interactions rather than existing independently.

Alternative theories such as causal dynamical triangulation, emergent gravity, asymptotic safety, quantum graphity, and non-commutative geometry offer fresh perspectives on space-time and gravity.

Distinguished physicists like Roger Penrose and Michio Kaku offer contrasting viewpoints on the nature of space-time and the quest for a unified theory.

The scientific community thrives on diverse theories and ideas, contributing to the vibrant landscape of theoretical physics and paving the way for future breakthroughs.

Transcripts

well first of all it is a Big Bang model

and if otherwise there is a big bang

but the big bang was not the beginning

The Big Bang Theory suggests that the

Universe emerged out of nothing

signifying the beginning of the universe

before this there was nothing no time no

space

however what if I told you that time

doesn't exist and that the Big Bang

Theory is incorrect

recent discoveries made by the James

Webb Space Telescope provide evidence

that challenges the validities of The

Big Bang Theory

it turns out that the Big Bang wasn't

the beginning of the universe and in

fact time itself may not exist

what's interesting is that this idea is

supported by the renowned British

physicist Roger Penrose

now you may wonder how the James Webb

Space Telescope proves that time doesn't

exist and if the Big Bang Theory is

flawed What alternative theories have

been proposed to explain the origin and

evolution of the universe

let's delve in to find out

the idea that our universe has been

expanding since its beginning over 13.8

billion years ago in a hot and dense

state known as The Big Bang Theory has

faced challenges with recent images from

the James Webb Space Telescope

while these images are captivating to

the Layman they have caused concern

among cosmologists and astronomers the

surprise felt by experts stems from the

fact that these images contradict the

Big Bang Theory this theory has long

been upheld as true by many scientists

so the new data has caused a significant

upheaval in the scientific community

astronomers like Alison Kirkpatrick from

the University of Kansas are troubled by

this development questioning the

validity of their previous work

the issue lies in the characteristics of

the galaxies depicted in the jwst images

these galaxies appear unusually small

smooth and surprisingly old

according to the Big Bang Theory as

space expands galaxies and other objects

should appear larger as they move away

from us due to the stretching of light

however the jwst images show that the

galaxies become smaller as the distance

increases which contradicts the theory

even galaxies with greater mass and

brightness than our own Milky Way appear

two to three times smaller in the jwst

images compared to previous observations

by the Hubble Space Telescope

Additionally the red shifts observed in

these galaxies are also two to three

times greater further challenging the

assumptions of an expanding Universe in

The Big Bang Theory

these facts suggest that distant

galaxies must be exceptionally tiny to

account for this optical illusion which

is implausible

the presence of these small and smooth

galaxies undermines the notion of

expansion thus casting doubt on The Big

Bang Theory

supporters of The Big Bang Theory were

aware that their assumptions required

the existence of these small and dense

galaxies often referred to as Mighty

Mouse galaxies based on previous

observations from the Hubble Space

Telescope

however the jwst images have worsened

the situation by refuting the idea that

these tiny galaxies could grow into

larger galaxies through collisions or

expansion

the jwst images show well-formed spiral

structures and smooth discs similar to

the galaxies we observed today

this contradicts the expectation of

mangled and distorted galaxies resulting

from collisions

without significant mergers the tiny

galaxies cannot become a hundred times

larger indicating that they were not

initially small

this finding challenges the optical

illusion predicted by the expanding

universe theory suggesting that there is

no expansion and consequently no big

bang

the age and abundance of galaxies in the

jwst images also pose problems for the

Big Bang Theory

by using infrared filters the jwst can

capture the colors of distant galaxies

allowing astronomers to estimate the age

of the Stars within them

according to the theory these far-off

galaxies should represent a time around

400 to 500 million years after the big

bang

however some of these galaxies show

Stellar populations that are over a

billion years old contradicting the

assumption that nothing could have

existed before the Big Bang

moreover theorists expected that as the

jwst peered deeper into space and

farther back in time there would be

fewer galaxies and eventually no Dark

Age

however the images reveal galaxies as

large as The Milky Way even just a few

hundred million years after the

theorized big bang

furthermore the number of galaxies

observed at Red shifts above 10 is at

least one hundred thousand times greater

than predicted by theorists

it is implausible for so many large

galaxies to form in such a short period

challenging The Big Bang Theory once

again

these findings have led to the

questioning of the concept of time

itself

some scientists argue that time is

merely a human construct a way to

differentiate between the present and

our perception of the past

they proposed that time is an illusion

created by human memories suggesting

that everything that has ever happened

or will ever happen is occurring

simultaneously

this perspective challenges the idea

that time must move strictly in a

forward Direction

some adherents of the Big Crunch Theory

even suggests that when the universe

stops expanding and starts Contracting

time May reverse leading to a reversal

of the cooling and expansion observed in

the Big Bang

eventually the universe would collapse

back to the point where it began

the implications of what comes after a

big crunch remain uncertain with various

theories proposed

some speculate that the universe may

undergo a fresh start with another big

bang While others suggest the universe

may simply cease to exist

certain ideas propose a cyclical nature

with a process repeating multiple times

creating multiple universes

this ongoing debate about the direction

of time has prompted scientists to

question its fundamental nature

some argue for a block Universe concept

where space and time are interconnected

in what is known as space-time

according to a theory supported by

Albert Einstein's theory of relativity

time and space are part of a

four-dimensional structure where each

event has its position in space-time

this implies that everything including

the past and future coexist in

space-time making them equally

significant alongside the present

physicist Max tegmark from the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

aims to address this concept

He suggests that reality can be depicted

as either a three-dimensional space

where events unfold over time or a

four-dimensional space where nothing

changes

if the latter is true then it implies

that everything already exists at any

given moment encompassing the past

present and future

however we have an illusion that the

past has occurred and The Future Is Yet

To Come leading us to perceive change

Julian Barb a British physicist who has

written extensively about time offers

his perspective on this matter

he describes our experiences as a series

of nails and points out that we are only

aware of our brain state

our perception of the past arises from

our brain storing memories

Barb refers to the space-time Theory

where each point in this conceptual

country which he calls plutonia

represents a now

He suggests that what we believe is a

past is merely an illusion created by

our brains

this discussion brings us back to Albert

Einstein's theory of space-time which

has caused some confusion in the field

of physics

scientists are now contemplating what

would happen if Einstein's theory were

proven incorrect

would discarding the theory of

space-time help us gain a better

understanding of the universe

this would be a significant development

throughout history scientific

revolutions have been crucial for

progress

dissatisfaction and doubts eventually

lead to the emergence of new theories

that replace the old ones

this pattern has occurred numerous times

in the fields of astronomy and physics

initially Humanity believed that Earth

was at the center of the solar system a

belief that persisted for over a

millennium

however Nicholas Copernicus proposed a

different Theory suggesting that it

would be simpler to consider Earth as

just another planet orbiting the Sun

despite initial resistance this

heliocentric model gained support with

the Advent of telescopes Isaac Newton

also contributed to our understanding of

explaining that the gravitational force

of the Sun causes planets to orbit it

according to Newton objects with mass

exert gravitational attraction on each

other which explains Earth's orbit

around the sun and the moon's orbit

around the Earth

Newton's Theory dominated scientific

thought for nearly 300 years until

Albert Einstein introduced his general

theory of relativity in 1915

this new Theory successfully accounted

for inconsistencies in the orbit of

mercury and was famously confirmed

during a solar eclipse observation in

1919 off the coast of Africa

contrary to Newton's idea of gravity as

a pool Einstein envisioned gravity as a

consequence of the curvature of space

he proposed that all objects in the

universe exist within a four-dimensional

fabric known as space-time and massive

objects like the sun curved this fabric

causing planets to follow the curvature

in their orbits

to observers this curvature manifests as

a Newtonian gravitational pool

Einstein's theory of space-time has

reigned Supreme for over a century

overshadowing competing theories

the discovery of gravitational waves in

2015 further cemented its significance

however like its predecessors it may

soon face challenges as it clashes with

the other prominent theory in physics

quantum theory

[Music]

the quantum world is known for its

peculiarities where particles can exist

in multiple places simultaneously

in the 1930s Erwin Schrodinger famously

illustrated The Strange nature of

quantum superposition with his

Schrodinger's cat thought experiment

it involved the sealed box containing a

vial of poison connected to a hammer

triggered by a Quantum measurement

according to quantum physics until the

measurement is made the particle exists

in a superposition of both States

leading to the paradoxical scenario

where the cat is simultaneously alive

and dead

however this picture of quantum

superposition cannot be reconciled with

A continuous and smooth fabric of

space-time

even Sabine hosenfelder a theoretical

physicist at the Frankfurt Institute for

advanced studies acknowledges this

conflict

according to Einstein's theory of

space-time a gravitational field cannot

be in two places simultaneously

it's influenced by matter and energy and

is subject to curvature however quantum

physics suggests that matter and energy

can exist in multiple States

simultaneously defying traditional

Notions of locality

this raises the question where does the

gravitational field reside

hosenfelder admits that there's no

satisfactory answer to this question

highlighting the current challenge in

reconciling general relativity with

quantum theory

when attempts are made to merge these

two theories mathematical

inconsistencies arise

calculations sometimes yield

probabilities greater than one or even

Infinity which have no meaningful

physical interpretations

thus the two theories are mathematically

incompatible

physicist akin to historical monarchs

seeking alliances are now searching for

unified theory of quantum gravity

this endeavor aims to reconcile the two

rival theories and establish Harmony

between them

string theory is one of the most famous

proposals in this Quest often considered

an outlandish possibility

the string theory proposes that tiny

vibrating strings make up subatomic

particles like electrons and quarks

just as different nodes can be produced

by placing strings on a musical

instrument string theorists argue that

different combinations of strings create

various particles this theory is

appealing because it has the potential

to reconcile general relativity with

quantum physics at least in theory

however for this Theory to work the

strings must vibrate across 11

Dimensions which has seven more

Dimensions than the four dimensions in

Einstein's space-time fabric

currently there is no experimental

evidence to support the existence of

these extra dimensions

while it is an intriguing mathematical

concept we cannot be certain if it

accurately describes the space-time in

which we live without conducting

experiments according to Jorma Luca at

the University of Nottingham

in response to the perceived

shortcomings of string theory physicists

have turned to an alternative approach

called Loop quantum gravity or lqg with

lqg the two theories can be reconciled

by challenging one of the fundamental

principles of general relativity which

posits that space-time is a continuous

smooth fabric

instead lqg suggests that space-time

consists of interwoven Loops providing

structure at the smallest scale

this can be likened to a length of cloth

that appears smooth at first glance but

reveals a network of stitches upon

closer inspection

alternatively it's similar to a

photograph on a computer screen that

consists of individual pixels when

zoomed in

however the challenge with lqg is that

when physicists refer to something being

small they mean it's incredibly

minuscule these defects in space-time

would only be observable at the plank

scale which is approximately a

trillionth of a trillionth of a

trillionth of a meter

the number of Loops in a cubic

centimeter of space would surpass the

number of cubic centimeters in the

entire observable universe

according to Luca if space-time

variations are limited to the plank

scale it would be challenging to test

this Theory using any particle

accelerator

it would require a particle accelerator

approximately one thousand trillion

times more powerful than the Large

Hadron Collider or LHC at CERN which

would need to be as large as our Milky

Way galaxy

however a team of physicists from the UK

France and Hong Kong May soon have an

alternative method to test this idea

they intend to utilize an ultra cold gas

containing billions of cesium atoms

existing in a state known as a

Bose-Einstein condensate to investigate

whether gravity exhibits Quantum

properties

in the meantime the universe itself

offers another venue to search for small

space-time defects

light that reaches us from distant parts

of the universe has traveled through

billions of light years of space-time

although the effect of each space-time

defect would be negligible interactions

with multiple defects could accumulate

and potentially yield observable effects

over such vast distances

astronomers have been analyzing light

from distant gamma-ray bursts over the

past decade to search for evidence

supporting lqg

these Cosmic events occur when massive

stores collapse at the end of their

lifespan

however there are unexplained systematic

distortions in the spectrum of these

distant bursts as noted by hasenfelder

it's uncertain whether these distortions

occur during their Journey or are

related to the bursts themselves the

matter is still undecided

to make progress it might be necessary

to go beyond the notion that space-time

is a smooth and continuous fabric as

suggested by Einstein

according to Einstein space-time remains

in a place like a stage and objects move

within it

even without any celestial bodies

space-time would still exist

however physicist Lauren friedl Robert

Lee and George hermanic propose a

different perspective

they believe that space-time does not

exist independently of the objects

within it instead space-time is defined

by the interactions of objects

this perspective considers space-time as

an artifact of the quantum World itself

rather than something separate from it

while this idea may seem unconventional

minic describes it as a precise approach

to the problem

the appeal of the modulus space-time

Theory lies in its potential to address

a long-standing problem in theoretical

physics regarding locality and a

phenomenon in quantum physics called

entanglement

physicists can set up a situation where

they bring two particles together and

Link their Quantum properties

even when the particles are separated by

a large distance changing the properties

of one particle instantaneously affects

the other particle violating the

principles of relativity

Einstein famously referred to this

phenomenon as spooky action at a

distance the modulus space-time Theory

can accommodate such Behavior by

redefining the concept of separation

if space-time emerges from the quantum

World proximity in a Quantum sense

becomes more fundamental Than Physical

proximity

Minik explains that different observers

would have different Notions of locality

depending on the context

it's comparable to our relationships

with others where we may feel closer to

a loved one who is far away than to a

stranger who lives nearby

hasenfelder adds that these non-local

connections are permissible as long as

they remain relatively small

friedel Lee and Minnick have been

working on their idea for the past five

years and believe they are gradually

making progress

minig emphasizes their conservative

approach taking things step by step but

acknowledges the tantalizing and

exciting nature of their research

their novel approach focuses on

exploring a Quantum World influenced by

gravity rather than quanticizing gravity

itself as done in lqg

like any scientific theory it requires

testing and the team is currently

working on incorporating it into their

model

while this may seem esoteric and only

relevant to academics it has the

potential to significantly impact our

daily lives

our existence is intertwined with space

and time and any changes in our

understanding of space-time would not

only affect our comprehension of gravity

but also quantum theory in general

hasenfelder explains that all our

current devices function thanks to

Quantum Theory so a better understanding

of the quantum structure of space-time

would have implications for future

Technologies

while these effects may not manifest in

the next 50 or even 100 years they could

become apparent within the next 200

years

husenfelder uses the metaphor of a

monarch nearing the end of their reign

and a new successor being overdue

once we determine the most likely

Contender among the various theories a

revolution in theoretical physics could

ensue

astronomers scientists and physicists

are faced with the situation and must

consider the best course of action to

address these ideas and discoveries

alongside string theory and loop quantum

gravity several other theoretical

Frameworks and ideas have been proposed

to unravel the mysteries of space time

and gravity

these Alternatives seek to provide fresh

perspectives on the fundamental nature

of the universe

some of these theories include causal

Dynamic triangulation or CDT emergent

gravity asymptotic safety Quantum

graphite and non-commutative geometry

causal dynamical triangulation or CDT

offers a quantum gravity approach that

represents space-time as a network of

triangles this Theory aims to describe

the emergence of space and time through

discrete building blocks and focuses on

the causal structure of events within

space time

emergent gravity is a perspective that

challenges the notion of gravity as a

fundamental Force

instead it suggests that gravity emerges

as an effective description of more

fundamental Quantum interactions

the holographic principle inspired by

string theory is an example of emergent

gravity where a lower dimensional Theory

can accurately depict a higher

dimensional space-time

asymptotic safety proposes that gravity

might be a safe Quantum field Theory at

the fundamental level

unlike conventional expectations that

gravity becomes uncontrollable at high

energies this Theory suggests that

gravity remains well-defined and

predictive even at extreme scales

Quantum graffiti presents a theoretical

framework in which space-time is

represented by a graph with nodes and

edges dynamically interacting to give

rise to the familiar properties of space

and time

this idea explores the possibility of

understanding space-time as a

network-like structure

non-commutive geometry challenges the

conventional notion that space-time

coordinates commute at the smallest

scales Instead This Theory suggests that

space and time exhibit non-commutative

properties which could lead to a

fundamentally different description of

the fabric of the universe

while string theory and loop quantum

gravity remain prominent contenders and

the Quest for a unified theory

scientists have diverse perspectives and

ideas about the nature of space time and

gravity

two notable figures within the

scientific Community who offer

contrasting viewpoints on the matter are

Roger Penrose and Michio Kaku

Roger Penrose a distinguished physicist

and mathematician has made substantial

contributions to our understanding of

general relativity and black holes

his concept of conformal cyclic

cosmology posits that the Universe

experiences infinite cycles of expansion

with each cycle beginning with a big

bang and concluding with a big crunch

Penrose has also introduced the concept

of gravitational collapse as the

mechanism behind the formation of black

holes shedding light on the intricate

dynamics of these celestial objects

in contrast Michio Kaku has played a

crucial role in the development and

popularization of string theory

while acknowledging the significance of

string theory Kaku also recognizes the

challenges it faces in terms of

experimental verification

he emphasizes the need for technological

advancements such as more powerful

particle accelerators to test their

predictions and implications of string

theory

Haku remains open to alternative ideas

and approaches including Loop quantum

gravity emergent gravity and other

theories that may offer new insights

into the nature of space time and

gravity

the scientific Community thrives on the

exchange of ideas and the exploration of

diverse theories as researchers continue

to delve into the mysteries of the

universe debates and discussions

surrounding the most promising approach

to unified general relativity and

quantum mechanics persist

each scientist brings their unique

expertise and perspective to the table

contributing to the vibrant landscape of

theoretical physics and Paving the way

for future breakthroughs

so what are your thoughts now on this

matter let us know in the comments

section and thanks for watching