Intraocular muscles & nerves (anatomy, pupils and lens)

Summary

This educational script delves into the intricate workings of the eye's internal structures, focusing on the autonomic nervous system's role in controlling pupil size and lens shape. It explains how sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves innervate the iris and ciliary body, respectively, to regulate focus and light response. The script also touches on the trigeminal nerve's role in general sensation, particularly the blink reflex, and briefly mentions the optic nerve's function in transmitting visual information.

Takeaways

• 👁 The script discusses the anatomy of the eye, focusing on the nerves and muscles within the eyeball.
• 🌟 The iris contains two muscles: the sphincter pupillae and the dilator pupillae, which control pupil size in response to light.
• 🔍 The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for pupil dilation, while the parasympathetic system causes pupil constriction.
• 🔄 The lens changes shape to focus light on the retina, with its thickness varying between looking at distant and near objects.
• 💪 The ciliary body contains smooth muscles that adjust the shape of the lens, controlled by autonomic nerves.
• 🧠 The oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III) provides parasympathetic innervation to the ciliary body and the sphincter pupillae.
• 🌐 The ciliary ganglion is where the parasympathetic preganglionic neurons from the oculomotor nerve synapse with postganglionic neurons.
• 🚀 Sympathetic nerves originate from the thoracic levels of the spinal cord and follow arteries to reach the eye, affecting the iris and other structures.
• 🕊️ The trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) sends a branch, the nasociliary nerve, into the eye to provide general sensation to the cornea.
• 👀 The optic nerve (cranial nerve II) carries visual information from the retina to the brain and is considered an extension of the central nervous system.
• 🔬 The script suggests that understanding the paths that nerves take within the eye can make complex diagrams less confusing.

Q & A

What are the two types of nerves discussed in the script that get into the eyeball?

The script discusses sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves and how they get into the eyeball.

What is the role of the pupil in the eye?

The pupil changes size in response to the amount of light available, getting smaller in bright light and dilating in dim light.

Which muscle in the iris is responsible for pupil dilation and is innervated by sympathetic nerves?

The dilator pupillae muscle, with radial fibers, is responsible for pupil dilation and is innervated by sympathetic nerve fibers.

How can the mnemonic 'Robbie and headlights' help remember the function of the sympathetic nervous system in pupil response?

The mnemonic 'Robbie and headlights' helps remember that the sympathetic nervous system, associated with the fight-or-flight response, dilates the pupils, as if Robbie is caught in the headlights with wide, dilated eyes.

What is the role of the parasympathetic nerves in the eye?

The parasympathetic nerves innervate the sphincter pupillae muscle, causing the pupil to constrict in response to bright light.

What is the function of the lens in the eye?

The lens changes shape to focus light on the retina, allowing us to see sharp images of both distant and near objects.

How does the ciliary body relate to the lens and its function?

The ciliary body contains smooth muscle that, when it contracts or relaxes, affects the shape of the lens, enabling focus on near or distant objects, respectively.

What are the Zonular fibers, and how do they connect the lens to the ciliary body?

Zonular fibers, also known as suspensory ligaments, are collagen fibers that connect the lens to the ciliary body, allowing the lens to change shape.

Which cranial nerve is responsible for innervating the intraocular muscles and where does it originate from?

The oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III) is responsible for innervating the intraocular muscles and originates from the midbrain.

How do sympathetic nerves enter the eye and what is their role?

Sympathetic nerves enter the eye by following the internal carotid artery and then running through the superior orbital fissure. They are involved in various functions, including dilation of the pupil and regulation of blood flow within the eye.

What is the role of the trigeminal nerve in the eye and how does it relate to the cornea?

The trigeminal nerve sends a branch called the naso ciliary nerve into the eye, which carries general sensory fibers to the cornea, allowing us to sense touch and triggering the blink reflex.

What is the function of the optic nerve and how is it different from other cranial nerves?

The optic nerve (cranial nerve II) carries visual information from the retina to the brain. It is considered a direct extension of the central nervous system and is covered by the same connective tissue layers as the brain.

Outlines

00:00

👁️ Anatomy of the Eyeball and Nerve Innervation

This paragraph delves into the anatomy of the eyeball, focusing on the inner structures and the role of nerves. It begins with the iris and pupil, explaining the autonomic control of pupil dilation and constriction by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nerves cause pupil dilation, likened to a rabbit in the headlights, while the parasympathetic nerves induce constriction. The lens and its function in focusing light on the retina are discussed, with the ciliary body and its muscles, controlled by the autonomic nervous system, playing a key role in adjusting the lens shape for near and far vision.

05:02

🔍 The Mechanics of Lens Focus and Nerve Pathways

The second paragraph explains how mammals, unlike birds of prey, adjust the lens shape for vision. It details the role of the ciliary body, a muscular structure surrounding the lens, and the zonular fibers or suspensory ligaments that connect the lens to the ciliary body. The autonomic control of these structures allows the lens to thin for distant vision and thicken for near vision. The parasympathetic nerves from the oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III) are highlighted as the primary controllers of this process, with the ciliary ganglion serving as a key synapse point for these nerves.

10:04

🚀 Sympathetic Nerve Pathways and Their Role in the Eye

This paragraph explores the sympathetic nerve pathways that enter the eye, originating from the thoracic levels of the spinal cord and traveling along the arteries to reach the orbit. The sympathetic nerves are described as having various roles within the eye, including affecting the ciliary body and lens, and regulating blood flow in the retina. The superior orbital fissure is identified as a critical pathway for these nerves to enter the eye, with some passing through the ciliary ganglion and others following the long ciliary nerves.

15:05

🌐 The Complex Network of Nerves in the Eyeball

The fourth paragraph discusses the intricate network of nerves within the eyeball, including the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, and their respective roles. It also introduces the trigeminal nerve's role in conveying general sensory information from the cornea to the brain, which is crucial for the blink reflex. The long ciliary nerves are revealed as the primary pathway for these sensory fibers, with the sympathetic nerves also utilizing this route. The optic nerve's function in transmitting visual information is briefly mentioned, setting the stage for a deeper discussion in a future session.

20:06

🛣️ Nerve Pathways and the Optic Nerve's Special Status

The final paragraph wraps up the discussion by summarizing the various nerve pathways into the eyeball, emphasizing the optic nerve's unique status as a direct extension of the central nervous system. It mentions the central retinal artery and vein within the optic nerve, which supply blood to the retina. The optic nerve's journey from the retina through the optic canal and its protective coverings are also highlighted. The paragraph concludes by suggesting a future discussion on the optic nerve's full pathway and the implications of its damage.

Keywords

💡Eyeball

The 'eyeball' is the informal term for the eyeball structure, which includes the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and retina. In the video, the focus is on understanding the internal structures of the eyeball, particularly how nerves interact with these components to facilitate vision and eye movement.

💡Pupil

The 'pupil' is the black circular opening in the center of the iris that controls the amount of light entering the eye. The video discusses how the pupil's size changes in response to light levels, with the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems controlling dilation and constriction, respectively.

💡Iris

The 'iris' is the colored part of the eye that surrounds the pupil. It contains two muscles that control the size of the pupil. The video explains the role of the iris in regulating the pupil's size and how this process is autonomic and not under conscious control.

💡Lens

The 'lens' is a transparent structure behind the iris that focuses light onto the retina. The video describes how the lens changes shape to focus on objects at varying distances, a process known as accommodation and controlled by the ciliary body.

💡Ciliary Body

The 'ciliary body' is a ring of muscle and tissue that surrounds the lens and is responsible for changing the lens's shape. The video explains how the ciliary body's contraction and relaxation affect the lens's ability to focus on near or distant objects.

💡Zonular Fibers

Also known as 'suspensory ligaments,' these fibers connect the lens to the ciliary body. As discussed in the video, the tension in these fibers influences the shape of the lens, which is crucial for focusing light correctly on the retina.

💡Parasympathetic Nerves

The 'parasympathetic nerves' are part of the autonomic nervous system and are responsible for the 'rest and digest' functions. In the context of the video, these nerves control the constriction of the pupil and the accommodation of the lens for near vision.

💡Sympathetic Nerves

The 'sympathetic nerves' are the 'fight or flight' response component of the autonomic nervous system. The video describes how these nerves cause pupil dilation and may also have a role in lens accommodation for far vision.

💡Oculomotor Nerve

The 'oculomotor nerve' (cranial nerve III) is responsible for most of the movements of the eye and also carries parasympathetic fibers to the eye. The video explains its role in innervating the intraocular muscles and its connection to the ciliary body.

💡Trigeminal Nerve

The 'trigeminal nerve' (cranial nerve V) is the largest of the cranial nerves and provides sensory information from the face, including the cornea. The video mentions its role in general sensation within the eye and its connection to the blink reflex.

💡Optic Nerve

The 'optic nerve' (cranial nerve II) carries visual information from the retina to the brain. While not the main focus of the video, it is mentioned as a crucial structure for vision, with the video noting its special status as an extension of the central nervous system.

Highlights

Introduction to the anatomy of the eye, focusing on the nerves and muscles within the eyeball.

Explanation of how sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves enter the eyeball and their roles in pupil dilation and constriction.

Description of the iris muscles, sphincter pupillae, and dilator pupillae, and their autonomic nerve innervation.

Mnemonic 'Robbie and headlights' to remember the sympathetic and parasympathetic roles in pupil response.

Discussion on the lens's function in focusing light on the retina and the role of the ciliary body.

Mechanism of how the ciliary body's contraction and relaxation affect the lens shape for near and far vision.

Clarification on the autonomic control of lens shape change, distinguishing it from conscious focus control.

Identification of the oculomotor nerve as a source of parasympathetic innervation for intraocular muscles.

Details on the Edinger-Westphal nucleus's role in parasympathetic control of the eye.

Explanation of the ciliary ganglion's function as a parasympathetic ganglion for the eye.

Description of the short and long ciliary nerves and their roles in transmitting parasympathetic signals.

Pathway of sympathetic nerve fibers from the spinal cord to the eye and their function.

Role of sympathetic nerves in blood flow regulation within the eye's blood vessels and retina.

Discussion on the trigeminal nerve's branch, the naso ciliary nerve, and its role in general sensation of the cornea.

Importance of the blink reflex triggered by general sensory neurons in the cornea.

Overview of the optic nerve's function as a direct extension of the central nervous system, carrying visual information.

Mention of the central retinal artery and vein within the optic nerve supplying the retina.

Conclusion summarizing the complex nerve pathways and their functions within the eye.

Transcripts

[Music]

okay so in previous weeks we've been

doing various things with the eye

we stayed outside the eyeball this week

we're going to get inside the eyeball

and we're sticking with nerves this time

we've got a workout how sympathetic

nerves get into the eyeball how

parasympathetic nerves get into the

eyeball and how the intra ocular muscles

are innervated so there's still quite a

lot to do I think what we'll do is we'll

start anteriorly so we'll start with the

bit we can see we'll start with the

pupil and the iris because you know the

pupil gets larger and smaller and then

we'll go a step back and look at the

lens and the muscles that affect the

lens and then we'll do the last bit of

the retina which I'm not going to do in

any detail at all I'm just gonna say

retina optic nerve that's about it and

then we should have there's also a

general sensation as well remember the

trigeminal nerve that sends a branch

inside the eyeball to get to the cornea

if we layer it up like that the

complexity that you see on some diagrams

should seem less confusing all right

good luck okay so I've got yeah I got a

lot more thus today let's have a look

inside this eye beware this one this is

just the eye balled without the muscles

and stuff you can see you get an idea at

the ballet look all the little nerves

that are going in there if I take this

apart so the see-through bit is the

cornea and then of course we've got the

iris here and the pupil in the middle

and you know the pupil changes size in

response to the amount of light

available so if it's very bright

the pupil gets smaller and if it's not

very bright the people slowly dilate

right if you flash a light if you shine

light into somebody's eyes you should

see that in fact if you shine light into

one eye you should see the same reaction

in both pupils so what we must have is

in the iris then

there are two muscles we have one

circular muscle which is sphincter

poopley

and then we have a muscle like a radial

muscle with the fibers running in this

direction around the outside kind of in

the in the direction of lines that you

see the iris in and that's dilator pupil

e1 is innovated by sympathetic nerve

fibers and one is innovated by

parasympathetic nerve fibers so both of

those are motor autonomic nerves so

obviously you don't have control over

pupilary dilation and constriction it's

an autonomic response now which one does

which the way to remember is Robbie and

headlights right so you know the

sympathetic nervous system and

adrenaline are responsible for the

fight-or-flight response part of our

fight-or-flight response if you think

about the rabbit in the headlights who

stopped still wide eyes dilated pupils

as well maybe so dilated pupil II the

muscle with the radial fibers like that

that's innovated by the sympathetic

nerves and that causes the pupil to to

widen also remember we talked about the

the muscle up here the the the superior

tarsal muscle which also has sympathetic

fibers which is causes the lifting of

the oil it's and but the but see so that

means that the opposite then the

parasympathetic nerves innervate sinter

poopley

which then running radially around here

cause the sphincter to close in the

pupils to shrink in response to bright

daylight those are all smooth muscles

within the iris on the other side of the

colored part which kind of aren't really

shown on here the next bit thank you see

there's the lens so the pupil is a hole

and the lens is on the other side this

is the anterior chamber under here so

what about the lens then you're probably

aware that the lens changes shape the

job of the lens is to focus light on the

retina at the back of the eye right and

we're not going to go into the physics

of all of that but there is a lot

physics ER

when we look at something far away when

we focus on a distant object the lens is

quite thin and it focuses that distant

light onto the retina so that we see a

sharp image whereas when we're reading

when we're looking at something close up

when we're focusing on a close object

the lens fattens and by fattening it

again focuses the light from that near

object on the retina to give us a sharp

image now that's what asked mammals do

is we should change the shape of the

lens I think birds of prey have got I

think they can even change the shape of

their cornea and they might even have

two fovea on the on the retina they

which accounts for their amazing

eyesight but us mammals we do that by

changing the shape of the lens if you

change the shape of the lens how are we

going to do that it's going to be

muscular and again it's autonomic

because we're not I mean you can kind of

you you can kind of control the focus a

bit can you but essentially it's under

autonomic control that the way in which

this works is a little bit backwards

inside the eye there are three layers of

tissues one of those layers is called

the vascular layer and the vascular

layer where it exists around the lens

because obviously it's going to leave a

hole for the lens there is smooth muscle

arranged within that vascular layer the

muscle in this vascular layer is called

the ciliary body so the ciliary body

when you see in an illustration of

course you only ever see in 2d like

cross-sectional things so it's like it

looks like a flat thing but we've

imagined the ciliary body as a sphincter

as a circular sphincter like other

sphincters in the body and it runs

around the lens now the lens is

suspended from the ciliary body by

fibers by like ligamentous fibers by

collagen fibers these fibers get called

zoella fibers or zhonya nerve fibers

this area gets

called the zone new lives in which is a

great name so these fibers of Zin if you

want to the contemporary term would be

to call this as suspensory ligament

they're rather suspensory ligaments

around the body there's another one

outside the eye you've come across lots

of suspensory ligaments at all it's a

good general term but um

the lens is suspended from the ciliary

body by fibers running around in between

them and that would be the suspensory

ligament so again that's a circular

suspensory ligament so now what happens

right when the ciliary body contracts

it's going to shrink cuz it's a

sphincter right and when the ciliary

body relaxes its gonna open up because

it's a sphincter and that's what

sphincters do what effect is that going

to have on the lens but if the lens is

in the middle and it's it's suspended

from the ciliary body by those collagen

fibers by the suspensory ligament when

the ciliary body relaxes and gets bigger

the lens is going to get stretched and

flattened so when the ciliary body is

relaxed you're going to be able to focus

on distant objects when the ciliary body

contracts then those that suspensory

ligament is also going to relax and the

lens is going to shrink and it's going

to fatten which means that when the

ciliary body contracts you're able to

focus on near objects this is

essentially controlled by

parasympathetic innervation so these

thus the muscles in the ciliary body are

controlled by parasympathetic nerves so

when there is parasympathetic

innervation it contracts and you focus

on near objects and when that

parasympathetic innervation is removed

the ciliary body relaxes the the the

lens gets stretched and you focus on

distant objects hopefully the way I've

explained it seems really

straightforward because the

time you came to Italy it often seems a

bit backwards if I describe to you why

it's confusing you're gonna get confused

if you've not be confused by it then

you're not confuse nice that's good

right

next question where do those

parasympathetic nerve fibers come form

well we looked at the extra ocular

muscles and we saw that most of the

extraocular muscles moving the orbit

were innovated by the oculomotor nerve

very well named coriander 3 and also

know the trochlear in abducens nerve

well it turns out that the intra ocular

muscles are also innovated by the

oculomotor nerve good huh so the

oculomotor nerve produces mostly somatic

motor neurons for those extra ocular

muscles but also parasympathetic neurons

it produces a bunch of preganglionic

parasympathetic neurons which go out and

make their destination are the Paris of

a smooth muscle fiber smooth muscle

fibers of the of the ciliary body and

the sphincter poopley

muscles right do you remember where the

oculomotor nerve comes from it's a bit

bigger on this model than it was on the

other model but the oculomotor nerve

comes out of the midbrain here and some

reason the parasympathetic nucleus

involved in this is is quite famous and

people seem to remember its name the

heading of Westphal nucleus and do you

remember last time we were talking about

the cerebral aqueduct here and the

midbrain here

well the eddying Avesta foul nucleus is

very close to the other nuclei of the

oculomotor nerve it's in the midbrain

and a pop site as we saw there dives

through the superior orbital fissure at

the back of the orbit because that's how

pretty much everything gets from the

cranial cavity into the orbit unless

you're the optic nerve or similarly

special

and then those preganglionic

parasympathetic nerves get to the

ciliary ganglion and the ciliary

ganglion is one of the four

parasympathetic ganglia of the head say

four there's four on each side so

parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves

we have pre ganglionic neurons coming

out of the central nervous system they

find their way to a ganglion a

collection of cell bodies they synapse

with another neuron and that

postganglionic neuron goes off to his

target organ now in the case of the the

the parasympathetic nerves going to the

the eye going inside the eye that off

that's the ciliary ganglion and in the

ciliary ganglion and that's a

parasympathetic ganglion those

preganglionic parasympathetic neurons

parts of the oculomotor nerve cranial

nerve three they've run in there they

meet our postganglionic parasympathetic

neurons synapse with it and that neuron

shoots off and through these nerves here

it's getting to the orbit these nerves

get called the short ciliary nerves

because stuff randy gets called ciliary

but if they're a short ciliary nerves

then there must be longer ciliary nerves

these other nerves going up here these

longer ones those are the long sinewy

nerves

so those postganglionic parasympathetic

neurons run with the short ciliary

nerves could get into the eyeball and

then they whip off to those Targhee

muscles that we were talking about

earlier cool huh

next question if that's how the

parasympathetic neurons gain their how

do these sympathetic neurons get into

the eye well all sympathetic neurons

come out of the spinal cord in the

thoracic levels

one right so that preganglionic

sympathetic neuron comes out of the

spinal cord and you know about the

sympathetic trunk right the trunk of

sympathetic ganglia running down the the

posterior thoracic cage the posterior

thoracic wall posterior pelvic posture

you neck and what have you right well

the main way the sympathetic neurons

travel around the body or one of the

main ways is by following arteries so of

course all the orbit all right

and then here's a huge red blood vessel

here and you can see that it's covered

in little white lines what's the blood

vessel that's the internal carotid

artery because that's gone inside the

cranial cavity and makes this room

s-shape and at the end of our earth

shape it one's posterior to the superior

orbital fissure so postganglionic

sympathetic neurons work their way up

the sympathetic trunk and then they

follow the common carotid artery an

internal carotid artery up into the

cranial cavity and they stay with it

until it runs posterior to the orbit and

then they jump off those sympathetic

nerves jump off run through the superior

orbital fissure because everything goes

through that right and then they run

auntie merely through here and they'll

take whatever route they can get to get

into the eye which means that they can

on what some of them will run through

the ciliary ganglion they won't sign up

they're just running through it's just

cabling it's just a convenient route for

them to follow and they they're within

also then the short ciliary nerves and

they run into the eyeball and they do

they're sympathetic jobs within the on

label which is the motor bit we just we

just talked about there is some

discussion about sympathetic nerves also

affecting the the ciliary body and the

the lens you know opposing the

parasympathetic innervation so that when

you're startled you also focus on

distant objects nine times

how true that is but there you go so

they'll do those sympathetic motor jobs

we've been talking about but also of

course sympathetic nerves one of the

reasons they're following the arteries

is because they're going to affect the

smooth muscle in the artery walls and

and be involved in regulation of where

blood goes in blood flow so they're also

gonna go into the retina and into the

blood vessels within the retina and

control blood flow through there some of

them are going to run through the long

ciliary nerves because why not you just

trying to find any way you can get from

here to the eyeballs you go through the

long ciliary nerves and that's how the

sympathetic nerves and the

parasympathetic nerves get into the

eyeball but there is a nother nerve

going into the eyeball and it's kind of

the real reason the long ciliary nerves

exist but I've got to pick up this big

model again I could do with the big do

it like a tall thing he couldn't write

the short ciliary nerves run between the

ciliary ganglion and the eyeball those

are the short ciliary nerves now really

the long ciliary nerves are running

across here and this nerve here these

are branches of the trigeminal nerve

that we talked about some weeks ago we

talked about the trigeminal nerve and

how it innovates you know carriage

general sensory innervation from the

skin of the face and the eyelid in the

conjunctive or an ass or thing right now

the mezzo ciliary nerve is a branch

that's going to send some general

sensory fibers through these long

ciliary nerves to get into the eyeball

and the ultimate destination of those

neurons is is the cornea right so the

the cornea has general sensation and you

know if you try and touch her you really

can you really don't want to and that's

the the blink reflex so the I mean you

know even if you were to touch the

cornea likely with the bud of Cornwall

you should trigger the blink blink

reflex so general sensation is going to

travel through those general sensory

neurons through the long ciliary nerves

through the

nay's of ciliary nerves and then back

through the ophthalmic branch of the

trigeminal nerve and back to the brain

and then trigger the facial nerve to

close the oil herbs that that's the

blink reflex they should happen but both

eyes should happen on both sides so that

was the real reason that the long

ciliary nerves are there they're

actually a branch of the nazo ciliary

nerves carrying general sensation from

the cornea the sympathetic nerves just

run through there just for fun I think

as most of the stuff that goes through

the eyeball there's obviously one big

one that we haven't talked about and

that's the optic nerve by the way those

that the general sensory nerves of the

nazo ciliary know if they'll actually

run through some of those will run

through the ciliary ganglion as well

once I napped with it they'll just run

through and through the short silly wee

nerves getting the eyeball these nerves

they just seem to follow whatever path

they can it's probably because in the

embryo they're following similar

chemotactic

cues anyway the the optic nerve cranial

nerve to the optic nerve is as I'm sure

you're aware carrying special sensory

information back from the retina

carrying vision and I'm not going to

talk about it too much because that's

another very minute talk all in its own

suffice to say that cranial nerve two is

considered a direct extension of the

central nervous system so it's not like

a peripheral nerve in normal sense the

retina and the optic nerve are are an

outgrowth and extension of the forebrain

so they're quite special and because of

that if you follow the optic nerve

through the optic canal and into the

orbit it's covered by the three layers

of connective tissue of PMA - arachnoid

mater and dura mater with a bit of CSF

and what have you and it yeah that's all

I'm going to say is it runs to the eye

carries vision one thing is worth

mentioning is that within the nerve

there is a little artery and a little

vein and those are the central retinal

artery and central retinal vein carrying

blood vessels to the retina

but that's it those are the nerves that

enter the eye so now we've talked about

the intra ocular muscles the sympathetic

and parasympathetic nerves that

innervate those muscles and how they get

there we've added on a bit of general

sensation and we've briefly mentioned

the optic nerve if ever we talk about

the optic nerve what we really should do

is talk about the retina the optic nerve

the optic tract tract the lateral

geniculate nucleus and the thalamus and

the yeah we should follow the whole

tractor back and how all crosses over

and what happens when you damage

different bits because that's a whole

topic in its own right but we'll save

that for another day right

so if you see complicated diagrams of

nerves going to and from the Ani ball

and passing through the ciliary ganglion

don't get to befuddle just think about

the nerves are going from one place and

trying to get to another place and

they're just taking whatever route they

can and the only parasympathetic neurons

synapse in the ciliary ganglion other

nerves do pass through the single

ciliary ganglion but they're just

passing through

it's just cabling at that point all

right I've made a right mess now like

you guys next week

[Music]