Labelled skull bones

Summary

This educational video script delves into the intricate anatomy of the human skull, highlighting the evolution of the presenter's teaching style with enhanced 3D visualization and dynamic labeling. It covers individual bones, their fusion points, and sutures, with a focus on the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital bones, as well as the maxilla and zygomatic bones. The script promises further exploration of the skull's complex structures, including foramina and sutures, in subsequent sessions, aiming to captivate viewers with the fascinating world of human anatomy.

Takeaways

• 📚 The video is focused on the anatomy of the human skull, revisiting the topic with an updated presentation style.
• 🔍 The speaker plans to cover the individual bones of the skull, examining them on both colored and white models for better understanding.
• 🧠 The frontal bone is described as originally forming from two bones that fuse together to become a single midline bone.
• 🏗️ The parietal bones are referred to as 'walls', forming a significant part of the skull's structure, and are paired on each side.
• 🕰️ The temporal bone is highlighted for its role in the aging process, as it's where graying of hair typically begins.
• 👂 The temporal bone is complex, with multiple parts including the squamous, petrous, and mastoid processes, and is involved in hearing and balance.
• 💀 The occipital bone is at the back of the head, with a thick and solid structure, and features the foramen magnum for the spinal cord.
• 🦷 The maxilla is the major bone forming the upper jaw and is responsible for housing the upper teeth.
• 👁️ The zygomatic bone, or cheekbone, is a prominent bone that connects the maxilla, temporal, and frontal bones and contributes to the orbit's structure.
• 🦴 The sphenoid bone is central and complex, linking various other bones and housing the pituitary gland, with important foramina for structure passage.
• 👃 The ethmoid bone forms part of the nasal cavity and the medial wall of the orbit, with a role in air warming and humidification.
• 🗝️ The vomer is a midline bone forming part of the nasal septum, separating the nasal cavity into left and right sides.
• 😢 The lacrimal bone is associated with tear production, housing the nasolacrimal duct that links the eye to the nasal cavity.

Q & A

What is the main focus of the video script?

The main focus of the video script is to discuss the anatomy of the human skull, specifically the bones that make up the skull, their locations, and their functions.

How has the video creator's style evolved over the years according to the script?

The video creator's style has evolved to include dynamic labeling, better 3D lighting, and 4K resolution, enhancing the presentation of the anatomy of the skull.

What is the frontal bone and how does it develop?

The frontal bone is a single central bone of the skull that originally forms as two separate bones, left and right. It fuses together early in life, eliminating the frontal suture, resulting in a single frontal bone.

What does the term 'parietal bone' refer to and how many are there?

The term 'parietal bone' refers to the wall-like bones of the skull, and there are two parietal bones, one on each side of the head.

Why is the temporal bone called 'temporal'?

The temporal bone is called so because 'temporal' refers to the passing of time, and this is where people typically go gray first, showing the passing of time.

What are the main parts of the temporal bone?

The main parts of the temporal bone include the squamous part (flat part laterally), the petrous part (rocky ridge containing structures of the inner ear and middle ear), and the mastoid process.

What is the occipital bone and what significant feature does it have?

The occipital bone is the bone at the back of the head, which is thick and solid. It has a significant feature called the foramen magnum, the large hole through which the spinal cord passes.

What is the maxilla and what does it contribute to?

The maxilla is a single midline bone that forms the upper jaw and houses the upper teeth. It also contributes to the floor of the orbit, the socket for the eye.

What is the sphenoid bone and what is its significance?

The sphenoid bone is a central, single bone that links the temporal, parietal, frontal, and zygomatic bones. It is butterfly-shaped, forms part of the posterior orbit, and houses the pituitary gland. It also has important foramina for structures to pass through.

What is the function of the zygomatic bone?

The zygomatic bone, also known as the cheekbone, is a prominent bone that joins the maxilla, temporal, and frontal bones. It forms part of the lateral wall of the orbit.

What is the role of the ethmoid bone in the skull?

The ethmoid bone is a single central bone that forms the upper part of the nasal cavity and is part of the medial wall of the orbit. It also separates the cranial cavity from the nasal cavity.

What are the two bones that form the lower jaw?

The mandible is the bone that forms the lower jaw. It is a single bone, unlike the upper jaw (maxilla), which starts as two bones that fuse together.

What is the vomer bone and what does it form?

The vomer is a single midline sheet of bone that forms part of the nasal septum, separating the nasal cavity into left and right sides.

What is the lacrimal bone and its relation to the tear duct?

The lacrimal bone houses the nasolacrimal duct, a bony tube that links the orbit with the nasal cavity, allowing tears to drain from the eye into the nose.

What are the palatine bones and their contribution to the skull?

The palatine bones are small, paired bones that form part of the hard palate at the back and extend superiorly to contribute to the formation of the nasal cavity.

What are the remaining bones in the skull that the script does not detail?

The remaining bones not detailed in the script are likely the small bones of the ear ossicles and possibly the hyoid bone, which are very small and not easily pointed out on a skull model.

Outlines

00:00

💀 Skull Anatomy Overview

The script begins with an introduction to the anatomy of the skull, highlighting the evolution of the video style over the years to include dynamic labeling and 4K resolution. The focus is on the individual bones of the skull, their locations, and their 3D characteristics. The speaker expresses a deep fascination with the human skull, especially the sutures, joints, and foramina, and promises to explore these in future videos. The frontal bone is introduced as the first bone, which originally forms as two separate bones that fuse together in early life.

05:00

🗝️ Bones and Structures of the Skull

This paragraph delves into the specific bones of the skull, including the parietal bone, which forms a significant part of the neurocranium, and the temporal bone, known for its association with aging as it's the first area where hair turns gray. The temporal bone's structure is complex, with the squamous part visible on the skull's side and the petrous part housing the inner ear and middle ear structures. The mastoid process and zygomatic arch are also discussed as part of the temporal bone's anatomy. The occipital bone, with its thick and solid structure and the foramen magnum, is also covered, along with the maxilla and its role in forming the upper jaw and the floor of the orbit.

10:05

🦴 Detailed Examination of Skull Bones

The script continues with an in-depth look at the bones of the skull, focusing on the sphenoid bone, which is central and links various other bones. It forms part of the orbit and houses the pituitary gland, with several important foramina for structures to pass through. The pterygoid plates of the sphenoid bone and their attachment points for muscles are also mentioned. The hard palate, formed by the maxilla and palatine bones, and the mandible, which forms the lower jaw, are discussed. The temporomandibular joint, where the mandible articulates with the temporal bone, is highlighted. The orbit's formation from various bones, including the frontal, maxilla, sphenoid, and zygomatic bones, is also covered, with a special mention of the ethmoid bone's role in the medial wall of the orbit and the nasal cavity.

15:06

🔍 Further Exploration of Skull Bones and Structures

The final paragraph explores additional bones and structures within the skull. The ethmoid bone's role in the nasal cavity and its function in warming and humidifying the air is explained. The vomer bone, which forms part of the nasal septum, and the inferior nasal concha, a separate bone, are also discussed. The nasal bones, which make up the external nose, and the lacrimal bone, which contains the nasolacrimal duct connecting the eye to the nasal cavity, are highlighted. The speaker invites viewers to search for more detailed videos on specific bones and structures, acknowledging the complexity of the skull's anatomy and the limitations of memory, even for a professional in the field.

Keywords

💡Anatomy

Anatomy refers to the study of the structure and parts of living organisms, including the human body. In the context of this video, the focus is on cranial anatomy, specifically the bones of the skull. The script discusses various bones, their functions, and their anatomical relationships, emphasizing the importance of understanding the human skull's structure.

💡Skull

The skull is the bony structure that forms the head in vertebrates. It provides protection for the brain and supports the structures of the face. The video script delves into the different bones that make up the skull, their anatomical positions, and how they contribute to the overall structure of the head.

💡Frontal Bone

The frontal bone is a single, central bone that forms the forehead and the upper part of the eye orbits. It originally develops as two separate bones that fuse together during early life. The script mentions the frontal bone as part of the introduction to the various bones of the skull.

💡Parietal Bone

Parietal bones are a pair of bones that form the sides of the skull's upper and mid regions, often referred to as the 'walls' of the skull. The script describes the parietal bones' role in forming a significant part of the neurocranium.

💡Temporal Bone

The temporal bone is located on the sides of the skull, near the temples, and is associated with the ears and the jaw. It has multiple parts, including the squamous part, the petrous part, and contributes to the formation of the zygomatic arch. The video script highlights its complex structure and its role in the aging process, as it is where gray hair often first appears.

💡Occipital Bone

The occipital bone is the bone at the back of the skull, forming the base and providing attachment points for muscles and ligaments. It is characterized by the foramen magnum, the large hole through which the spinal cord connects to the brain. The script describes the occipital bone's solid and thick nature and its anatomical landmarks.

💡Maxilla

The maxilla is a single, midline bone that forms the upper jaw and supports the upper teeth. It also contributes to the floor of the eye orbit. The script explains how the maxilla starts as two separate bones that fuse together, similar to the frontal bone.

💡Zygomatic Bone

The zygomatic bone, also known as the cheekbone, is a prominent bone that forms part of the cheek and the lateral wall of the eye orbit. The script describes its role in connecting the maxilla, temporal, and frontal bones, and its contribution to the structure of the face.

💡Sphenoid Bone

The sphenoid bone is a central bone that links various other bones of the skull, including the temporal, parietal, frontal, and zygomatic bones. It is butterfly-shaped and houses the pituitary gland, with several important foramina for the passage of structures. The script discusses its central role in the skull's anatomy.

💡Ethmoid Bone

The ethmoid bone is a single, central, unpaired bone that forms the upper part of the nasal cavity and contributes to the medial wall of the eye orbit. It is described in the script as being part of the nasal septum and playing a role in the warming and humidifying of air during respiration.

💡Mandible

The mandible is the largest, strongest, and lowest bone of the face that forms the lower jaw and supports the lower teeth. The script mentions the mandible's articulation with the temporal bone at the temporomandibular joint, highlighting its function in the mechanics of chewing and speech.

💡Foramina

Foramina are openings or passages in bones through which nerves, blood vessels, and other structures pass. The script discusses the importance of foramina in the skull, such as the foramen magnum, and how they facilitate the passage of vital structures within the skull.

Highlights

Introduction to revisiting the anatomy of the skull with updated video techniques for better understanding.

Exploration of the skull's bones individually, emphasizing their 3D structure and anatomical relationships.

Explanation of the frontal bone's development from two separate bones that fuse together.

Description of the parietal bone's role in forming a significant part of the neurocranium.

Discussion on the temporal bone, its parts, and its relation to aging and graying of hair.

Identification of the temporal bone's complex structure including the squamous part, petrous part, and mastoid process.

Introduction of the occipital bone, its solid structure, and the foramen magnum's significance.

Clarification on the maxilla's role in forming the upper jaw and its contribution to the orbit's floor.

Highlighting the zygomatic bone's importance in connecting the maxilla, temporal, and frontal bones.

Detailed examination of the sphenoid bone's central position and its various parts.

Explanation of the pterygoid plates' function and their attachment to muscles.

Discussion on the hard palate's formation by the maxilla and the contribution of the palatine bones.

Introduction of the mandible and its articulation with the temporal bone at the temporomandibular joint.

Identification of the ethmoid bone's role in the nasal cavity and its parts within the orbit and cranial cavity.

Description of the vomer bone's function in forming part of the nasal septum.

Highlighting the nasal bones' composition and their distinction from the cartilaginous external nose.

Explanation of the lacrimal bone's involvement in tear duct function and its connection to nasal congestion.

Invitation to use YouTube's search function to find more detailed videos on specific skull bones.

Conclusion summarizing the overview of the skull's bones and预告 of future discussions on sutures and foramina.

Transcripts

[Music]

this is going to really

confuse my auto focus in it oh it's

doing it it's doing all right

all right look at these

look at these beautiful things

so

i think we're going to go back to the

anatomy of the skull for a few weeks

um i recorded the anatomy of videos

about the anatomy of the skull

five years ago i think and i think my my

video style has evolved over the years

now we've got you know dynamic labeling

we've got better kind of more 3d

lighting good we've got the 4k goodness

right

so

i think what we're going to do is we're

going to go back today and look at the

bones of the skull each one individually

and we'll look at it on the colored

skull we'll look at it on the white

skull we'll get an idea of where it is

it's 3dness what's near it and you know

we'll get some labeling on there all the

good things right so

maybe

maybe i just love the human skull

anatomy so much i want to talk about it

for a few weeks is that all right

[Music]

um skull anatomy i mean is there

anything more human

i love it but skull anatomy we're

interested in the bones we're interested

in the sutures the joints between the

bones we're interested in the the

foramina the holes in the bones and what

passes through them but today we'll just

look at the bones and then we'll build

on that in the future

this

is the frontal bone

it it forms

originally as two bones left and right

in the two halves and then early on in

life

it fuses there is a frontal suture to

start with as this bone is forming and

then that frontal suture um

disappears the two bones fuse together

so we have a single

central midline

frontal bone

so

this is the

frontal bone

[Music]

posterior to the frontal bone we have

the parietal bone so parietal means wall

right so we have two parietal bones one

on the right one on the left

and the pro the frontal bone meets the

parietal bone and you can see that the

parietal bone is forming a great deal of

the

neurocranium the the skull

the

parietal bone

here

[Music]

inferior to the parietal bone we have

the temporal bone long time viewers will

know that every time i talk about the

temporal bone i say and it's called the

temporal bone because this is where we

see the passing of time that's what

temporal refers to as we we go gray this

is where we go gray first well i am so

my hair is going gray here showing the

passing of time this is the temporal

bone and the temporal region by the way

the lobes of the brain are largely named

because they are deep to these bones so

it's easy to say this bone this bone

this bone the lobes of the brain you

know not always quite so clearly

demarcated so the lobes of the brain are

deep they're named because of the bones

they're deep to so the temporal bone now

this is interesting it has multiple

parts this is the flat part laterally

the the squamous part

um

so that's what we're seeing here the

squamous part of the temporal bone now

if i take

the skull cap off

so we're taking off parietal and frontal

bone bits there

that's also

the temporal bone in here and this is

the petrous part of the temporal bone

the rocky ridge that's in there and that

rocky ridge exists because these

structures of the inner ear are in there

and the middle ear is is in here so

the

the temporal bone has the external

auditory meatus that is the ear oil

and the petrus part has internal

structures in there

this lumpy bit here this chunk that's

the mastoid process of the temporal bone

you can palpate that here it's a very

obvious lump

the mastoid process of the temporal bone

and also

this here is the zygomatic arch and look

the temporal bone is contributing to

that

all right temporal bone

squamous part and parietal part a

squamous part and

peter's part the rocky bit inside

if we

look posteriorly

this is the occipital bone here so the

occipital bone is at the back of your

head and if you palpate the back of your

head you feel a nice solid lump these

lumpy bits here these are all parts of

the occipital bone the occipital bone is

pretty thick and solid and if i tilt

this

we can see that this hole here this is

foramen magnum the big hole that's what

the spinal cord goes through that is

part of the occipital bone

all right

put this one back together

again

that is the occipital bone

here

uh the other thing about the acceptable

bone is we can see these articulating

processes here these are the acceptable

condyles

that is where the skull sits upon the

vertebral column

difficult thing to balance right

so the occipital bone is a single

midline bone

like the frontal bone is whereas the

parietal

and temporal bones

there are one on either side of the body

so they are paired

turning the skull around to look at the

face

the face also gets known as the viscero

cranium which is the neurocranium

surrounds the brain and we see this

major bone here this is the maxilla

and the maxilla again is a single

midline bone but it starts off as two

bones

and then they fuse in the midline

like the frontal bone does so we have a

single maxilla or maxillary bone and the

maxilla is forming the upper jaw the

teeth the upper teeth are embedded into

the maxilla

and if we look into the orbit you can

see that the maxilla

is contributing to

the floor of the orbit

that is the hole that the eye lives in

so

this is

the maxilla here

[Music]

so the other bone then is prominent here

is we already hinted towards it is the

the zygomatic bone or the zygoma the the

cheekbone very very prominent the

cheekbone

and

this is a separate bone

but look it joins

the maxilla

and

the temporal bone

and the frontal bone

they all are joined by the zomatic

zygomatic bone and look the zygomatic

bone is also forming

the lateral wall or part of the lateral

wall of the orbit so the zygomatic bone

but the zygomatic arch is a complex made

up of multiple bones look

[Music]

and then deep to the zygomatic arch we

have

this

space we have the

infra-temporal fossa

so then

in the infra-temporal fossa we see this

red bone this is the sphenoid bone this

is a tricky one to work out where it is

the sphenoid bone is a very very central

bone so we see it here the sphenoid bone

is a single central bone

um it is but it's linking the temporal

bone the parietal bone the frontal bone

the zygomatic bone and if we look into

the orbit it's also forming the

posterior part of the orbit

deep within there

so the sphenoid bone

is if we

[Music]

so the sphenoid bone is forming the

posterior orbit if we take the skull cap

off

and we consider where the orbit is

this is the sphenoid bone here

it's a central single bone it is kind of

butterfly shaped

and it is

extending out and around here

the pituitary gland sits within it

and it has a number of important holes

in it important foramina that structures

pass through it is a bone that links to

the the orbit and the face and so on so

the sphenoid bone very very central

that central sphenoid bone then also has

if we look inferiorly

these

pterygoid plates

these kind of winged structures

and these paragoid plates are part of

the sphenoid bone and we have a number

of muscles and what have you attaching

there

so the pterygoid terry oy terry wing oid

shaped so wing shaped bits of bone

part of the sphenoid bone

down here

and while we're down here

the

hard palate the roof of the mouth there

that is formed by

the maxilla

maxilla

see the purple

maxilla

the hard palate the roof of the mouth is

formed by the maxilla now on this

colorful model we can see that the

posterior part of the

of the hard palate is red that's not the

sphenoid bone these are the palatine

bones there's one on either side

and the palatine bones are forming

they're little bones they're kind of we

see the base of them there the flat base

they're kind of tall and pointy

so they are forming part of the hard

palate the posterior part of the hard

palate but they're also extending

superiorly so they're going to

contribute to forming part of the nasal

cavity and the link between the sphenoid

bone and the the maxilla palatine bones

little diddy guys difficult to visualize

where they are and what they do

okay so we've built up quite a lot of

the skull so far

this is the mandible down here forming

the lower jaw

and the lower teeth are part of the

mandible and the mandible then is

articulating with

the temporal bone at the tempuro

temporomandibular

joint

in the orbit

we can see that the orbit is formed from

frontal bone

maxilla

sphenoid bone

zygomatic bone now

there's another yellow bone

in there in the medial wall of the orbit

and i think this is the hardest bone in

the skull to visualize where it is and

what shape it is that is the ethmoid

bone so the ethmoid bone is again a

single

central

unpaired bone

it's forming the at the top of the the

nasal cavity in there

um and it's kind of you know it's almost

like u-shaped but it's more complicated

than that

and what we can see inside the nasal

cavity is we can see lots of curvy bits

with these other country these curved

bits of bone

they cover the mucous membrane they help

warm and humidify the air when we

breathe it in through our noses and into

our respiratory tracts so

the ethmoid bone is the upper part of

the nasal cavity

so the ethmoid bone

is part of the medial wall of the orbit

and also part of the

superior part of the nasal cavity and if

we look

inside the cranial cavity that's the

ethmoid bone there

right so sphenoid bone is here

ethmoid bone is kind of this

rectangular strip anteriorly so it is

also separating the cranial cavity from

the nasal cavity so that's the ethmoid

bone

that's almost all of them

if we think about the nasal cavity

inside here inferiorly

i said the superior and middle nasal

country are part of the ethmoid bone but

there are inferior conchi as well an

inferior curved shell-like bone and that

is a bone on its own so the inferior

concha there's a left one in the right

one that's a separate bone the other

thing we can see here is we can see voma

vomer

is a single midline sheet of bone and it

is forming part of the nasal septum so

the nasal septum is separating our nasal

cavity into left and right sides part of

it is cartilaginous part of it is bone

and the bony bit is voma and that's what

we can see here because this is a bony

skeleton

with the cartilage removed so the nasal

cavity has got a number of bones within

it

and in fact the remaining two bones are

here as well

these

are the nasal bones so while much of the

nose is cartilaginous the external nose

up here it's bone so these are the nasal

bones they're two separate bones one on

either side

and

here

this orange bone this is the lacrimal

bone so the lacrimal glands are actually

up here they're laterally and superior

in the eye lacrimal fluid that is tears

wash across the eye

and in the nasal lacrum well in the

lacrimal bone we have the nasolacrimal

duct there's a bony tube there which

links the orbit with the nasal cavity

which is why when you cry when you make

lots of tears you get a snotty nose

because your tears go across the eye

through the nasolacrimal duct into the

nose and they come out through your nose

or you swallow them or whatever

you do a lot of sniffling

so that's the lacrimal bone there

on the white skull

you have to look really carefully to see

the sutures the edges of the bone but

that's the

nasal bone there

and that's the lacrimal bone in there

so those are the bones of the skull

frontal parietal occipital

temporal

maxilla mandible

sphenoid bone is central

sphenoid uh

nasal

ethmoid lacrimal

palatine

vomer

inferior nasal concha is that it

there are some other bones in the skull

that i have not mentioned

can you think what they are

clue they're very very small

i can't point at them on this i have

probably looked at some of these bones

in more detail i probably looked at the

bones of the orbit and the nose in way

more detail um i've done so many videos

i can't and i get paid

to talk anatomy every day so i can't

remember what i've done i will just like

you will have to search the youtube use

the youtube search function to find out

if i've done a video on any of these if

you'd like to know more but

this is a this is another start we've

looked at the bones of the skull and

then we'll look at the sutures and the

framing and stuff like that in the

coming weeks i think i hope this has

been

illustrative

illustrated illustrative useful

uh see you next week

see you next week

[Music]