The Bumpy Rise of Indonesia.
Summary
TLDRThe video script discusses Indonesia's rapid economic growth and its potential to become the world's fourth largest economy by 2050. It highlights ambitious projects like a new capital in Borneo and Indonesia's strategic position between China and the US. The country's rich natural resources, particularly nickel, and its role in global trade through the Strait of Malacca are emphasized. The script also touches on Indonesia's political history, current challenges, and its delicate balancing act between aligning with global powers and maintaining neutrality.
Takeaways
- 📈 Indonesia is predicted to become the world's fourth largest economy by 2050, after China, India, and the US, with a 5.3% GDP growth in 2022 marking its highest in nine years.
- 🌳 The Indonesian government is considering building a new capital city in the Bornean jungle to address issues like overpopulation, sinking, and environmental concerns in Jakarta.
- 🌐 Indonesia's strategic location, including control over the Strait of Malacca, places it at the center of U.S.-China rivalry and makes it an important player in international geopolitics.
- 🏝️ Indonesia is the largest archipelagic state, comprising over 17,000 islands, and its vast geography contributes to its socio-economic potential.
- 🕌 As the world's largest Muslim country, Indonesia's religious and cultural diversity has been shaped by historical trade and colonization.
- 🇮🇩 Post-independence, Indonesia faced internal unrest and political challenges, including a significant conflict with the Communist Party in the mid-20th century.
- 📊 Despite being the 16th largest economy, Indonesia ranks 25th in exports, indicating a need for more open trade policies to boost its global economic standing.
- 🚀 Indonesia's economy is heavily reliant on natural resources, particularly nickel, which is crucial for the automotive and battery industries.
- 🛑 The government's protectionist policies, such as banning nickel exports, aim to encourage foreign investment in local processing, but may not be effective for all commodities.
- 🌐 Indonesia seeks a neutral or non-aligned stance in the face of U.S.-China rivalry, reflecting a historical preference for neutrality and public sentiment.
- 🔄 Indonesia's engagement with both China and the U.S. includes military exercises, investment, and participation in initiatives like the Belt and Road, aiming for a pragmatic balance between the two powers.
Q & A
What was the prediction made by Pricewaterhousecoopers in 2017 about Indonesia's economy by 2050?
-The report predicted that by 2050, Indonesia would be the world's fourth largest economy, behind only China, India, and the US.
What was Indonesia's highest GDP growth rate in the last nine years as of 2022?
-In 2022, Indonesia achieved its highest GDP growth in the last nine years, with the economy growing by 5.3 percent.
Why is Indonesia planning to create a new capital city in the Bornean jungle?
-The growing economy is being spurred by ambitious projects such as creating a new capital city to address issues like Jakarta's overpopulation, sinking, and environmental challenges like floods, congestion, and pollution.
What is the significance of the Strait of Malacca to Indonesia and the world?
-The Strait of Malacca is a critical trade hub controlled by Indonesia, serving as the shortest sea route between the Indian and Pacific Oceans, and is vital for global maritime trade, especially for oil supplies.
What is the historical context of Indonesia's struggle for independence and its first years as a unified nation?
-Indonesia declared independence on August 17, 1945, under the leadership of Sukarno and Muhammad Hatta. Post-independence, the country faced internal unrest and external influence from various powers, including the Dutch, Americans, British, and Soviets.
How did General Suharto's rule impact Indonesia's political landscape?
-General Suharto ruled Indonesia in an authoritarian manner for 30 years after violently suppressing a communist coup attempt, leading to mass purges and significant political and social changes.
What is the current state of Indonesia's democracy?
-Today, Indonesia is considered the third largest democracy in the world after the United States and India, although it is described as a fragile one due to ongoing challenges.
What are the economic ambitions behind Indonesia's plan to relocate its capital?
-The new capital, Nissan Tara, is envisioned as a low-carbon superhub supporting the pharmaceutical, health, and technology sectors, and promoting growth beyond the island of Java.
Why is Indonesia's nickel industry significant on a global scale?
-Indonesia has the largest nickel reserves in the world, which is crucial for the production of batteries in the automotive industry, making it a key player in the automotive revolution.
What is the strategic approach of Indonesia in terms of its international relations, especially with China and the US?
-Indonesia seeks a neutral or non-aligned stance, trying to maintain a pragmatic middle ground between China and the US, engaging with both powers through cooperation in various sectors.
What are the internal challenges that Indonesia faces despite its growing international importance?
-Internal challenges include fragile institutions, high levels of economic inequality, and uneven democratic and economic progress, which provide a shaky foundation for Indonesian ambitions.
Outlines
🚀 Indonesia's Rapid Economic Growth and Strategic Importance
In 2017, a report by PricewaterhouseCoopers predicted that Indonesia would be the world's fourth-largest economy by 2050, behind China, India, and the US. Six years later, Indonesia is on track to meet these expectations, achieving its highest GDP growth in nine years in 2022 with a 5.3 percent increase. Ambitious projects, including creating a new capital city in Borneo, and its strategic control over the Strait of Malacca, place Indonesia at the center of the US-China rivalry. The nation's socio-economic potential and strategic geography ensure its growing role on the international stage.
🌏 Indonesia's Geographic and Historical Significance
Indonesia, the largest archipelagic state in the world with over 17,000 islands, has a rich history shaped by its strategic location and diverse ethnic groups. Significant islands like Sumatra, New Guinea, and Kalimantan would be among Europe's largest countries if located there. Indonesia's position between the Indian and Pacific Oceans made it a key trading post, attracting Muslim merchants and later European colonizers. The Dutch played a significant role in its history until World War II, when Japanese occupation and subsequent independence movements led by Sukarno and Muhammad Hatta culminated in Indonesia's independence in 1945. The post-war period saw internal unrest and political upheaval, eventually leading to Suharto's authoritarian rule and later democratization after the 1998 Asian economic crisis.
🏙️ Indonesia's Ambitious Capital Relocation and Economic Challenges
In 2019, Indonesia announced plans to move its capital from Jakarta to Nusantara in East Kalimantan to address issues like Jakarta's sinking, flooding, and pollution. The new capital aims to be a low-carbon superhub supporting various sectors and promoting growth beyond Java, which dominates Indonesia's economy. Despite criticism about the feasibility and environmental impact, the project is progressing, with inauguration planned for 2024. Indonesia's economy relies heavily on hydrocarbon exports, with significant coal and natural gas reserves, and the world's largest nickel reserves. While protectionist policies on nickel have attracted investments, similar strategies for other raw materials may be counterproductive.
🌐 Indonesia's Strategic Position and Neutral Stance
Indonesia's central location in Southeast Asia makes it a key player in the region, controlling critical trade routes like the Strait of Malacca. The country's importance to global trade, especially for China and the US, places it in a delicate position amid rising tensions. Historically, Indonesia has pursued a policy of non-alignment, a stance supported by public sentiment today. Despite the pressure from both superpowers, Indonesia aims to maintain neutrality, leveraging its position within ASEAN to enhance its strategic importance while avoiding the dominance of any single power.
🛡️ Indonesia's Diplomatic Strategy and Regional Leadership
Indonesia utilizes ASEAN as a buffer and strategic multiplier, allowing it to avoid direct confrontation with major powers while enhancing its regional influence. This approach, however, faces criticism for being passive and not addressing modern challenges effectively. Indonesia's policymakers seek to maintain a balance between economic growth opportunities offered by China and security partnerships with the US. Despite participating in military exercises with the US and benefiting from Chinese investments, Indonesia strives to remain neutral, aiming for equal engagement with both superpowers to avoid overdependence on either.
🏛️ Indonesia's Growing Global Role and Future Prospects
Indonesia's influence is growing, highlighted by its leadership in ASEAN, hosting the G20 Congress, and Jokowi's diplomatic efforts. However, its current strength is more potential than actual, hindered by internal issues like fragile institutions and economic inequality. If these problems are addressed, Indonesia could realize its predicted economic potential by 2050. Nonetheless, rising US-China tensions may force Indonesia to reconsider its neutral stance, as its strategic location makes it too important to remain uninvolved in potential conflicts.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Indonesia
💡GDP growth
💡New capital city
💡Strait of Malacca
💡U.S.-China rivalry
💡ASEAN
💡Economic protectionism
💡Democratization
💡Geopolitical significance
💡Resource-rich
💡Neutrality
Highlights
PwC report in 2017 predicted Indonesia would become the world's 4th largest economy by 2050, behind only China, India, and the US.
Indonesia achieved its highest GDP growth in the last 9 years in 2022, growing by 5.3%.
Indonesia is considering creating a new capital city in the Bornean jungle to spur economic growth.
Indonesia controls the strategic Strait of Malacca, the world's most important trade hub.
Indonesia is at the center of the US-China rivalry due to its geographic and socio-economic potential.
Indonesia is the largest archipelagic state in the world, comprising over 17,000 islands.
Indonesia is the largest Muslim country in the world, with 87% of its 230 million people declaring the Muslim faith.
European colonizers arrived in Indonesia in the early 16th century, with the Dutch playing a significant role for the next 350 years.
Indonesia declared independence on August 17, 1945, under the leadership of Sukarno and Muhammad Hatta.
Internal unrest and external influences from the US, UK, and Soviet Union marked Indonesia's early years as an independent nation.
General Suharto ruled Indonesia in an authoritarian manner for 30 years after violently suppressing a communist coup attempt in 1965.
Indonesia began proper democratization after Suharto's resignation in 1998 due to the Asian economic crisis and social discontent.
Indonesia has recorded steady GDP growth of 5% on average over the past decade, excluding China and India.
Jakarta's sinking and environmental issues have prompted plans to relocate Indonesia's capital to East Kalimantan.
Indonesia has the world's largest nickel reserves, crucial for battery production in the auto industry.
Indonesia's economy relies heavily on hydrocarbon exports, being the top coal exporter and having significant natural gas reserves.
Indonesia's protectionist policy on nickel has attracted $20 billion in investment, but similar measures for other raw materials may not be as effective.
Indonesia seeks neutrality or non-alignment in the US-China rivalry, reflecting public sentiment and historical policy.
Indonesia uses ASEAN as a buffer and multiplier of strategic importance, but this policy may not address modern challenges effectively.
Indonesia tries to maintain a pragmatic middle ground between China and the US, engaging with both powers without favoring one over the other.
Indonesia's declared neutrality may not be sustainable in the event of a US-China conflict due to its strategic importance.
Addressing internal problems such as fragile institutions, economic inequality, and uneven progress is key to realizing Indonesia's future potential.
Transcripts
in 2017
pricewaterhousecoopers released a report
which predicted that by 2050 Indonesia
would be the world's fourth largest
economy behind only China India and the
US six years have passed and Jakarta
appears to be on track to meet these
expectations in 2022 Indonesia achieves
its highest GDP growth in the last nine
years the economy grew by 5.3 percent
the growing economy is being spurned by
ambitious projects such as the idea of
creating a new capital city in the
bornean jungle stretching over 5000
kilometers and de facto controlling the
world's most important trade Hub the
Strait of Malacca Indonesia is also at
the center of the Strategic U.S China
rivalry the geography but also the
socio-economic potential of Jakarta
predestines the country to play an
increasingly important role on the
international stage will Indonesians
choose a site what prospects does the
country have welcome to the 20s report
thank you
[Music]
foreign if you appreciate the video
consider leaving a like to help boost
the algorithm
Indonesia located in the heart of
Southeast Asia is the largest
archipelagic state in the world it
compromises more than 17 000 Islands if
the largest of these Sumatra New Guinea
or kalimantan which is the Indonesian
part of Borneo where located in Europe
they would be among the continent's
largest countries the entire archipelago
is almost 2 000 kilometers high and over
5000 kilometers wide effectively
separating the Indian Ocean from the
Pacific
the multitude of Indonesian Islands
which were only formed after the Ice Age
resulted in the development of hundreds
of indigenous ethnic and linguistic
groups
over time having mustard sea travel the
archipelago became an important trading
post this included Muslim merchants from
India China and Persia who brought Islam
to the islands today Indonesia is the
largest Muslim country in the world with
87 percent of the population some 230
million people declaring them Muslim
faith
if the beginning of the age of
geographical Discovery the Indonesian
Islands also became the focus of
European colonizers
the first European to arrive to the
archipelago were the Portuguese in 1512
but it was the Dutch arriving a century
later who played a more significant role
for the next 350 Years first under the
banner of the Dutch East India Company
and later the Dutch East Indies they
expanded their territorial control over
the archipelago it was not until the
second world war with the Japanese
Occupation and then the surrender of
Tokyo that hopes for Independence were
raised the country United under the
leadership of the duo of sukarno later
to become the first president and
Muhammad Hatta the first Prime Minister
Independence was declared on August 17
1945. in the post-war years the Dutch
unsuccessfully tried to re-establish
their influence and Indonesia now as a
unified entity began to write its own
history
as with any young country it was not an
easy story internal unrest consumed the
country the dispute with Malaysia
escalated and the Dutch Americans and
British also maintained their influence
as well as the Soviets from whom sukarno
began to buy arms in the 1950s this
strengthened the influence of the local
Communists who threatened tsukarno's
nationalist government and eventually
led to a pooch which the Communist Party
of Indonesia was accused of
orchestrating General suharto violently
suppressed it the retaliatory action led
to mass purges between half a million
and 2 million people were killed another
million people were sent to prisons and
camps suharto does consolidated his
power hosted sukarno and ruled the
country in an authoritarian manner for
the next 30 Years
only the Asian economic crisis of 1998
and massive social discontent led to
suharto's resignation from then on the
proper democratization of the country
began
today Jakarta is considered the third
largest democracy in the world after the
United States and India Albert it is a
fragile one
since 2014 the country has been led by
Jokowi dodo also known as jokovi
since the crash of 1998 Jakarta has
recorded steady GDP growth five percent
on average over the past decade
excluding China and India Indonesia has
been the fastest growing economy among
the countries with a GDP of more than 1
trillion dollars the results for 2022
were the best in the last nine years and
confirmed that the Indonesian economy is
on the right track
this makes it possible to think about
ambitious projects in 2019 news of
Indonesia's desire to relocate its own
Capital circulated around the world the
reasons for such a drastic decision are
many Jakarta with its population of 10
million is sinking and according to
Jeffrey Winters a professor at
Northwestern University the city will be
underwater in as little as five decades
in addition Jakarta is plugged by floods
while the residents suffer from constant
congestion and pollution of Water and
Air
the new capital Nissan Tara is to be
built from scratch on the east coast of
Borneo or kalimantan as Indonesians call
their part of the world's third largest
island just off the makas are strained
Southeast Asia's largest economy
envisions the new capital as a
low-carbon superhub that will support
the pharmaceutical health and Technology
sectors and will promote growth beyond
the island of java this last theme is
especially relevant Indonesia is
java-centric 50 of the country's economy
is in Java and the island is home to
some 160 million people kalimantan
despite being four times larger is home
to only 14 million people
the Jakarta metropolitan area alone has
more than 30 million people twice as
many as the whole of kalimantan not
surprisingly then the project has a host
of critics who point out that moving
such a metropolis into the jungle where
it has to be built from scratch is
nothing but a pipe dream
also the project is an environmental
threat to many plant and animal species
nevertheless it is moving forward in
January 2022 parliament passed a law to
move the capital from Jakarta to
kalimantan the inauguration is already
scheduled for 2024.
kalimantan is an important mining area
and Indonesia's economy relies heavily
on hydrocarbon exports in terms of
volume Indonesia exports the most coal
in the world natural gas deposits are
also sizable estimated that 13th in the
world and more importantly the second in
Asia
however the jewel in jakarta's Crown is
nickel Indonesia has the largest nickel
reserves in the world 22 percent of
global deposits nickel is a crucial
element for among other things the
production of batteries in the Auto
industry making Indonesia a key player
in the automotive Revolution
unsurprisingly Jakarta used to be a
vital exporter of the metal but is no
longer the government sensed its strong
position in the niche and the band
nickel exports in 2020
the aim was clear to force foreign
companies that could not afford to give
up Indonesian nickel to process the
metal locally and thus invest so far
this has succeeded in securing 20
billion dollars of investment in the
country
still what works in one case is not
necessarily a good solution in another
in addition to Nickel Indonesia is an
essential producer of bauxite copper and
Tin encouraged by the success of its
nickel protectionist policy that we
though the government is planning
similar measures for other raw materials
the problem is that jakarta's Global
Market position for bauxite tin and
copper is much weaker than for nickel
and so an exporter ban could be
counterproductive
the World Bank highlights a similar
problem Indonesia is the fourth most
populous country in the world the 16th
largest economy yet only the 25th
largest in terms of exports in other
words Jakarta is closed to the world
considerable barriers and trade tariffs
are holding back the country's internal
development protectionist policies have
proved effective in the case of nickel
but for the rest they are more of an
obstruction than a protection
now a quick ad break
today's episode is brought to you by
speakley speakley is a language learning
application that allows you to learn in
a whole new way research conducted by
speakers Founders led to a system in
which you learn only the key words and
sentences necessary to communicate in a
given language thanks to this you can
get solid communication skills in just
three to four months practicing only 30
minutes a day exercises include learning
new words pronunciation writing
listening and even music recommendations
in the desired language interestingly
you can choose which type of exercise
you want to focus on and which suits you
best currently thanks to speakally you
can learn Spanish French German Estonian
Russian Italian and Finnish all this is
available via Android or iOS app the
beginning of the year is a great time to
start learning at Full Steam and speakly
can help you with this if you want to
see how spickly works you will get the
first 7 Days of learning for free while
opting for the yearly plan will give you
a 60 discount try it out using the link
in the description
this peculiar distrust of Jakarta is
also very evident on the international
stage the country occupies a central
location in a place that is increasingly
becoming the gravitational center of the
world
in its vicinity are India China
Australia and across the Pacific Ocean
the United States
also substantial are a number of smaller
but important countries such as Vietnam
the Philippines Malaysia and Singapore
Indonesia is the web that binds the
region together
this web or less practically network has
its key hubs Jakarta has the greatest
control over the most critical trading
point on the world map the Strait of
Malacca to the north Malacca is closed
by Malaysia and Singapore but to the
South for almost 1 000 kilometers it is
in the Indonesian coastal zone it is the
shortest sea route between the Indian
and Pacific Oceans and Carries supplies
from Africa and the Persian Gulf among
others
this mainly includes oil most of which
first heads to China then to Japan
the scale of malacca's importance to
Global oil supplies is illustrated by a
comparison to two other vital hubs the
Suez Canal and the Panama Canal four
times as much oil passes through Malacca
as through Suez and 19 times as much as
through Panama in total the straight is
estimated to account for 60 to 70
percent of all World Maritime trade and
thus represent fundamental importance
for the largest global exporter China
and because of this dependence also for
beijing's greatest rival the USA
almost every war game that simulates a
conflict between Beijing and Washington
assumes a blockade of Malacca by the
Americans moreover the entire
archipelago would most likely be the
focus of the American Navy's attention
in addition to Malacca the Sunda and
makassar's traits among others would
also be blocked thus whether it wants it
or not Jakarta would once again find
itself in the spotlight of the great
powers
realizing the importance of its own
position as well as the strength
relations between China and America
Indonesia seeks a solution in neutrality
or non-alignment with either side
this is by no means new for back in the
days of the first Cold War on the back
of the 1955 Bandung conference in Java
sukarno ruled Indonesia also followed a
policy of non-alignment
this attitude corresponds well with the
public sentiment research by Australia's
low Institute shows that as many as 84
percent of residents believe Indonesia
should remain neutral in the event of
any U.S China conflict
only four percent think Jakarta should
support the US in a potential war and
only one percent think Indonesia should
side with China
similar parity can be seen in concerns
about the dominance 49 of respondents
thought China will be a threat over the
next decade and slightly fewer 43
percent said the same about the United
States overall confidence in Washington
is slightly higher but the distrust of
both superpowers dominates
so it seems that without those Indonesia
of 2023 is taking the same path as
sukarno's post-war Indonesia but this
time it seems to be even more difficult
during the Cold war between Moscow and
Washington Jakarta was on the periphery
of the system today at least
geographically it is at its core and one
key player the People's Republic of
China is right next door what does
Jakarta do in such a situation
firstly it seeks Refuge under a larger
umbrella
for Indonesia that is asean a political
and economic Union of 10 Southeast Asian
countries Widodo is aware of Indonesia's
importance but that importance emanates
more from geography than hard
macroeconomic numbers
while Indonesia adds the 10 asean
economies to its weight it Remains by
far the largest but it uses the group as
a kind of buffer and multiplier of
strategic importance
as Ivan laxman of the University of
Singapore rise in foreign policy quote
coordination among asean members has
helped Indonesia deny hegemony in
Southeast Asia to any great power during
and after much of the Cold War
this was largely done by enmeshing the
United States and China into asean's web
of regional institutions unquote
however according to the elite 1 u
university analyst this policy is out of
step with the challenges of the modern
world Indonesia does not want big powers
to decide for it meanwhile Indonesian
policy makers believe that their country
is a great nation and a regional leader
still there unwilling laxmana argues to
either take on the burden of managing
the regional order in a proactive manner
or to support other Regional powers in
doing so in other words Indonesia wants
to have a say in shaping the original
agenda without being responsible for its
implementation it uses asean for
precisely this purpose flaxvana believes
that the block has become an excuse for
Indonesia to shed responsibility and
avoid addressing the policies of the
great powers in the indo-pacific instead
of finding a way to address Indonesia's
strategic dependence and vulnerability
policymakers in Jakarta have settled for
the old passive tactic of waiting to see
what the big powers can offer
and what do the powers offer
Indonesia's perspective and choice are
not one-dimensional but can be
simplified and summarized as follows one
offers better prospects for economic
growth but also intimidates the region
and threatens to impose its own rules in
the long term this is China the second
offers to join the global existing
security architecture the vision of
imposing its own dominance is unlikely
but the economic prospects for Rapid GDP
growth are worse this is the United
States
on the one hand Indonesia is
participating in military exercises with
the Aus the last edition of the exercise
called Garuda Shield was record breaking
with three thousand soldiers from 14
countries
on the other Jakarta is benefiting from
China's white investment offerings
in 2022 China was the second largest
investor in the country after Singapore
however if Hong Kong companies were
included the Chinese would be first
Indonesia is also part of the notorious
belt and throat initiative and Beijing
has also declared willingness to
participate in constructing the new
capital
as Harvard's pranaivarada acknowledges
quote even though China and Indonesia
may not be the best friends China has
contributed to Indonesian development in
a way the US has been unable to do as of
yet unquote
in fact Indonesia tries to reject both
visions and tries to maintain a
pragmatic Middle Ground between the two
Powers Indonesia wants neither Pax
Seneca nor Pax Americana Jakarta seeks
equal engagement between the great
Powers through cooperation in various
sectors while being careful not to allow
one of them to become too close at the
expense of the other
yet in practice not taking sides and
being open to Chinese investment tips
the scales in China's favor Beijing like
Moscow is a supporter of a multi-polar
world
so jakarta's overt declaration to take
Beijing side would be of no use
in contrast the increase in interaction
between the Chinese Communist party and
the main Indonesian political parties as
well as Indonesian oligarchs is leading
to closer cooperation with the Chinese
at the highest level of government
these interdependencies in the event of
beijing's deep participation in the
construction of new santara the new
capital will only grow whether China
will use its growing economic advantage
to threaten Indonesia's strategic
interests remains to be seen but with
greater dependence comes greater
vulnerability especially given the
geographical proximity
and the Indonesians declared neutrality
is a noble approach however if a kinetic
sign a U.S war were actually to occur
neutrality may not longer be possible
the Indonesian islands and Straits are
too important and the Jakarta for the
time being is not strong enough to deny
the powers to interfere in its Coastal
Waters if Sinai U.S tensions continue to
rise the pressure on the Jakarta
government especially from the U.S to
forego neutrality will increase
otherwise one side of the conflict might
be imposed forcefully during a war
there is no doubt that Indonesia's
importance is growing the country is a
driving force behind Regional formas
such as asean and the rcep Indonesia
recently hosted the G20 Congress and
Jacoby was the first Asian leader to
appear in both Kiev and Moscow in an
attempt to mediate
still jakarta's strength continues to be
measured mainly by its geography and
future potential rather than hard data
in the Here and Now internal problems
should not be forgotten either fragile
institutions high levels of economic
inequality and uneven Democratic and
economic progress provide a shaky
foundation on which Indonesian Ambitions
rest
nevertheless if these problems are
systematically addressed the country
remains on a more democratic path and
the region does not descend into a hot
War there is a good chance that pwc's
predictions regarding Indonesia's
prospects in 2050 will become a reality
recently I had a meeting with a YouTube
analyst and she suggested that if I want
the channel to grow I should ask our
audience for feedback to help boost the
algorithm
so if you like this material please
press the thumbs up button or write a
comment you may also consider supporting
us on patreon
foreign
foreign
Voir Plus de Vidéos Connexes
Indonesia could be Asia's Most Strategic Country: Here is Why
The most important country you’ve never heard about
Will Indonesia Join the U.S or China?
Potensi SDA di Indonesia #kumer Klas XI
LETAK GEOGRAFIS | ASTRONOMIS INDONESIA DAN PENGARUHNYA, PENGERTIAN GARIS BUJUR DAN GARIS LINTANG
Keuntungan Letak Geografis Indonesia
5.0 / 5 (0 votes)