Pergerakan Nasional

Summary

This video discusses the early stages of Indonesia's national movement, focusing on key organizations like Budi Utomo, Sarekat Islam, and Indische Partij. It explains the shift in the movement’s orientation from regional to national after 1908, highlighting the impact of Japan's victory over Russia and the rise of new ideologies like communism and nationalism. The video covers the founding, goals, and transformations of these organizations, including their moderate or radical approaches to political change and their role in shaping the fight for independence. The first part ends with a look at the political and social developments leading up to the formation of modern political movements in Indonesia.

Takeaways

• 😀 Before 1908, national movements in Indonesia were regional, unorganized, and led by charismatic figures like Tuanku Imam Bonjol and Pangeran Diponegoro.
• 😀 After 1908, the national movement became more organized, driven by educated elites, and aimed at national goals rather than regional ones.
• 😀 The national movement after 1908 was split into two forms: moderate (cooperative) and radical (non-cooperative).
• 😀 External factors like Japan's victory over Russia in 1905 inspired Indonesian nationalists by challenging European dominance.
• 😀 Internal factors, including reflections on past glories like the Majapahit and Sriwijaya kingdoms, motivated the national movement.
• 😀 Budi Utomo, founded in 1908, was a moderate movement focused on culture, education, and uplifting the native population's dignity.
• 😀 Budi Utomo’s first congress revealed a split between conservative priyayi (elite) members and progressive factions wanting to engage in politics.
• 😀 Sarekat Islam started as a trade organization but later grew into a political movement advocating for Muslim unity and Islamic teachings.
• 😀 Sarekat Islam's membership expanded across Java and Sumatra, and the movement was eventually infiltrated by communist elements leading to splits within the organization.
• 😀 Indische Partij, founded in 1912, was a radical movement that sought equal rights for all people in the Dutch East Indies and opposed colonial discrimination.

Q & A

What is the primary difference between movements before and after 1908 in Indonesia?

Before 1908, movements were regional, uncoordinated, and often led by charismatic figures. They were typically based on physical struggles, such as war or conflict. After 1908, the movement became national, organized, and driven by educated elites, marking a shift from regional to a more unified national effort.

How did Japan’s victory over Russia in 1905 influence the Indonesian national movement?

Japan’s unexpected victory over Russia broke the notion that European powers were invincible against Asian nations. This inspired Indonesians to believe that they could also challenge colonial powers, fueling nationalist sentiments and the desire for independence.

What were the main goals of the Budi Utomo organization?

Budi Utomo aimed to improve the dignity of native Indonesians, particularly through advancing education, establishing agricultural and technical schools, and promoting arts and culture. The movement initially focused on cultural and educational reforms rather than immediate political independence.

Who were the key figures behind the founding of Budi Utomo, and where was it founded?

Budi Utomo was founded by **Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo**, **Dr. Sutomo**, and **Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo** on May 20, 1908, at the Stovia campus (now part of the medical faculty in Jakarta).

What was the division within Budi Utomo during its first congress?

The division in Budi Utomo during its first congress in October 1908 was between the **priyayi group**, which wanted to focus on social, educational, and cultural fields, and the **progressive group**, which sought to push the organization into the political sphere to advocate for democratic change.

How did Budi Utomo evolve after World War I?

After World War I, Budi Utomo shifted towards political engagement. It moved from its cultural and educational focus to active political participation, contributing to the formation of the **Indische Partij** and playing a role in the political sphere.

What was the role of **Sarekat Islam** in the national movement?

Initially founded in 1905 as the **Sarekat Dagang Islam** (Islamic Trade Union) to protect native traders from Chinese competition, Sarekat Islam later transformed into a political organization under the leadership of figures like **H.O.S. Cokroaminoto** and **Agus Salim**, advocating for Muslim unity and promoting the struggle for independence.

Why was Sarekat Islam split into two factions in 1921?

Sarekat Islam was split into **Sarekat Islam Putih** (moderate) and **Sarekat Islam Merah** (radical) due to ideological differences, particularly after the infiltration of **ISDV** (Indische Socialistische Democratische Vereeniging) members who brought socialist ideas into the movement. The split occurred when the Dutch government intervened, leading to the disbanding of the radical faction.

What was the primary ideology of the **Indische Partij**, and who were its founders?

The **Indische Partij** was a radical, non-cooperative organization that aimed for equal rights for all people in the Dutch East Indies, regardless of race. It was founded by **Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo**, **Ki Hajar Dewantara**, and **Douwes Dekker** on December 25, 1912, in opposition to Dutch colonial discrimination.

Why was the **Indische Partij** dissolved, and what happened to its leaders?

The **Indische Partij** was dissolved by the Dutch in 1913 due to its radical stance against colonial rule. The organization's leaders—**Cipto Mangunkusumo**, **Ki Hajar Dewantara**, and **Douwes Dekker**—were exiled as a result of their political activism.