Paradigma Penelitian

Summary

This educational session explores four key research paradigms used in educational research: the Positivist Paradigm (quantitative data and measurement scales), the Constructivist Paradigm (qualitative research and grounded theory), the Transformative Paradigm (a mix of qualitative and quantitative data for social change), and the Pragmatic Paradigm (a mixed-methods approach). The speaker also discusses various research methods within each paradigm, emphasizing descriptive and experimental methods in the Positivist Paradigm. The session sets the foundation for deeper discussions on each paradigm and research method in future sessions.

Takeaways

• 😀 Research can be based on four primary paradigms: Positivist, Constructivist, Transformative, and Pragmatic.
• 😀 The Positivist paradigm emphasizes quantitative data that can be measured and analyzed statistically.
• 😀 There are four types of measurement scales used in quantitative research: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio.
• 😀 Nominal scale data is categorical, such as gender or job categories.
• 😀 Ordinal scale data represents rankings or ratings, such as class levels or satisfaction surveys.
• 😀 Interval scale data, like test scores, has no true zero but allows for meaningful differences between values.
• 😀 Ratio scale data, such as weight or length, includes a true zero point, allowing for meaningful ratios.
• 😀 The Constructivist paradigm focuses on qualitative research, often using grounded theory or real-world observation.
• 😀 The Transformative paradigm can combine both qualitative and quantitative methods and often aims to drive societal change.
• 😀 The Pragmatic paradigm uses a mixed-methods approach, integrating both qualitative and quantitative research to offer a comprehensive view.
• 😀 Quantitative research methods include descriptive research (e.g., surveys, trend studies) and experimental research (e.g., tests and experiments).
• 😀 Qualitative research methods involve gathering non-numerical data, such as interviews and case studies, often using triangulation for more accuracy.

Q & A

What are the four paradigms or frameworks for conducting research mentioned in the script?

The four paradigms are: 1) Positivist or post-positivist paradigm, 2) Constructivist paradigm, 3) Transformative paradigm, and 4) Pragmatic paradigm.

What is the key characteristic of the positivist paradigm?

The positivist paradigm focuses on research that uses quantitative data, particularly numerical measurement results, such as measurement scales and statistics.

What are the four types of measurement scales mentioned in the positivist paradigm?

The four measurement scales are: 1) Nominal scale, 2) Ordinal scale, 3) Interval scale, and 4) Ratio scale.

What is nominal scale data, and how is it used in research?

Nominal scale data is collected in the form of categories or names, such as gender or job categories. It is represented by integers that denote the count in each category, but the numbers do not have a mathematical meaning.

What is the difference between ordinal and interval scale data?

Ordinal scale data represents ranking or rating, while interval scale data is used for test results where zero does not indicate an absolute absence, such as a score that could be zero but still does not mean no ability.

What defines ratio scale data?

Ratio scale data involves measurements taken with an instrument, such as weight in kilograms or length in meters. It has a true zero point, indicating an absolute absence of the attribute being measured.

What type of data does the constructivist paradigm rely on?

The constructivist paradigm relies on qualitative data, which is typically gathered through grounded or direct research methods that focus on understanding experiences and narratives.

What is unique about research in the transformative paradigm?

Research using the transformative paradigm can incorporate both qualitative and quantitative data, aiming to create change or improve social conditions.

How does the pragmatic paradigm differ from the other paradigms in terms of research methods?

The pragmatic paradigm combines both quantitative and qualitative research methods, often referred to as mixed methods, to address research questions from a practical, real-world perspective.

What are the two main types of research methods in the positivist paradigm?

The two main research methods in the positivist paradigm are: 1) Descriptive research, which aims to describe current conditions, and 2) Experimental or quasi-experimental research, which tests hypotheses or specific interventions.