Digital Logics and Data Representation
Summary
TLDRThis session delves into the physics of digital computers, contrasting them with analog computers and highlighting digital's precision and reliability. It traces the evolution from abacuses to modern transistor-based systems, explaining the fundamental concepts of voltage and current. The script explores the role of MOSFET transistors in digital logic, the significance of logic gates, and the construction of memory elements like registers and flip-flops. It also discusses binary counters, clock signals for synchronization, and Moore's Law, providing a comprehensive foundation in digital logic.
Takeaways
- 🌟 Digital computers are referred to as such because they perform computations on data with discrete values, as opposed to analog computers that work with continuously varying values.
- 🔢 The term 'digital' implies precision and accuracy in computation, which has led to the widespread adoption of digital computers over analog ones due to their reliability and cost-effectiveness.
- 👨🏫 A brief history of computing devices includes the abacus, mechanical gears, and levers, electronic computers with vacuum tubes, and the advent of transistors post-1947 which revolutionized computing.
- 🔋 Voltage and current are fundamental concepts in electrical engineering, with voltage representing potential difference and current representing the flow of electrons, analogous to water pressure and flow.
- 💡 The transistor, a semiconductor device, is the building block of digital systems, controlling the flow of electrical current and functioning as an on/off switch in digital circuits.
- 🛠️ MOSFETs, or Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors, are a type of transistor used in digital circuits that can be either 'on' or 'off', controlled by the gate voltage.
- 🔄 CMOS technology utilizes complementary transistors that can be turned on by positive or zero gate voltages, offering low power consumption and high reliability in digital logic circuits.
- 📚 Logic gates, derived from Boolean algebra, are the basis for digital hardware and can be implemented using transistors to perform basic functions like AND, OR, and NOT.
- 🔄 Latches and flip-flops are sequential circuits that store data and have outputs dependent on previous inputs, essential for creating memory elements like registers in processors.
- 🔢 Binary counters are circuits that accumulate numeric values, counting the number of input transitions and providing an output that represents the count in binary form.
- ⏲ Clocks are essential for the automatic operation of digital computers, providing a regular sequence of signals that synchronize the operation of digital logic circuits.
Q & A
What is the fundamental difference between a digital computer and an analog computer?
-A digital computer performs a sequence of computational steps on data items with discrete values, while an analog computer operates on values that vary continuously over time.
Why are digital computers considered more precise than analog computers?
-Digital computers are more precise because they can be very accurate with discrete values, unlike analog computers that deal with continuous values which can be less exact.
What is the significance of the invention of the transistor in the history of computing?
-The invention of the transistor between 1947 and 1950 changed computing dramatically by replacing vacuum tubes and improving the computing power and reliability of electronic devices.
What is the role of voltage and current in the context of digital logic?
-Voltage and current are quantifiable properties of electricity used in digital logic to represent the potential difference and the flow of electrons, respectively, which are essential for the operation of digital circuits.
How does the analogy of water help in understanding voltage and current?
-Voltage can be compared to water pressure, and current to the amount of water flowing through a pipe, helping to visualize the concepts of electrical potential and flow.
What is a transistor and how is it used in digital circuits?
-A transistor is a semiconductor device used to control the flow of electrical current. In digital circuits, it functions as an on/off switch, controlled electronically.
What are the two types of MOSFET transistors used in digital logic, and what is their significance?
-The two types of MOSFET transistors are those that turn on when the gate voltage is positive and those that turn on when the gate voltage is zero. They are significant in CMOS technology, which allows for low-power consumption circuits.
What is a latch in digital systems and what is its basic function?
-A latch is a basic sequential circuit with an input, output, and an enable line. Its function is to store a value and output it when the enable line is set to a logical one.
How are registers different from latches in terms of their role in a processor?
-Registers are short-term storage units within the CPU that hold multiple bits and are used in computations, whereas latches are basic circuits that can store a single bit of data.
What is a flip-flop and how does it differ from a latch?
-A flip-flop is a circuit where the output depends on the previous input as well as the current input, acting like a toggle switch. Unlike latches, flip-flops respond to a sequence of inputs and can change state with each input transition from 0 to 1.
What is the purpose of a binary counter in digital systems?
-A binary counter accumulates numeric values, providing a numerical total in binary form, unlike a flip-flop which only offers two possible output values. It is used to count the number of input transitions from 0 to 1.
How does a clock function in a digital logic circuit?
-A clock in a digital logic circuit provides a regular sequence of alternating ones and zeros, which allows the hardware to take action without requiring an input to change. It is essential for the automatic operation of a digital computer.
What is Moore's Law and how has it been revised over time?
-Moore's Law is the observation that the number of transistors on a silicon chip doubles approximately every 18 months, initially stated as every year. It signifies the rapid growth in the density of integrated circuits.
What are the different levels of abstraction in understanding digital circuits, and why are they important?
-The different levels of abstraction in digital circuits include the circuit boards, the processor, the gate, and the transistor levels. They are important for understanding the underlying hardware details and for building practical structures in digital logic design.
Outlines
💻 Introduction to Digital Logic and Computers
This paragraph introduces the fundamentals of digital logic, aiming to understand the physics behind computer operations. It explains the distinction between digital and analog computers, emphasizing the precision and reliability of digital computation due to their discrete data values. The paragraph also touches on the historical development of computing devices, from the abacus to electronic computers using vacuum tubes and transistors. The importance of reliability in computation is highlighted, as a single error can lead to failure. Voltage and current are introduced as key concepts in electrical engineering, with an analogy comparing voltage to water pressure and current to water flow through a pipe.
⚡ Understanding Voltage, Current, and Transistors
The second paragraph delves into the concepts of voltage and current, which are essential to comprehend digital logic. It explains how electrical engineers use these terms to describe properties of electricity, with voltage measured in volts representing potential difference and current in amperes representing the flow of electrons. The concept of ground as a reference point for voltage measurement is introduced. The paragraph then transitions to discussing transistors, which are semiconductor devices used to control electrical current. Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs) are highlighted as a key component in digital systems, functioning as switches that can be turned on and off electronically.
🛠 The Building Blocks of Digital Systems: Logic Gates and Transistors
This paragraph explores the construction of digital systems using logic gates, which are based on Boolean algebra functions such as AND, OR, and NOT. These functions form the basis for digital hardware and can be implemented using transistors. The discussion includes how positive voltage represents a Boolean '1' and zero voltage represents a '0'. The paragraph also introduces the concept of latches, which are basic sequential circuits with an enable input, allowing for memory creation in digital systems. Registers are explained as short-term storage units within the CPU, holding multiple bits and commonly being either 32-bit or 64-bit in size.
🔄 Registers, Flip-Flops, and Memory in Digital Systems
The fourth paragraph continues the discussion on digital system components, focusing on registers and their role in holding values for computation. It explains how registers can be constructed from one-bit latches and how they operate with enable lines to store and maintain values. The concept of flip-flops is introduced as circuits with outputs dependent on previous inputs, functioning like a power switch that toggles state with each input pulse. The paragraph also touches on the graphical representation of flip-flop operation and the use of additional inputs like reset in these circuits.
🔢 Binary Counters and Clocks in Digital Logic Design
This paragraph introduces binary counters, which extend the functionality of flip-flops by offering multiple output values and the ability to accumulate input transitions, providing a numerical total in binary form. The discussion includes the practical aspects of electronic counters, such as reset inputs and overflow detection. The paragraph then moves on to the concept of clocks, which are essential for the automatic operation of digital computers, providing a regular sequence of signals to synchronize circuit operations. The function of clocks in digital logic is explained, along with their creation using inverters or quartz crystals.
🕰 Clocks, Sequences, and the Operation of Digital Circuits
The sixth paragraph discusses the role of clocks in digital circuits, explaining how they enable a sequence of operations without human intervention. It describes how a computer might start, with a series of steps that are performed one second apart, using a clock to control the timing. The paragraph introduces the concept of building a circuit to perform a sequence of steps using a clock, a binary counter, and a decoder or multiplexer. The explanation includes how these components work together to create a timed sequence of operations.
📈 Moore's Law and the Evolution of Integrated Circuits
The final paragraph discusses Moore's Law, which predicts the doubling of transistors on a chip approximately every 18 months, leading to increased functionality and performance. It outlines the categories of integrated circuits, from small-scale integration to very large scale integration (VLSI), and mentions the use of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology in IC manufacturing. The paragraph also touches on the process of creating wafers containing multiple IC designs and the abstraction levels involved in circuit board and processor design. It concludes with a summary of the importance of digital logic in constructing computer systems and the role of Boolean algebra in circuit design.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Digital Computer
💡Analog Computer
💡Voltage
💡Current
💡Transistor
💡MOSFET
💡Logic Gates
💡Latch
💡Register
💡Flip-Flop
💡Binary Counter
💡Clock
💡CMOS
💡Moore's Law
Highlights
Understanding the distinction between digital and analog computers, with digital computers handling discrete data values and analog computers operating on continuously varying values.
The precision advantage of digital computers over analog, due to their bit accuracy and reliability.
The historical evolution of computing devices from the abacus to electronic computers constructed from vacuum tubes and the invention of the transistor.
The fundamental role of transistors in modern digital computers, especially metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs).
The function of transistors as on/off switches in digital circuits, controlled by the gate terminal.
The two types of MOSFET transistors used in CMOS technology, which enable low power consumption in digital logic circuits.
The conceptual basis of digital hardware in Boolean algebra functions: AND, OR, and NOT.
The construction of efficient circuits implementing Boolean functions using transistors.
The use of latches to create memory in digital systems, with an explanation of their operation and the enable line.
Registers as short-term storage units within the CPU, holding multiple bits and their construction from one-bit latches.
The concept of flip-flops in digital circuits, which have outputs dependent on previous inputs and current states.
Binary counters as an extension of flip-flops, offering multiple output values and accumulating input transitions.
The importance of clocks in digital logic, providing a regular sequence of operations without human intervention.
The use of Moore's Law to describe the historical trend of increasing transistor density on integrated circuits.
The categorization of integrated circuits based on complexity, from small scale integration to very large scale integration.
The process of IC manufacturing, involving the creation of wafers containing multiple copies of IC designs.
The multi-level abstraction in digital logic design, from circuit boards to individual transistors and gates.
The significance of digital logic in constructing digital systems and the role of Boolean algebra in circuit design.
Transcripts
welcome to another session for
fundamentals of digital logic today we
want to understand the underlying
physics behind uh the computers and how
computers
operate
so the first positive button uh thing
that you're going to do is understanding
why a computer is referred to are either
a digital computer or a nanolog computer
so uh when you use the term digital
computers we want to refer to a device
that performs a sequence of computation
computational steps on data items that
have discrete values
and the alternative of that is an analog
computer that operates on values that
vary on a continuously over time
so the digital computation has the
advantage of being very very precise or
in other words to say a bit accurate
compared to the analog computer
because digital computers have become
both inexpensive and highly reliable
analog computers
has been navigated to a few very very
special cases
uh the need of reliability arises
because of computation can entail of
billions of individual steps if a
computer if a computer misinterprets a
value or a single instruction it is said
to fail therefore computers are designed
for failureates of much less than one
billion so uh
the purpose of a digital computer is to
increase their reliability and uh of the
output of a user so a brief history of a
computer you can see Abacus relied on
humans to move beats to keep track of
the sun uh the early 20th century and
mechanical gears and levels were being
used to produce cash registers and
adding machines in 1940s uh the Aria
electronic computers were being
constructed from vacuum tubes and the
invention of the transit assistance
between 1947 and 1950 emerged and this
is this changed Computing dramatically
um the modern digital computers are
built from electronic circuits that use
transistors so after the vacuum tubes we
had now the transistors reached to the
improved the computing power of the
machine if you want to understand more
about it just read more about the
history of computers and understand more
about that so there's some terms that I
use used in Computing which are referred
to as the voltage and current and
um
when we depend most of the time about
the physics or the physical phenomena
have associated with the electricity
so Engineers use the terms voltage and
current to refer to quantifiable uh
properties of electricity
the voltage between two points is
measured in volts and represent the
potential uh difference and the current
uh on the other side is mentioned in
amperes that represent the flow of elect
electrons along the path EG are y
a good analogy can be made with water
right what is the best example that we
can use
um
voltage corresponds to maybe the water
pressure
and the current uh corresponds to the
amount of water
are flowing through a pipe at any given
time
if a tank develops a hole and the water
begins to flow through the hole the
water pressure will drop and if the
current start flowing through the wire
the voltage will drop
right I think that's uh the best uh
analogy to really understand so the most
important thing to know about electrical
voltage is that the voltage can only be
measured has the difference between two
points
right uh for your information the
measurement is relative and thus
voltmeter is used which is uh to measure
the voltage and always has to uh
to probability which are
the meter does not register voltage
until both probes have been connected
right so you have to check on the two
points so electrical engineers use the
term ground to refer to the point that
is measured to the point of zero voltage
um we can understand the search of
digital logic without uh we cannot
understand
um the digital logic without knowing
more about voltage and current and we
only need to understand how electricity
flow uh through a different meetings
so we can move on now that you
understand
um
the definition of voltage in current so
there's an element that we always refer
to as the transistors or something we've
discussed about so a transistor
um
is used to control the flow of
electrical current is mostly a
semiconductor average device so the
mechanical the mechanism used to control
flow of electrical current is a
semiconductor device known as the
transistors so
at the lowest level All Digital systems
are composed of transistors in
particular digital circuit use a form of
transistors known as metal oxide
semiconductor Field Effect trans trans
transistor so this is the
abbreviated as m-o-s-f-e-t
right so I miss Earth m m or s
f e t
uh can be from
uh can be formed on um
uh on a silicon Foundation
which has the two layers which is p and
n-type silicon a silicon insulating
layer which can be either a glass in the
metal for wires that conduct that
connect the transistor to the rest of
the circuit uh so the transistors are
used in digital circuit to function
as an on and or in on and off battle
right on end of battle uh which
I it's noted uh a transistor can be a in
in Ada on option or an off uh option
which is operated electronically instead
of mechanically
right so each transistor has three
terminals has three terminals
um
that provide connection to the list of
Destruction the two terminals are
associated brain have a channel between
them on which the electrical resistance
can be controlled
internet systems is low the electronic
current flows from the soils to the
drain and if the resistance is high no
current flows
well plus okay so the
um the term that that terminal is also
known as the gate the gate controls the
resistance in the
um
we will see on how switching transistor
can be used to build more complex
components that are used to build
digital system but you have to
understand about the three uh parts of
our
um
of the transistor the terminals in the
gate and W going to move on uh well
so
the more the
m-o-s-f-e-t transistors uh come in two
types both are used in digital Logics
and we have
um the two types of transistors used in
logical circuit the type are we would uh
mostly or are referred to as turn on
when the git voltage is positive or turn
on when they get voltages are zero the
two forms are known as complementary and
they overrated technology is all known
as the CMOS or CMOS or
as complementary methoxide semiconductor
um
these you're going to the chief
advantage of the CMOS arrays is because
the circuits can be diverse that use
extremely low power right right so these
are just a Somali opportunity to know
about the transistors and how they come
in two types one to make sure that it's
on and off and all that so we go next to
the logic uh Gates our transistor has to
possible State current is uh flowing or
no current is Flowing or on and off
right so
um the circuit type design designed
using the two valued mathematical system
borrowed from the boring algebra most
programmers are familiar with the three
uh basic burning functions and all and
not right if you understand the
borrowing functions and or and not
and these are the possible input and the
results of each function the borrowing
function provide the conceptual basis
for a digital Hardware more important
it's possible to use transistors to
construct efficient circuits that
Implement each of the borrowing function
um
for example or a good example is when
you consider you know the boring note
typical Logics that you use a positive
voltage to represent a boring one and
zero voltage to represent a boring zero
right using zero voltage volts to
represent zero under positive voltage to
represent one meaning which means a
circuit
meaning that a circuit that computes
boring
cannot be cannot not can be constructed
from two transistors
that is the circuit
um will take on him input on one wire
produce an output on another wire where
the output is always the opposite of the
input
in fact I'm right here when a voltage is
placed on the input the output will be
zero and when the zero voltage is placed
on input the output will be positive
right so the these uh if you look here
the typical logic circuit user voltage
to represent 0 and to represent a
balanced zero using a zero voltage to
represent zero and the positive voltage
to the present one it means the circuit
that computes by computes borrowing not
can be constructed from the true
transistors
right after the summary so
um you can move in you can we can move
on
with um
um
understanding about a few concept that
uh
um
uh used indeed
in the Logics about the
using latches to create a memory we
don't want to go so much deep enough
uh in understanding uh
the logic of the physics because it's
not so these are computer class it's not
a physics class so a latch is one of the
most basic of the sequential circuits
the idea of a large is straightforward
that has an input
has an input in the output a large has
an extra input
called enable line right referred to as
an enable
um
not right so in other things that um
the minute just trying to get a very
good example
of the whole thing so that you can
understand
or better so I sent you to handle
multiple bits is constructed
okay fine let me just explain about
using latches to create a memory uh
um any time you we discuss about the
processor we have an element of memory
which are commonly referred to as
registers that cover the short-term
storage units within the CPU so
registers hold values that are used in
computation
that will be added together each
register holds multiple bits uh most
which most computers have either a
32-bit or a 64 bit register the circuit
for register illustrate an important
principle of the digital Hardware design
uh so uh I thank you to handle multiple
bit is constructed by physically
replicating a circuit that handles one
bit so I started to handle much copy is
construction is constructed by
physically dedicating a circuit that
handles one bit uh registers on the
other hand hold values that are used in
computation register that holds multiple
beats and most computers are either a
32-bit or a 64-bit uh register that's
why you hear someone asking or most
powerful fears are you ask whether it's
supporting a 32-bit or 64 uh your
register so I'm sure there is an
illustration
to understand the principle behind it so
um
which shows a 4-bit registers can be
constructed from one bit latches all
right so in the figure that we have here
they enable lines of all four latches
are
connected together to
to form and enable input for the
register
although the hardware consists of the
four independent circuits before
independent circuit
connected to a neighbor knife means that
the four latches act in unison right
these aren't in unison all right when
the nipple line
um is set to set logical the logic one
the register accept the four input bits
and
said for and set the four outputs
accordingly
when the label line becomes zero the
output remain fixed right the output
becomes fixed so this is how you explain
uh
uh that so the register has told
whatever value has was present on its
input and the output will not change
until the enable line becomes uh one
again so the point here is that a
register of one of the key comp is one
of the key components in a processor and
is a hardware mechanism that uses that
is to store digital values so uh this is
the explanation of what we've been
discussing uh that's the literature so
the next thing that is very very key
um if you have understood
uh this process is about the free probes
and maybe the transition
um
a flip flop is a flip flop is another
circuit in which output depends on the
previous input as well as the current
output or input sorry there are various
forms one act exactly like the power
switch on a computer the time it is its
input becomes one the free Pro the free
prop turns uh the output on and the
second time the input becomes one the
free flop times the output off
make a push button
so we choose to control the power a free
Pro 4 does not respond to a continuous
input the input must Return To Zero
before a value 1 will cause the free
flop to change the state
so whenever the input transition from
one to zero the fifth the free form
changes its output from the current
state to the opposite state
um I really love explaining or for you
just to have a common understanding
about uh how uh the zeros and that and
one as growing up you've tried maybe to
balance the uh the bulb you know the the
bad switch or uh to try balancing to see
whether the electricity can the bug or
the bug can be halfway on one off I'm
sure no one has ever succeeded on that
because it responds to
um are to a sequence of freeform it is
not possible for combination of of the
circuit so a free-form cannot be
constructed from a single gate something
to note however
Africa can be constructed from a pair of
latches
uh
for you to be in a position to
understand
better a free prop Works
um
with the plot of input and output in a
graphical form that is indicated uh uh
here on these diagram
so
um
that's how it is explained uh in a
nutshell so this illustration of the
transition diagram that shows how free
properties to a series of input marks
the
um and the exercise indicator
um
indicate the times each corresponds to
the one clock tick
uh sometimes the free forms include
additional inputs named reset that
places the output in a state zero
um
in addition to several other variants of
freeform that exist right
so um
if you understand that that process uh
we go to something that is very very
important which is referred to as
the binary counters the binary counters
so after a single free flow only offers
two possible output values which are
zero or one however a set of three
probes cannot be connected in a series
to form a binary counter and accumulates
um numeric or total like a free fall the
counter has a single input unlike
unlike the freeform variable account
that has multiple
um
output and the output account
the output count how many input passes
have been detected by giving a numerical
total in a binary
right so we think of the output as the
starting at the zero and adding one to
each time the input transition from 0 to
1 a quarter that has three output lines
can accumulate at a top between zero
to seven right so what you're talking or
what am I trying to explain is this
until
we have the binary counter here so uh
this is an illustration of a binary
counter
here and the sequence of input values
and the corresponding output uh the
current report
decimal give the
decimal gives the decimal equivalent of
the outputs right
um
in real life or in in practice an
electronic path that implements a binary
counter has several additional features
uh eg a counter has additional input is
to reset the count are
to zero and me
may have input the temporarily stop to
the counter
more importantly because it has a fixed
number of output each counter has a
maximum value which can represent when
the accumulation count exceed the
maximum value
the counter resets the output to zero
and this is the additional output and it
decades data flow overflow has occurred
right
so uh if you understand about the uh the
binary the binary countries that's the
summary about from the free probs binary
counter so we go to the clock clocks and
the secret sequences
uh so um
we have seen the basic building block of
digital logic one additional feature is
a position as it's a absolutely
essential for a digital computer
automatic operation that is a computer
must be able to execute a sequence of
instruction without any uh input
changing
so the digital logic circuit discussed
previously or use the property that they
respond to changes in one of one of
their inputs they do not perform any
function until an input changes
uh so how can a digital logic perform a
series of steps without uh maybe a human
intervention
um the answer is very simple and it's
something referred to as a clock so
which allowed acrylic allows the
hardware to take action without
requiring an input to change in fact
most digital logic circuits are used to
be clocked which means that they that
the cloud signal they use the clock
signal
rather than the changes in input
controls and synchronize the operation
of individual components and ensure that
they work together in an intended way
right so that's a very good explanation
or an overview or what is a clock so
what is a clock it's uh it really fast
to an electronics that that circuit that
oscillates at a regular rate the
oscillations are converted to a sequence
of alternative one and zeros right
so
um although a clock can be created from
an inverter most Club use uh quartz
crystal which is the oscillation
oscillation that is natural
to provide the signal to a precise
frequency
right
so it is difficult for any human to
imagine it's actually changing of the
such high rate to make it clear clock is
available that operates extremely slow
at maybe one heart so the speed of a
call is measured by heart the number of
times per second the clock
Cycles to the one followed by a zero
think that should be clear so a computer
must perform the following sequence of
steps
or
how does the alternative sequence of
zeros and value make the circuits more
powerful to understand you will consider
um below
uh how a computer starts so you can see
the first procedure is the you test the
the battery power on power
on self-test of the memories that the
discs cleaning power about the screen
read the boot sector and then you start
the CPU to simplify the explanation you
need to assume that each step requires
you uh one second to complete before the
next one can start uh thus with the
circuit that one it has been started
will perform the six steps in a sequence
at one second intervals with no further
changes
for now we will focus on the essence of
the circuit and consider how it can be
started a circuit to handle the task of
Performing six steps in a sequence can
be built from three building block we
have
um we have the three building blocks
right so these are the three building
blocks we have the clock
we have the binary counter
and we have the decoder or multiplexer
all right so I barely counter and the
device known as the which is uh
abbreviated at the max
we have already considered a counter and
we'll assume that the clock is available
that generates digital output at a rate
exactly one cycle per second
all right so uh and then something I
record that is very very necessary to
um to do the whole process so uh
this is uh how the whole uh illustration
of how a clock can be used to create a
suction a circuit that performs a
sequence of the six steps I'll put lines
from the counter correct that that
connect directory to the input uh
lines right
uh something to note is for you to
understand how the circuit operator
assumed that the counter has been reset
of two to zero
right
or when I decoder the device merely
selects one input output when used to
the uh as a decoder the device takes an
extra input which passes to the select
output both the decoder functions are
more complex uh the multiplexer function
can be construction from the boring uh
Gates right so this is how it is um
this is how
the six steps are multiplier are
are represented
so uh the next thing is um just to
understand about the circuit size A
month's law
for you to understand a little bit
so the code the
the good amount the co-founder of entire
Corporation is attributed with having
itself that the the density of silicon
circuit measured in the number of
transistors per square inch would double
every year so the observation known as
malt law was revised in 1970 when the
Aged slot to building uh doubling every
18 months so as the number of
transistors on a single chip increase
the vendors took advantage of the
capability to add more and more
functionality some very the industry
created a multiple CPU Chief by
replacing the multiple copies of their
CPU called the call
Corner single chip and providing
interconnection of the of the code so um
just the integrated circuit can be
divided into four categories so this is
the we have the small scale integration
integration integration
we have the median Square integration
and the large-scale integration and we
have the VL it's high a very large
integral integrated
uh
circuit so this is um
I see the integrated circuit of often
created by using the complementary metal
oxide semiconductor technology the
Silicon is due to the impurities to give
it negative or positive ionization
right so the resulting substance are
known as The Entity silicon or the
p-type Silicon
um the p-type Silicon
uh when arranging layer the n-type and P
type to become form the transistors
so uh something to note is the IC
manufacturers do not create single ICS
at any given time instead
the manufacturers create the offer that
is between 12 and 18 inches diameter
that contain many copies of the IC
design
so um when you look more about the most
Cloud you're going to find about
different levels of abstraction which
will be discussing about the circuit
boards uh the processor revealed there's
chip the gate the transistor and in that
so to summarize whatever I've just
mentioned today is a digital logic
refers to the pieces of Hardware used to
construct digital systems such as a
computer as we have seen the coronary
algebra is an important tool in digital
circuits uh design uh there is a direct
relationship between borrowing functions
and it gets used to implement the
combinational digital circuits we have
also seen the boring logic values that
can be described using the true tables
clock is a mechanism that that emits
pulses at a regular intervals to form a
signal of alternating ones and zeros a
clock allows the digital circuit output
to be function of or function of time as
well as the logic input a clock can be
used to provide synchronization among
multiple parts of the circuits
Authority digital uh logic of former
mathematical point of view building
practical structures involved
understanding the underlying Hardware
details in particular uh the basic
correctness Engineers must be content
with the problem of distribution and
park script so
um thank you uh for listening to me
um see you in the next class
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