El futuro de la religión: Ivan Petrella at TEDxPuntaDelEste

TEDx Talks
24 Sept 201319:55

Summary

TLDREl guion del video argumenta que el futuro de la humanidad está intrínsecamente vinculado al futuro de la religión. A pesar de las predicciones de que la religión desaparecería, ha persistido y se ha vuelto más pública y relevante en la vida global. La falta de educación y comprensión sobre las religiones puede llevar a conflictos y reforzar creencias fundamentalistas. Se sugiere una actitud de 'humildad espiritual', abierta a aprender y experimentar con las diversas religiones, para construir una nueva forma de espiritualidad que promueva la comprensión y la cohesión humana.

Takeaways

  • 🤔 La importancia del futuro de la religión para el futuro de la humanidad, según un agnóstico.
  • 🔮 La predicción errónea de que la religión desaparecería, contrastando con su presencia actual en la vida de millones.
  • 👥 La religión es parte integral de la vida de la mayoría de la población mundial, con el 84% afirmando tener una vida religiosa.
  • 🏙️ La religión ha vuelto al dominio público, impactando eventos políticos y sociales significativos.
  • 🏛️ La necesidad de estar preparados y educados para vivir en un mundo religioso, incluyendo el conocimiento de textos sagrados y la geografía religiosa.
  • 📚 La carencia de educación sobre las religiones en comparación con otras áreas del conocimiento.
  • 🌐 La relevancia de la inclusión de líderes religiosos en negociaciones políticas, como en el caso del Medio Oriente.
  • 🔍 La importancia de entender las interpretaciones teológicas y culturales propias de cada fe para la comunicación efectiva.
  • 🌍 La distinción entre la percepción occidental y la realidad de la diversidad dentro de las religiones, como se ve en la interpretación de las imágenes de Mahoma.
  • 🕊️ La propuesta de una actitud de 'humildad espiritual' frente a las religiones, abogando por una apertura a aprender y experimentar con ellas.
  • 🛕 La idea de que las religiones no son solo heredadas sino que se construyen individualmente, permitiendo una pluralidad de prácticas religiosas en la vida de una persona.

Q & A

  • ¿Por qué considera el orador que el futuro de la humanidad depende del futuro de la religión?

    -El orador, a pesar de ser agnóstico, argumenta que la religión sigue estando viva y es fundamental en la vida de millones de personas, así como en el ámbito público y las decisiones políticas, lo que indica su importancia en la sociedad actual y futura.

  • ¿Cuál fue la predicción de algunos pensadores hace un siglo acerca de la religión?

    -Hace un siglo, muchos grandes pensadores predijeron que la religión desaparecería, y en 1966, la revista 'Time' incluso preguntó si Dios estaba muerto, sugiriendo que la religión estaba en declive.

  • ¿Por qué la revista 'Time' tuvo una predicción incorrecta sobre la religión?

    -La revista 'Time' y otros pensadores se equivocaron porque la religión no solo no desapareció, sino que se mantuvo viva y activa en la vida de millones de personas alrededor del mundo.

  • ¿Cuál es la proporción de personas en el mundo que afirma tener una vida religiosa según el orador?

    -Según el orador, el 84% de la población mundial dice tener una vida religiosa, lo que indica que más de ocho de cada diez personas tienen una identidad religiosa.

  • ¿Por qué el orador se preocupa por nuestra preparación para vivir en un mundo religioso?

    -El orador se preocupa porque creemos no estar preparados ni educados para vivir en un mundo donde la religión es prominente, y esto puede llevar a conflictos y a la limitación de nuestra humanidad si no entendemos y respetamos las creencias religiosas de otros.

  • ¿Qué ejemplos da el orador de cómo la religión está presente en el ámbito público?

    -El orador menciona eventos como los atentados del 11 de septiembre, discursos presidenciales sobre religión, y declaraciones del Papa sobre temas como la homosexualidad y el aborto como ejemplos de la presencia de la religión en el ámbito público.

  • ¿Qué sugerencia hace Madeleine Albright en su libro 'The Mighty and the Almighty' para abordar conflictos internacionales?

    -Madeleine Albright sugiere que los altos funcionarios deberían tener asesores para cuestiones religiosas, al igual que lo hacen para temas geográficos, políticos y económicos, y que se debería incluir a líderes religiosos desde el inicio de las negociaciones para preparar el terreno religioso para soluciones políticas.

  • ¿Qué implicaciones tuvo la falta de entendimiento entre el FBI y los Davidians durante el conflicto de Waco, Texas en 1993?

    -La falta de entendimiento y comunicación entre el FBI y los Davidians llevó a una serie de errores y malentendidos que resultaron en un desastre humano con 70 muertos, incluyendo 20 niños, debido a que el FBI no pudo interpretar las acciones y demandas de los Davidians a través de su perspectiva religiosa.

  • ¿Por qué el orador considera que la postura de 'respeto a la cultura' durante la polémica de las caricaturas de Mahoma puede ser perjudicial?

    -El orador argumenta que adoptar la postura de respeto a la cultura al considerar que las imágenes de Mahoma están prohibidas en el Islam, en realidad refuerza una interpretación fundamentalista y olvida las variaciones culturales y teológicas dentro del propio Islam que sí representan a Mahoma en el arte.

  • ¿Qué es la 'humildad espiritual' y cómo el orador sugiere que deberíamos relacionarnos con las religiones en el siglo XXI?

    -La 'humildad espiritual' es una actitud abierta hacia las religiones del mundo, con el deseo de aprender de ellas e incluso probarlas en nuestra vida. El orador sugiere que deberíamos ser más que tolerantes o respetuosos, sino que deberíamos estar dispuestos a construir nuestras propias prácticas religiosas a partir de diversas fuentes, rompiendo con las nociones de que debemos adherirnos estrictamente a una sola tradición religiosa.

  • ¿Cómo el orador describe el cambio en la forma en que las personas se relacionan con las religiones en la sociedad moderna?

    -El orador describe un cambio hacia una religiosidad más individual y constructiva, donde las personas eligen su religión no por nacimiento, sino por elección personal, y donde es común incorporar prácticas de diferentes religiones en una misma vida, como una forma de expresar una nueva forma de espiritualidad.

  • ¿Qué llamado a la acción hace el orador al final de su discurso?

    -El orador hace un llamado a la acción para que reconstruyamos la religión de una manera que desafíe a los fundamentalismos y construyamos una nueva revelación basada en la humildad espiritual y el aprendizaje mutuo entre las religiones.

Outlines

00:00

🔮 Futuro de la humanidad y la religión

El orador, aunque agnóstico, enfatiza la importancia del futuro de la religión para el futuro de la humanidad. Desafía la idea de que la religión desaparecería, como predijeron algunos pensadores y revistas como 'Time' en el pasado. Sin embargo, la religión sigue viva y es una parte integral de la vida de la mayoría de la población mundial. La religión también ha vuelto a ser un tema público en eventos como atentados terroristas y discursos de líderes. El orador expresa su preocupación por la falta de preparación y educación para vivir en un mundo religioso, cuestionando la falta de conocimiento sobre textos sagrados y la importancia de la educación en el entendimiento de las religiones.

05:02

🌐 La religión en el ámbito político y la diplomacia

Madeleine Albright, en su libro 'The Mighty and the Almighty', argumenta que los altos funcionarios necesitan asesores de religión para abordar cuestiones religiosas en la diplomacia y las negociaciones internacionales. La estrategia de excluir la religión de los conflictos no ha funcionado y es necesario incluir líderes religiosos desde el principio de las negociaciones. Esto implica un trabajo teológico para resaltar la historia compartida entre el judaísmo e islam, incluyendo su revelación común y la necesidad de reconocer la diversidad dentro de estas religiones.

10:04

📖 Comunicación y lenguaje religioso en conflictos

Se analiza el conflicto en Waco, Texas, entre los Davidians y el FBI, destacando cómo la falta de comprensión del lenguaje religioso llevó a una tragedia. El orador señala la importancia de entender y escuchar el discurso religioso de los involucrados en conflictos, ya que la incapacidad de hacerlo puede reforzar creencias fundamentalistas y llevar a malentendidos. También se menciona el incidente de las caricaturas de Mahoma publicadas por un periódico danés y cómo las reacciones de Occidente reforzaron o desacreditaron creencias fundamentalistas dentro del islam.

15:07

🕊 Humildad espiritual y la construcción de una nueva religiosidad

El orador propone la 'humildad espiritual' como una mejor forma de relacionarse con las religiones en el siglo XXI, en lugar de la tolerancia o el respeto, que pueden ser condescendientes o distantes. Aboga por una apertura al aprendizaje y la experimentación con las prácticas religiosas de diferentes tradiciones. La globalización y el intercambio cultural han llevado a una 'contaminación cognitiva' que facilita la construcción individual de la religiosidad más allá de las herencias culturales. El orador invita a la construcción de una nueva revelación basada en esta nueva realidad religiosa.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Agnosticismo

El agnosticismo es la posición filosófica que sostiene que no es posible conocer o afirmar la existencia o no existencia de un ser supremo, como un dios. En el video, el orador menciona que él es agnóstico, lo que establece su perspectiva para discutir la importancia de la religión en el futuro de la humanidad a pesar de su propia falta de creencia en Dios.

💡Religión

La religión se refiere a una serie de creencias y prácticas que involucran un poder espiritual o divinidad. El video argumenta que el futuro de la humanidad está intrínsecamente ligado al futuro de la religión, destacando su presencia en la vida de las personas y su influencia en el ámbito público, como se ejemplifica con las referencias a peregrinaciones y discursos de líderes religiosos.

💡Conflicto

El conflicto en el video se menciona en relación con la religión y sus consecuencias en la sociedad, como en el caso de la tragedia de los Twin Towers. El orador sugiere que la falta de preparación para vivir en un mundo religioso puede llevar a conflictos prolongados y a la muerte de personas.

💡Fundamentalismo

El fundamentalismo se refiere a una interpretación rígida y a menudo dogmática de una religión. El video critica la fortalecimiento de creencias fundamentalistas y cómo esto puede limitar nuestra humanidad, poniendo de relieve la importancia de entender y abordar la religión desde una perspectiva más pluralista y abierta.

💡Humanidad

La humanidad en el video es el foco central del discurso, ya que el orador discute cómo nuestras acciones y preparación para la religión afectarán nuestro futuro colectivo. La humanidad se ve afectada por la religión y, a su vez, nuestra interacción con la religión influye en su evolución y en la construcción de nuestra sociedad.

💡Diplomacia

La diplomacia se menciona en el contexto de la necesidad de consejos sobre cuestiones religiosas en las negociaciones internacionales, como lo sugiere Madeleine Albright en su libro 'The Mighty and the Almighty'. El video argumenta que la exclusión de la religión de los conflictos internacionales no ha funcionado y que se necesita una nueva estrategia que incluya a líderes religiosos.

💡Teología

La teología es el estudio de la fe y la práctica religiosa. En el video, se sugiere que el trabajo teológico es fundamental para preparar el terreno religioso antes de una solución política, como en el caso de las negociaciones en el Medio Oriente, donde se necesitaba comprender y valorar la legítima autoridad religiosa para abordar lugares sagrados.

💡Cognitivo

La 'contaminación cognitiva' es un término utilizado por los sociólogos del conocimiento para describir el fenómeno de la interacción con ideas y personas diferentes. El video sugiere que esta interacción puede llevar a una comprensión más profunda y menos estereotipada de las religiones y sus seguidores, lo que a su vez puede disolver los prejuicios y promover una mayor tolerancia.

💡Humildad espiritual

La 'humildad espiritual' es un concepto presentado en el video como una actitud abierta hacia las religiones del mundo, con el deseo de aprender de ellas y probarlas en la vida personal. Esta actitud contrasta con la tolerancia y el respeto, que implican una cierta distancia o superioridad, y promueve una interacción más profunda y significativa con las prácticas y creencias religiosas.

💡Pluralismo

El pluralismo religioso se refiere a la coexistencia y aceptación de diversas religiones y creencias en una sociedad. El video promueve el pluralismo como una forma de construir una nueva revelación y de abordar las religiones no como fronteras estrictas, sino como recursos compartidos que pueden enriquecer la vida individual y colectiva.

💡Elección

La elección se menciona en el video como un aspecto fundamental de la religión en el siglo XXI, donde las personas eligen sus creencias no por nacimiento, sino por decisión personal. Esta elección se ve impulsada por la 'contaminación cognitiva' y la vida en ciudades, lo que lleva a una mayor individualización y construcción de la religión.

Highlights

The future of humanity is interconnected with the future of religion, as stated by an agnostic speaker.

Contrary to predictions, religion has not disappeared but remains a significant part of many people's lives.

Religion's presence is evident in pilgrimages, sacred rituals, and the high percentage of the world's population identifying as religious.

Religion has re-emerged in the public sphere, influencing global events and political discourse.

The lack of religious education may leave people unprepared to navigate a world where religion plays a prominent role.

Ignorance about religious texts and practices is surprisingly accepted, unlike ignorance of other cultural knowledge.

The absence of 'Introduction to World Religions' in university curricula contrasts with the prevalence of religious identities in society.

Fundamentalist beliefs can be reinforced by both ignorance and misguided respect for religious differences.

Lasting conflict and the loss of life can result from a failure to understand and communicate in the language of religion.

High-level negotiations may require religious advisors to address the religious dimensions of international conflicts.

The inclusion of religious leaders in political negotiations can help establish a foundation for mutual understanding.

Theological work is necessary to highlight shared histories and commonalities between different religious traditions.

The historical narrative of Judeo-Christian civilization is a recent construct, shaped by historical events like the Holocaust.

The potential for dialogue and understanding is hindered by the perception of religion as a closed system.

The concept of 'spiritual humility' encourages an openness to learning from and engaging with the world's religions.

Gandhi's perspective on religion as a collective human inheritance challenges the notion of religious exclusivity.

Modern society's diversity and interconnectedness promote 'cognitive contamination,' fostering religious pluralism.

The future of religion is not predetermined but is shaped by individual choices and societal interactions.

The speaker concludes by emphasizing that the future of religion is in our hands, with the potential for new revelations and religious evolution.

Transcripts

play00:00

Translator: Ross Edwards Reviewer: David DeRuwe

play00:19

The future of humanity depends on the future of religion.

play00:25

As you can see,

play00:26

I'm not a priest, I'm not a rabbi.

play00:30

But I'll say it again:

play00:31

The future of humanity depends on the future of religion.

play00:36

And that's coming from an agnostic - someone who doesn't believe in God.

play00:41

I don't even like spirituality that much.

play00:45

The fact is that at least a century ago,

play00:47

many great thinkers were saying that religion would disappear.

play00:52

So much so that in 1966,

play00:54

'Time' magazine had the question 'Is God Dead?' on its front page.

play01:00

The answer was that, if he wasn't dead,

play01:02

he was surely on death's door and didn't have much time left.

play01:08

But something happened.

play01:09

'Time' magazine and all those thinkers were all wrong

play01:12

because religion is alive.

play01:15

It's alive in the millions of people who go on pilgrimage,

play01:18

in the millions who bathe in a sacred river to purify themselves,

play01:22

in the thousands of devout people who go to see the pope.

play01:27

Religion is alive in the 84%,

play01:32

the 84% of the world population who say they have a religious life.

play01:38

Of every 10 people in the world, over eight have a religious identity.

play01:44

But it's not just that. Religion is now in the public domain.

play01:48

It's public when terrorists sacrifice themselves flying into the Twin Towers.

play01:55

It's public when a president speaks about religion,

play01:58

or when a pope talks about homosexuality or abortion.

play02:02

Religion is back.

play02:05

There's a reason that the editors of 'The Economist'

play02:08

titled their latest book: 'God is Back'.

play02:13

And everything suggests that God is here to stay for a while yet.

play02:18

That's when I get concerned, scared almost,

play02:24

because I don't think we're prepared or educated

play02:27

or ready to live in a religious world.

play02:33

How many of us know, for example, where most of the world's Muslims live?

play02:39

It's not the Middle East.

play02:42

How many of us have read The Quran?

play02:46

How many of us have studied the Gospels?

play02:49

Have really studied them, critically, not like you would in catechism?

play02:55

The truth is that religion is one of the few areas of knowledge

play03:00

that we're seemingly allowed to be ignorant of.

play03:04

Imagine you completed primary school, high school, and university,

play03:08

and you never had to read a couple pages of Shakespeare

play03:15

or Galeano or Onetti or Borges.

play03:19

Someone might say: 'I think something went wrong in your education.'

play03:24

But if you didn't read the Quran, no problem.

play03:27

It's a bit odd.

play03:29

Nobody bases their life on 'The Aleph' by Borges.

play03:32

I'm sure nobody does.

play03:34

But thousands of millions of people do base their life on the Quran.

play03:38

Thousands of millions of people do believe

play03:40

that the Gospels tell us about the son of God

play03:43

who died for our sins.

play03:46

I teach at two universities in Buenos Aires.

play03:48

And in both universities, students must take a core module

play03:54

called 'Introduction to Philosophy'.

play03:57

Now, I love philosophy,

play03:59

but there's no core module in 'Introduction to World Religions'.

play04:04

And in the streets,

play04:05

you probably won't run into Hegelians,

play04:08

Nietzscheans or Kantians,

play04:13

but you will run into Jews, Muslims, and Buddhists.

play04:20

You'll surely run into someone, a neighbour, who is religious.

play04:25

So my fear is that we're not prepared,

play04:28

and because of that, there will be repercussions.

play04:32

There is lasting conflict.

play04:36

There are people who die.

play04:42

We reinforce fundamentalist beliefs

play04:44

and we essentially limit our humanity.

play04:49

So lasting conflict.

play04:53

A couple years ago,

play04:54

a woman known as a tough negotiator,

play04:58

Clinton's Secretary of State Madeleine Albright,

play05:02

published a book which caused a stir in diplomatic and political circles:

play05:06

'The Mighty and the Almighty'.

play05:09

There she argues that high officials, just as they have advisers

play05:15

for geographical, political and economic issues,

play05:18

need to also have advisers for religious issues,

play05:22

and that the strategy of removing religion

play05:26

from international conflict doesn't work,

play05:30

so we need to try another solution.

play05:32

She even says that negotiations in the Middle East,

play05:35

which she worked on, failed,

play05:38

not because Clinton was laughing with Arafat and Israel's prime minister,

play05:43

but rather because they realised

play05:46

that those political leaders didn't have the religious legitimacy

play05:52

required to be able to negotiate over sacred places.

play05:55

So what they should have done

play05:58

was include religious leaders at the beginning of negotiations

play06:02

to prepare the religious ground for a political solution,

play06:07

and get the religious communities on board with it later.

play06:13

Now, what does preparing the religious ground mean?

play06:17

It means undertaking work that is principally theological in nature:

play06:21

highlighting the tremendously rich history

play06:26

shared by Judaism and Islam.

play06:30

Not only do they have a history of peaceful, productive coexistence,

play06:34

they also share virtually the same revelation,

play06:37

prophets in common, territory in common.

play06:42

They essentially worship the same God.

play06:45

Nowadays we speak of Judeo-Christian civilisations

play06:50

as though this were self-evident.

play06:53

But it's a very recent idea.

play06:56

The idea that a Judeo-Christian civilisation was a good thing

play06:59

emerged after the Holocaust

play07:02

as a response to the horror of the Holocaust.

play07:06

If you look at the interaction and history of Judaism and Christianity,

play07:10

it's not one of coexistence.

play07:13

It's a history of massacre, of expulsion, of persecution.

play07:18

John Paul II became the first pope to visit a synagogue in 1986.

play07:27

What common history are we talking about?

play07:29

If we were able to do theological and intellectual work

play07:32

for Judaism and Christianity,

play07:34

we can do it for Judaism and Islam.

play07:42

As I said, 'People die'.

play07:44

Some of you will say:

play07:46

'Religion complicates things; it's an obstacle'.

play07:50

But what if because you can't speak the language of religion,

play07:56

you can't communicate with the other side?

play08:00

Picture this:

play08:02

It's 1993, in Waco, Texas.

play08:07

We're inside a Davidian compound belonging to the Branch Davidians,

play08:11

led by David Koresh, a prophet.

play08:15

On one side, the Davidians with Koresh.

play08:17

On the other side, the FBI.

play08:21

What's going on?

play08:22

They were accused of having weapons, so the FBI burst in.

play08:26

There are shootings: four dead agents, six Davidians.

play08:30

The place is under siege for weeks.

play08:32

They negotiate, but the negotiations fail.

play08:34

They burst in again.

play08:37

The place is set on fire.

play08:38

70 dead, including 20 children.

play08:43

Now, the interesting question for me,

play08:46

for all of us, I hope:

play08:48

Why did the conflict go the way it did?

play08:53

First, calling the Davidians a sect played a role.

play08:58

We usually think of a sect

play09:01

as a group led by someone who doesn't believe the ideas they preach

play09:05

but uses them to control their followers.

play09:08

But the truth is that the Davidians

play09:10

are part of a religion that's deeply rooted in the USA,

play09:16

the Seventh-day Adventist Church, you may have heard of it,

play09:20

who, among other things, believe in persecution by the government.

play09:27

On the other hand, they were speaking two different languages.

play09:31

For the FBI, it was a hostage and rescue situation.

play09:36

The Davidians thought that was very strange -

play09:39

they were staying there because they wanted to.

play09:42

Nobody forced them to.

play09:44

So, when the Davidians were told to surrender,

play09:50

when the FBI told them to surrender, the Davidians thought: 'What for?'

play09:54

On top of that, Koresh and the Davidians understood the situation differently.

play09:59

Koresh understood it through the Book of Revelation in the Bible,

play10:04

which describes the opening of the fifth seal.

play10:07

It explains that first there are the deaths of a few believers,

play10:11

which had already happened,

play10:13

then some time passes,

play10:15

followed by the massacre of the rest.

play10:18

And on top of that, the FBI said:

play10:20

'We won't allow you to negotiate while babbling Biblical delusions',

play10:25

which left Koresh speechless.

play10:29

On the other hand, on a radio show,

play10:31

a religious studies teacher tried to resolve the conflict

play10:35

by interpreting Koresh's text differently.

play10:39

The Davidians asked for a recording, and they listened to it.

play10:43

Koresh announced he needed a few days to write his interpretation of the text,

play10:47

after which he'd deliver it.

play10:50

The FBI didn't wait, leading to what we all know about.

play10:54

What happened?

play10:56

The FBI couldn't even see that Koresh was actually negotiating;

play11:02

he didn't ask for anything that they could understand.

play11:04

He wasn't asking for an escape helicopter or silver to get to Mexico.

play11:09

He wanted to interpret the text.

play11:13

They were incapable of understanding or listening to him.

play11:17

And because of that, they perfectly acted out

play11:20

the script for the apocalypse that the Davidians had been expecting.

play11:29

We reinforce fundamentalist beliefs.

play11:33

Maybe you'll remember that, in 2005,

play11:37

a Danish newspaper had caricatures of Muhammad in one of its publications,

play11:42

which caused a stir.

play11:45

There were protests in the Arabic world, in parts of the Muslim world,

play11:49

even some deaths.

play11:52

They published 12; I'll show you two.

play11:54

Here's one of them, clearly designed to be provocative:

play11:57

Muhammad is wearing a bomb-shaped turban.

play12:02

Another of the caricatures: Muhammad simply depicted as a shepherd.

play12:08

Now, what were the reactions

play12:12

from outside the Muslim world, so to speak, from the West?

play12:16

On one hand, some people said:

play12:18

'Muslims are crazy, they don't understand the separation of church and state,

play12:23

they don't understand freedom of expression,

play12:27

they're backward'.

play12:29

On the other hand, the progressive, more politically correct position

play12:35

said: "No, in Islam that's forbidden; images of Muhammad are forbidden.

play12:42

Let's respect that; let's respect their culture."

play12:49

Now, I tell you the second point of view is worse than the first.

play12:53

The second one is worse than the first.

play12:55

How so?

play12:56

In the second point of view, you are reinforcing a fundamentalist belief.

play13:01

It's not true that in Islam images are forbidden.

play13:06

It's not true.

play13:07

It's not mentioned in the Quran, in Sufi or Shia Islam culture,

play13:13

or in South-East Asia, where most of the world's Muslims live.

play13:17

Their art is full of images of Muhammad:

play13:20

Muhammad.

play13:21

Muhammad.

play13:23

Muhammad, top-right.

play13:26

Muhammad.

play13:28

Muhammad.

play13:29

So when you say: 'Let's respect the culture',

play13:33

deep down you're taking a position in a theological debate

play13:38

which exists inside Islam itself.

play13:40

And you're taking the wrong position, the position of the fundamentalists

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who assume that they represent Islam,

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instead of taking the more open, more pluralistic position.

play13:55

Finally, we limit our humanity.

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As I said, I don't believe in God. I'm agnostic.

play14:05

In case you don't know, believers believe,

play14:09

atheists reject,

play14:11

and agnostics, speaking for myself, are weak and undecided.

play14:19

Maybe agnostics have more faith when things get rocky and uncertain,

play14:23

but in general, when things are going fine, I'm strictly weak.

play14:30

Now, there's something believers and atheists share:

play14:33

they live in somewhat closed worlds,

play14:37

whereas agnostics are open, looking to get involved with others,

play14:44

looking, to some extent, to get out of their bubble.

play14:49

So I want to end with a suggestion about what our relationship

play14:52

with religion in the 21st century could or should be.

play14:58

One option is tolerance, which I don't like.

play15:02

To me, tolerance comes across as arrogant and condescending:

play15:07

'You're wrong, you're insane, but I'll tolerate you'.

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Another option is respect.

play15:15

Respect is better, but I don't like it either.

play15:18

Because respect implies keeping a distance.

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'Those are your beliefs, I respect them'.

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But I take a step back. I respect them.

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The position I like we could call 'spiritual humility':

play15:36

an openness to the world's religions,

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a desire to learn from them,

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and even to try them out in our lives.

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We generally think of religions

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as countries with soldiers proudly protecting their borders

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so that nobody can get in or out.

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You feel like a traitor if you change your religious beliefs,

play16:04

or if you incorporate aspects of other faiths into your life.

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Gandhi said that he, as an Indian,

play16:14

clearly had a special, close connection to Hinduism,

play16:19

but that, as a human being, all the religions belonged to him

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because they are part of what we have collectively inherited,

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and he had the same right to use them and learn from them as any follower

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who was born into them out of chance.

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Now, Gandhi's point of view, which might seem utopian,

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now, in the 21st century, is less and less so.

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Whereas before, we lived in homogeneous communities,

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now more and more people live in huge cities,

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and cities are places

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where you're inevitably around people who think very differently from you.

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Urbanism, Internet, emigration, immigration, television, radio -

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all of these lead to a phenomenon

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which sociologists of knowledge call 'cognitive contamination'.

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Cognitive contamination.

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The idea is simple: when you talk, have a face-to-face dialog with someone,

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it's more difficult to think of them as a sinner, a weirdo,

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or someone who is going to hell for what they believe.

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Cognitive contamination.

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And because of that, more and more, religion isn't just something we inherit,

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it's something we construct.

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It becomes an individual's decision.

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You're Buddhist, Jewish, or Muslim not because of your birthplace,

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but because you choose to be.

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And because of that, more and more people

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go to communion but also do Zen meditation,

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or they eat Kosher but also do yoga, an old Hindu practice,

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or they go to confession but read Sufi poets from Islamic mysticism.

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We can start aspiring, not only as countries to have multiple religions,

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but also as people to follow many religions.

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People who tear down

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and topple the walls that make fundamentalist beliefs possible.

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People who in their lives and bodies portray a new religiousness.

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We generally think that the history of religion has already been written,

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that there are no new prophecies or revelations to come.

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But perhaps from that, from that reality,

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we can start building the foundation for a new revelation.

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I started this talk off by saying

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that the future of humanity depends on the future of religion.

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I'll end it by adding something.

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Yes, the future of humanity depends on the future of religion,

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but the future of religion ...

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that depends on what we do.

play19:36

Thank you very much.

play19:37

(Applause) (Cheers)

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FuturoReligiónAgnósticoConflictoDiversidadCiudadaníaPazFundamentalismoCulturalEducación
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