Boom and Bust
Summary
TLDR1919年のニューヨークを舞台に、欧州からの移民たちが自由と豊かな生活を求めてアメリカにやって来る。アメリカは1920年代に世界最大の産業国として発展し、鉄鋼業、農業、南の州では黒人が重労働を続けていた。しかし、ストライキやデモが起こり、社会不安が蔓延。1920年に無実の移民が逮捕され、電気椅子にのる。1920年代には自動車が普及し、消費財が急成長。しかし、農業不景気と失業者が増加。禁酒法が失敗し、ギャングが台頭。1929年の恐慌で経済は大打撃を受け、多くの人々が財産を失い、大蕩波が世界に波及した。
Takeaways
- 🌟 1919年のニューヨークでは、年間100万人の新移民がヨーロッパ各地、ロシア、スカンディナビア諸国、ギリシャ、ユーゴスラビア、イタリアから来ていました。彼らはアメリカが自由で、良い生活を送れると聞いたからです。
- 🏭 1920年代初頭には、アメリカは世界最大の産業国となりました。東北部では鉄鋼業、中西部では豊かな穀物生産、南部では黒人が重労働を続けていました。
- 🕊️ 第一次世界大戦後の1919年、アメリカ人はドイツを打ち破った兵士たちを迎え帰り、ウッドロウ・ウィルソン大統領はリーグ・オブ・ネイションへの参加を望んでいましたが、アメリカはヨーロッパからの隔離を選びました。
- 👨💼 1920年代初頭にはストライキとデモが頻発し、アメリカでは共産主義者や無政府主義者による革命を恐れていました。
- 👨⚖️ 1920年に無実のサッコーとヴァンゼッティが強盗殺人事件で逮捕され、無政府主義者であることが理由で有罪判決を言い渡されました。
- 🍻 ハーディング大統領は1920年に就任し、アメリカ第一を約束しましたが、彼の時代には政府部門での汚職が蔓延し、彼の友人も石油会社への政府の土地売却で有罪判決を受けました。
- 🏭 ハードイング大統領は勤勉ではありませんでしたが、コオリッジ副大統領は誠実で、アメリカビジネスを守ることに重点を置きました。
- 🚗 1920年代は消費者産業の成長とブーム、大量生産、新しいガジェット、ファッション、そしてタワービルの時代でした。
- 🎬 1920年代はサイレント映画の黄金時代でもありました。映画館は音楽ホールや劇場を置き換え、映画広告も盛んになりました。
- 🚂 1920年代後半には、農民の退去、失業者の移動、都市の貧困層が増加し、禁酒法の失敗とギャングの台頭が見られました。
- 🎉 1929年にはバブルが崩れ、株式市場は恐慌に陥り、多くの人々は財産を失いました。これにより経済デpressionが始まり、世界中に波及しました。
Q & A
1919年のアメリカにはどのような人々が集まっていたと記載されていますか?
-1919年のアメリカには、ヨーロッパ、ロシア、スカンディナビア諸国、ギリシャ、ユーゴスラビア、イタリアなどからの新しい移民が集まっており、彼らはアメリカが自分たちと家族に良い生活を提供する自由な土地であると聞いて来たとされています。
1920年代初頭のアメリカはどのような状況でしたか?
-1920年代初頭には、アメリカは世界最大の産業国であり、東北部の州では鉄と鋼、中西部では豊かな穀物、南部では黒人が重労働を行っていました。また、アメリカは戦争でドイツを打ち破った兵士たちを迎え帰り、ウッディ・ウィルソン大統領は連合国とのリーグ・オブ・ネイションへの加盟を望んでいましたが、実現しませんでした。
SaccoとVanzettiという人物について何が書かれていますか?
-SaccoとVanzettiは1920年に薄弱な証拠に基づいて強盗殺人事件で逮捕され、彼らはアナキストとして知られていたため、陪審団は彼らに有罪判決を下し、電椅に処しました。
1920年代のアメリカにおけるアルコールの禁止についてどう説明されていますか?
-1920年代にはアルコールの販売と購入が禁止された18番目の改正が導入されましたが、多くのアメリカ人はそれを迂闊に見ており、バーやサロンは違法になったにもかかわらず、スピーカーシーがあちこちに現れ、ギャングがその禁止を利用して大きなビジネスを築いていくようになりました。
ウォーレン・ハーディング大統領について何が書かれていますか?
-ウォーレン・ハーディングは1920年に大統領に就任し、アメリカ第一を約束しましたが、彼は勤勉ではありませんでした。彼のもと州オハイオ州の友人たちが政府部門で役職を持ち、広範な汚職事件が報道され、彼の友人の1人は政府の土地を石油会社に売って税金を支払うために有罪判決を受けました。
1920年代のアメリカの経済状況はどうでしたか?
-1920年代は成長と繁栄の時代で、消費財業界が急成長し、大量生産と新しい製品、ファッション、ラジオ、冷蔵庫、電気掃除機、洗濯機、電話、タイプライターなどが登場しました。また、大企業を収容するためビルが建てられ、アメリカ人はより多くのものを買うよう促されました。
ハーバート・フーバー大統領は経済危機にどう対処しましたか?
-ハーバート・フーバーは1928年に大統領に選出され、人々への信頼回復を試みましたが、経済危機は止まらず、多くの人々が失業し、多くの企業が倒産しました。
1920年代のアメリカにおける若者の生活様式はどうでしたか?
-1920年代は若者たちにとってジャズ時代で、彼らは車を持ってダンスホールやナイトクラブを訪れ、ラギタイムやジャズ音楽を楽しみました。新しいダンスブームも全国に広がりました。
1929年の株式市場の崩壊について何が書かれていますか?
-1929年10月24日に多くの企業が破綻し、株式市場はパニックに陥り、人々は株式を売り始め、価格は床に落ちました。それはアメリカ経済の基礎に衝撃を与え、世界中で影響を及ぼしました。
1920年代のアメリカにおける貧困と不安定な雇用についてどう説明されていますか?
-1920年代には貧困と不安定な雇用が続き、特に中西部と南部の貧しい農民や佃農民、黒人、そして都市部でも不安定な雇用や低賃金で苦しむ労働者がいました。彼らは土地を追われ、西部や北部の産業都市で働くために移動し始めました。
Outlines
🌆 大統領の夢とアメリカの孤立政策
1919年のニューヨークを背景に、欧州各地からの移民が自由と豊かな生活を求めてアメリカに渡り来る様子が描かれています。しかし、彼らの中には東サイドの混雑したテナメントに滞在する人々もおり、失望を味わう者もいました。アメリカは1920年代初頭には世界最大の産業国となり、鉄鋼業や農業、南部州でのブラック労働者の状況などが触れられています。また、第一次世界大戦後のアメリカの政治状況についても述べられており、ウィルソン大統領は国連の加盟を目指していたものの、アメリカの孤立政策により実現しませんでした。
🚗 1920年代のアメリカの繁栄と社会問題
1920年代のアメリカは自動車の普及と共に急速な産業成長を遂げ、国民の生活水準が向上しました。自国民への優先的な政策を提唱したハーディング大統領の登場や、禁酒法の導入などが大きな影響を与えています。しかしながら、政府関係者への腐敗の疑い、貧困と格差、農業における苦境、そしてブラック人に対する差別やKKKの脅威など、社会問題も同時に存在していました。
🎷 音楽と文化の変化、そして禁酒法の失敗
1920年代後半には音楽文化が変革され、ジャズ音楽が流行しました。若者の間でダンスホールやナイトクラブでの集まりが盛んになり、新鮮な楽しさを求める動きが広がっていました。しかし、禁酒法が社会に与える影響も顕在で、アルコールの密売やギャングの台頭が問題視されていました。特にアル・カポネが象徴するギャングが禁酒法を背景に勢力を拡大していました。
📉 大恐慌の到来とその後の影響
1929年には経済バブルが崩壊し、大恐慌が到来しました。株式市場の急落とそれに伴う企業の倒産、失業の大台、世界的に経済への影響が広がりました。ハーブート・フーバー大統領は危機を打ち克すための対策を講じましたが、経済は深刻な状況を脱することはできませんでした。多くの人々が生活苦に陥り、社会の不安定さが増しました。
Mindmap
Keywords
💡移民
💡工业化
💡种族歧视
💡禁酒令
💡大众媒体
💡消费主义
💡经济大萧条
💡爵士乐
💡政治腐败
💡社会不平等
Highlights
A million new arrivals from Europe to the United States each year seeking opportunity and freedom.
By 1920, the United States was the world's largest industrial power with thriving iron and steel industries in the Northeast.
President Woodrow Wilson's vision for a League of Nations to prevent future wars was not realized due to America's desire for isolation.
Sacco and Vanzetti, two Italian Americans and anarchists, were controversially convicted for robbery and manslaughter in 1920.
Warren Harding's presidency marked by scandals and corruption within his administration.
The 18th Amendment brought Prohibition, significantly impacting American society and leading to the rise of speakeasies.
The 1920s saw a boom in consumer industries with mass production of new gadgets and the rise of skyscrapers.
Advertising and consumer culture flourished, with businesses urging Americans to spend more.
The automobile became a symbol of America's growing industry and a source of pleasure and adventure for families.
The Jazz Age brought significant social changes, with young Americans embracing new music and dance trends.
The stock market crash of 1929 marked the beginning of the Great Depression, leading to widespread economic collapse.
Herbert Hoover's presidency faced the monumental challenge of the Great Depression, with efforts to restore confidence.
High tariffs imposed by America led to a decrease in overseas trade and retaliation from foreign countries.
The rise of the Ku Klux Klan spread fear and hate against minorities and foreigners in the South and Midwest.
The exploitation of Prohibition by gangsters like Al Capone led to the thriving illegal alcohol trade.
The Great Depression resulted in massive unemployment, with many losing their jobs and facing poverty.
The transcript reflects the social, economic, and political landscape of the United States during the 1920s.
Transcripts
New York 1919 every year a million new
arrivals came from all over Europe from
Russia from the Scandinavian countries
from Greece and Yugoslavia and Italy
they came because they'd heard that the
United States was a land of opportunity
where they'd be free to work and to earn
a good livelihood for themselves and
their families many was some
disappointed especially those who got no
further than the overcrowded tenements
of the East Side in New York by the
beginning of the 1920s the United States
of America was already the world's
largest industrial power here in the
northeastern states people earn their
living from iron and steel
across the Middle West stretched the
prairies good farmland producing an
abundance of grain
down in the southern states blacks still
did the heavy manual work as they'd
always done since the days of slavery
in 1919 Americans welcome back their
troops who'd help to beat the Germans
over there in Europe
President Woodrow Wilson returned from
the peace conferences eager to win his
people's approval of the Versailles
Treaty he wanted America to join with
the European and other nations into a
great League of Nations to avoid future
war the president set out to speak to
the people in towns and cities all over
the USA and seek their support for his
policy but Wilson was never a robust man
he was living on his nerves and he broke
down under the strain of the tour
Wilson's dream that America would become
a member of the League of Nations was
never realized America wanted isolation
from Europe the president ended his term
of office as an invalid the American
Congress rejected membership of the
League of Nations America desired no
part in the affairs of Europe
in the early 20s a wave of strikes and
demonstrations threatened to disturb the
public peace many Americans were
convinced that Communists and anarchists
were plotting a revolution in America
these two Italian Americans Sacco and
Vanzetti were arrested in 1920 on
slender evidence for robbery and
manslaughter
however they were known to be anarchists
sound the jury found them guilty
both men were sentenced to the electric
chair in this atmosphere of violence and
tension thousands of newcomers most of
them blameless were forced to leave the
country
Warren Harding became president in 1920
he promised to put America first Harding
had owned a newspaper in the small town
of Marion Ohio the thinking of American
small towns is always exerted a great
influence on American politicians it was
pressure from the small towns especially
from the women that brought in the
famous eighteenth Amendment to the
American Constitution prohibition of the
selling and buying of alcoholic drink
the saloon is well-named the poor man's
club it keeps its members and their
families always poor if you believe that
the traffic in alcohol does more harm
than good help stop it
close the saloons chrome Edition posters
set out to convince Americans that sin
like gin could be poured away in spite
of prohibition for many Americans the
good times were beginning the country
already had more cars than the rest of
the world put together and the motorcar
came to be the symbol of fast growing
industry the owner of a family car not
only gained respect in the eyes of his
neighbors he also found a new source of
pleasure and adventure for the whole
family
Americans began to discover what lay
beyond their own backyards
Warren Harding was never a hard-working
president most of all he enjoyed
relaxing with his old cronies from Ohio
many members of this Ohio gang now held
office in government departments by 1923
there were widespread stories of
corruption in Washington Albert fall a
personal friend of the President was
found guilty of selling government land
that teapot dome Wyoming he'd sell did
to oil companies in return for money to
pay his own arrears of tax other cronies
of the President were accused of graft
and some were jailed though Harding
himself was never accused on a trip to
Alaska in 1923 the president collapsed
and died Calvin Coolidge the vice
president took over at the White House
Coolidge was an honest homespun
president the business of America he
said his business and he soared every
reason to protect American business from
foreign competition so America put high
tariffs or taxes on all goods coming
from abroad and in reply foreign
countries raised their tariffs against
American goods depriving America of much
of its overseas trade still as long as
Americans had the money to buy goods at
home all would be well
wages were certainly good car maker
Henry Ford was paying five dollars a day
excellent for that time
there with ya
we get on this RV the motorcar industry
was by far the largest in the country
and it stimulated other trades to rubber
glass steel Henry Ford's Detroit
factories with their acres of assembly
lines poured out Model T Fords at the
astonishing rate of one every three
minutes
the twenties were the years of growth
and boom in all consumer industries this
was the era of mass production of new
gadgets and new fashions radios
refrigerators electric cleaners washing
machines telephones typewriters and it
was the era of the skyscrapers
mushrooming to house giant and expanding
businesses
the American public was being
pressurized to spend more and more in
the shop that flaming you the twenties
was the great age of silent movies as
cinemas replaced music halls and
theaters and it was the Golden Age of
comedy and the slapstick antics of
Harold Lloyd
Cecil B DeMille Ten Commandments was a
typically lavish spectacular of these
years
commercial advertisers were quick to use
the new medium of cinema a do programs
put out regular commercials to reach
people in their own houses and salesmen
called to demonstrate their wares vert
eise's were constantly trying to
persuade people to buy more by flooding
them with advertisements in magazines or
billboards of newspapers and mail-order
catalogs but it was pointless for
advertisers to appeal to those people
who could scarcely afford to fill the
hungry mouths of their families let
alone buy radios telephones or motorcars
the poor tenant farmers or sharecroppers
of the Middle West and deep south were
caught up in a vicious circle of high
rents low prices for their crops and a
lack of machinery there were thousands
of evictions poor people were being
forced to leave the land and set off to
find work out west or up north in the
industrial cities
Black's continued to be at the bottom of
the heap the black had made little or no
progress up the social scale since
slavery had ended in 1865 in the South
and Midwest the sinister Ku Klux Klan
was still putting fear into people's
hearts they spread hate against blacks
Jews Catholics and foreigners the KKK
were making sure no outsider would
threaten their property or livelihood
drain poured from the American prairies
but prices were disastrously low yet
their own high tariffs stopped foreign
governments from buying American
projects
evicted farmers unemployed men of all
kinds roamed across the country these
were the hobos the traveling men
hitching free rides on the railroads
searching for seasonal work and
returning to spend winter in the cities
there were still urban workers like
miners and craftsmen fathers of families
who were in unstable employment or
sweated for low wages many faced squalor
and poverty
prohibition of the sale of alcohol was
one of the most abused laws in American
history bars and saloons were now
illegal but speakeasies or drinking
clubs sprang up everywhere
federal agents confiscated what liquor
they found but because these agents were
badly played they could easily be bribed
by gangsters who thrived on prohibition
gangsters organized the illegal alcohol
business on a large scale their
underlings were sometimes arrested but
never the big bosses Al Capone the
Chicago gangster did more than 60
million dollars worth of business in
alcohol in the year 1927 Chicago was
Capone's Manor in Chicago it was the
gangster boss who paid and controlled
the officials in City Hall as 1929
approached businesses were still booming
there seemed to be more luxury and more
spending than ever
the whole nation seemed to be wall
street crazy everybody was buying on
credit even stocks and shares small
grocers and shoeshine boys bid for
company shares and bought them from
pavement stockbrokers on hire purchase
for a few dollars down everything was on
credit and everyone lived on the profits
someone else was expected to make
the Jazz Age saw great changes in the
social habits of young Americans they
had cars and they visited dance halls
and nightclubs where the music of
ragtime and jazz gave black musicians an
escape route from poverty it was the age
of crazies dances like the Charleston
and the Black Bottom swept the country
there were few danger signs people could
see no reason why the stock market
shouldn't go on producing higher and
higher share prices and more and more
profits for the shareholders but their
confidence collapsed on the day that
several companies went bankrupt the 24th
of October 1929 panic set in and people
started to sell their stocks and shares
for whatever price they could get nearly
13 million shares changed hands their
first day but in the days that followed
prices plummeted to rock-bottom
Herbert Hoover elected president in 1928
tried to restore people's confidence but
the crisis was impossible to check rich
men lost vast fortunes overnight and
millions of small investors were left
with nothing
shops companies whole industries began
to go out of business
millions were soon to lose even their
jobs the boom was over the Depression
had come it shockwaves not only rocked
the foundations of the American economy
they were to be felt around the world I
was building a dream and so I followed
them when there was earth to plow or
guns to bear I was always there right on
the job
they used to tell me I was building a
dream with see some glory ahead why
should I be standing once I built a
railroad I made it one made it rain
again now it's heavy ferret ah once I
build a tower up to this song Creek and
river him love one side of the power now
it does brother can you spare a dollar
one thing hacky to our TV looks well all
of that yang he do little half a million
booth went logging through hell and I
was the kid with a draw hey don't you
remember
they call me out hey don't you remember
I'm your pie
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