D-05 - Caminhos da Cidadania no Brasil I (2/2)

Summary

This video script delves into the concept of modern citizenship, emphasizing its historical evolution and how it differs across countries. José Murilo de Carvalho explores the distinctions between civil, political, and social rights, alongside the notion of full and incomplete citizenship. He examines the journey of citizenship in England, contrasting it with Brazil's unique path where social rights came before civil and political ones. The script touches on the complexities and historical changes in how citizenship is defined and implemented, offering insights into the challenges and progress of achieving full citizenship in different societies.

Takeaways

• 😀 José Murilo de Carvalho discusses modern citizenship, highlighting its evolution over time and its connection with civil, political, and social rights.
• 😀 The script emphasizes the concept of individual freedom as a fundamental right, touching on freedom of thought, the press, and property rights.
• 😀 The author refers to the importance of access to justice, and the rights of individuals to participate in political and societal activities, such as voting and holding office.
• 😀 A distinction is made between full citizens, who enjoy all three categories of rights, and incomplete citizens, who only possess some of these rights.
• 😀 The concept of 'citizenship' is explored in relation to the right to participate in various public institutions and political processes.
• 😀 Economic rights, such as the right to access material goods and a minimum standard of living, are discussed, along with the idea of basic well-being.
• 😀 José Murilo de Carvalho argues that true citizenship should include participation, equality, and access to fundamental rights for all members of society.
• 😀 The development of citizenship in different countries is compared, with a focus on the contrasting experiences of Brazil, France, and Germany.
• 😀 The script highlights the gradual development of citizenship in England, beginning with civil rights in the 18th century, political rights in the 19th century, and social rights in the 20th century.
• 😀 The concept of 'full citizenship' is debated, with the ideal being the complete realization of social, civil, and political rights, a goal which has been slow to achieve globally, especially in countries like Brazil.

Q & A

What is José Murilo de Carvalho's view on modern citizenship?

José Murilo de Carvalho emphasizes the complexity of modern citizenship, which includes civil, political, and social rights. He suggests that for a person to be a 'complete citizen,' they must hold all three types of rights.

How does José Murilo de Carvalho differentiate between 'complete' and 'incomplete' citizenship?

He defines a 'complete citizen' as one who enjoys civil, political, and social rights, while 'incomplete citizens' are those who only possess some of these rights. People who do not benefit from any of these rights are considered non-citizens.

What rights are associated with the concept of 'complete citizenship'?

Complete citizenship includes civil rights (such as freedom of thought and property rights), political rights (such as the right to vote and participate in governance), and social rights (such as access to education and healthcare).

How does the script describe the historical development of citizenship?

The development of citizenship is described as a gradual process. Initially, civil rights were established in the 18th century, followed by political rights in the 19th century. Social rights were only fully achieved in the 20th century, with different countries progressing at different paces.

What distinction does José Murilo de Carvalho make between Brazil's experience and that of other countries regarding citizenship?

In Brazil, the order of acquiring rights was reversed: social rights were prioritized first, followed by civil rights, and finally political rights. This contrasts with other countries where civil and political rights were typically established before social rights.

What does José Murilo de Carvalho suggest about the ideal of complete citizenship?

José Murilo de Carvalho suggests that the ideal of complete citizenship, where all individuals have equal access to rights, remains a distant and somewhat unattainable goal in practice, especially when considering historical and political contexts.

What does the concept of 'republican rights' refer to in the transcript?

'Republican rights' refer to the rights associated with defending the public good and common property, allowing individuals to hold the government accountable for managing public resources and ensuring equality.

What was T.H. Marshall’s contribution to the concept of citizenship?

T.H. Marshall, a British sociologist, contributed to the development of the concept of citizenship by categorizing the evolution of citizenship rights. He noted that civil rights came first, followed by political rights, and social rights in the 20th century.

How did the development of citizenship in England differ from other countries?

In England, the development of citizenship rights was slow, occurring over a long period. This slow progression was contrasted with the more rapid or different processes observed in other countries.

What does the script say about the historical complexity of citizenship?

The script acknowledges that the concept of citizenship is historically complex, evolving from a privilege in ancient Greece to a universal right for all individuals, as outlined by theorists like Montesquieu and Rousseau. The process of achieving full citizenship has taken centuries and remains an ongoing challenge in many countries.