Video Pembelajaran PPKn || Materi Kelas XII Bab.4.B.Persatuan & Kesatuan Indonesia dari Masa ke Masa

Summary

This video discusses the constitutional deviations and subsequent reforms in Indonesia, particularly during the New Order regime. It highlights issues in economic, political, and legal fields under President Soeharto's rule, such as monopolies, centralized power, and corruption. The crisis these problems caused led to the Reform Movement, resulting in the resignation of Soeharto in 1998. His successor, BJ Habibie, initiated reforms, including amending the 1945 Constitution to establish a more democratic and accountable government. The constitutional changes reinforced human rights, decentralized power, and aimed to create a system based on people's sovereignty.

Takeaways

• 😀 The New Order government in Indonesia exhibited significant constitutional deviations, particularly in economic, political, and legal sectors.
• 😀 In the economic sector, policies were not aligned with Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution, leading to monopolies and a centralized, individualistic approach to development.
• 😀 Politically, the executive branch, especially the president, held excessive power, while legislative checks were weak, fostering authoritarianism.
• 😀 Centralized governance, corruption, collusion, and nepotism were rampant, undermining the trust and integrity of the Indonesian government.
• 😀 The legal system was inadequate in limiting presidential power and failed to uphold the rule of law, allowing biased law enforcement practices to thrive.
• 😀 These systemic weaknesses resulted in a multidimensional crisis, which triggered the Reformasi movement and the resignation of President Soeharto on May 21, 1998.
• 😀 Following Soeharto's resignation, BJ Habibie, the vice president, assumed office but was later rejected by the MPR in 1999, leading to further political reform.
• 😀 The Reformasi period marked a shift toward democracy and the establishment of a more accountable government, with the direct election of the president and vice president.
• 😀 A key aspect of reform was amending the 1945 Constitution, with four rounds of amendments between 1999 and 2002 to enhance the constitutional framework and limit executive power.
• 😀 Institutional changes after the reforms included the creation of the Constitutional Court and Judicial Commission, alongside ensuring that at least 20% of the national budget was allocated to education.

Q & A

What were the main constitutional deviations during the New Order regime in Indonesia?

The main constitutional deviations during the New Order regime included the failure to adhere to Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution, resulting in economic monopolies and a centralized economic system. There was also political centralization, with executive power being concentrated in the president, and a lack of legal safeguards to prevent corruption, collusion, and nepotism.

How did economic policies under the New Order regime affect Indonesia's development?

Economic policies under the New Order were marked by monopolies, a centralized economy, and a focus on individual interests rather than collective national growth. This created significant wealth gaps between the central government and the regions, leading to economic disparity and inefficiency.

What were the political consequences of the centralized power structure during the New Order?

The centralized power structure concentrated authority in the hands of the executive, making the president's power dominant over the legislative body. This undermined democratic governance, stifled political criticism, and led to widespread corruption, collusion, and nepotism, ultimately contributing to the fall of the regime.

How did the legal system under the New Order contribute to corruption?

The legal system under the New Order failed to adequately limit presidential power and allowed for the widespread practice of corruption, collusion, and nepotism (KKN). The legal system lacked the necessary checks and balances, leading to biased law enforcement that often protected the powerful and corrupt individuals.

What event marked the beginning of Indonesia's Reformasi era?

The Reformasi era began on May 21, 1998, when President Soeharto resigned amid growing political pressure, economic crises, and public dissatisfaction with his authoritarian rule.

Who became Indonesia's president after Soeharto resigned, and what was the outcome of his presidency?

After Soeharto's resignation, Vice President BJ Habibie became Indonesia's third president. However, his presidency was short-lived, as his accountability was rejected by the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) in 1999, ending his term.

What was the main goal of the Reformasi movement in Indonesia?

The main goal of the Reformasi movement was to establish a democratic government, eliminate corruption, and create a system of governance that was more accountable to the people, with a focus on human rights and good governance.

What changes were made to the Indonesian Constitution during the Reformasi period?

During the Reformasi period, the Indonesian Constitution was amended four times (1999, 2000, 2001, and 2002). These amendments introduced significant changes, including a bicameral legislature, direct presidential elections, guarantees for human rights, the establishment of the Constitutional Court and Judicial Commission, and a minimum allocation of 20% of the national budget for education.

What were some of the key reforms implemented in the Indonesian political system after the amendments to the Constitution?

Key reforms included the creation of a bicameral legislature (MPR, consisting of the DPR and DPD), direct elections for the president and vice president, the introduction of term limits for the president, the removal of the General Guidelines of State Policy (GBHN), and the establishment of the Constitutional Court and Judicial Commission.

What was the significance of the minimum 20% allocation for education in the reformed Constitution?

The minimum 20% allocation for education in the reformed Constitution was significant because it aimed to prioritize and ensure that a substantial portion of the national budget would be dedicated to improving the education sector, promoting national development and providing better access to quality education for all citizens.