John Langshaw Austin: Biografi dan pemikiran filsafatnya

Summary

In this presentation, Prasetyo Yuni Kurniawan discusses the influence of philosophy in shaping human thinking and civilization. Focusing on philosopher John Austin, he delves into Austin’s contributions to linguistic philosophy, particularly his theory of speech acts, which distinguishes between constative, performative, and illocutionary utterances. Austin's work emphasizes the context of language use and its impact on human communication. Kurniawan also highlights how Austin's theories are applied in modern life, from academic texts to social media analysis, showing the relevance of philosophical insights in everyday language.

Takeaways

• 😀 Philosophy forms the foundation of knowledge and civilization by fostering logical and critical thinking in humans.
• 😀 Language plays a significant role in philosophy, as its complex constructions can be explained through philosophical concepts, highlighting human uniqueness.
• 😀 Philosophy has gained increasing attention in recent times, influencing various fields such as science, technology, and arts.
• 😀 John Langshaw Austin, a prominent British philosopher, contributed significantly to the development of linguistic philosophy.
• 😀 Austin was born on March 26, 1911, in Lancaster, England, and passed away at the young age of 48 on February 8, 1960.
• 😀 Austin was not only a philosopher but also a professor at the University of Oxford, where he developed influential theories.
• 😀 Some of Austin's major works include 'Philosophical Papers', 'Sense and Sensibilia', and 'How to Do Things with Words'.
• 😀 In 'How to Do Things with Words', Austin introduced the theory of performative and constative utterances, categorizing speech into different types based on their function.
• 😀 Austin’s theory distinguishes between constative utterances (which state facts) and performative utterances (which perform actions).
• 😀 Austin's philosophy emphasizes the importance of context in understanding language, marking a shift away from rigid interpretations to a more contextual understanding of meaning.

Q & A

What is the main theme discussed in the video?

The main theme of the video revolves around the importance of philosophy, specifically language philosophy, in shaping human civilization, critical thinking, and intellectual development.

Who is the primary philosopher discussed in the video?

The primary philosopher discussed is John Austin, a prominent British philosopher of language.

What significant role does philosophy play in society, according to the speaker?

Philosophy serves as the foundation for intellectual knowledge, helping humans develop logical and critical thinking skills, and it influences various fields like science, technology, and art.

What is John Austin’s contribution to philosophy?

John Austin is renowned for his contributions to the philosophy of language, particularly for his theories on speech acts and performative utterances, which explore how language functions in communication.

What were the key academic achievements of John Austin?

John Austin studied classics at Balliol College, Oxford, served as a professor at Oxford, and contributed significantly to language philosophy, with works published posthumously.

What is the importance of Austin's work on 'Speech Acts'?

Austin’s work on speech acts introduced the concept of performative utterances, which focus on the actions performed through language, and his theory differentiates between constative and performative speech acts.

What are the three types of speech acts proposed by Austin?

Austin proposed three types of speech acts: constative, performative, and illocutionary. Constative utterances describe facts or events, performative utterances perform actions, and illocutionary acts convey intentions or social functions.

What does the term 'constative utterances' refer to?

Constative utterances are statements that describe facts or events, and their truth can be verified or falsified based on external evidence or investigation.

What is a performative utterance according to Austin?

A performative utterance is a statement where the speaker performs an action simply by making the statement, such as 'I now pronounce you married,' where the utterance itself constitutes the action.

How does Austin's philosophy relate to the context of language use?

Austin emphasized that the meaning of language cannot be detached from the context in which it is used. He argued that understanding language involves analyzing the specific situation, speaker, and social setting in which the utterance occurs.

What modern application of Austin’s theories was mentioned in the video?

The video refers to a modern application of Austin’s theories in analyzing social media memes, illustrating how language can convey implicit social messages and affect the audience’s behavior and perceptions.