BIOTEKNOLOGI : SMA KELAS 12

Summary

This educational video explores the concept of biotechnology, covering both conventional and modern techniques. It introduces the use of living organisms to produce goods and services for human benefit. The video delves into applications like fermentation, antibiotic production, gene cloning, and genetic engineering. It also touches on biotechnology’s role in agriculture, health, and the environment, including tissue culture, genetically modified crops, and waste decomposition. The video concludes with a discussion on the pros and cons of both conventional and modern biotechnology, providing a comprehensive understanding of its diverse applications.

Takeaways

• 😀 Biotechnology is a branch of biology focused on utilizing living organisms for producing goods and services to benefit humanity.
• 😀 Biotechnology agents can be used as whole organisms (e.g., bacteria) or in parts (e.g., DNA or enzymes).
• 😀 The history of biotechnology began with Louis Pasteur discovering microbes in food in 1870 and later work by Edward Wilson on alcohol fermentation in 1897.
• 😀 There are two types of biotechnology: conventional and modern. Conventional biotechnology uses simple tools and methods like fermentation, while modern biotechnology involves advanced tools, sterilization, and DNA manipulation.
• 😀 Examples of conventional biotechnology include the fermentation of foods like tape, cheese, yogurt, tempeh, and bread using microorganisms.
• 😀 Modern biotechnology has applications in agriculture (e.g., tissue culture, transgenic plants), health (e.g., antibiotics, cloning, vaccines), and environmental management (e.g., waste degradation).
• 😀 Tissue culture is used to multiply superior plant varieties by exploiting the totipotency of plant cells.
• 😀 Transgenic plants are modified to enhance traits like resistance to pests or diseases, such as genetically modified corn, rice, and wheat.
• 😀 Biotechnology in health includes the production of monoclonal antibodies, cloning, and creating vaccines through genetic engineering.
• 😀 Biotechnology is also used in livestock breeding (e.g., artificial insemination) and environmental management (e.g., using bacteria to break down plastic waste).

Q & A

What is biotechnology?

Biotechnology is a branch of biology that studies the use of living organisms to produce goods and services for human benefit. These organisms can be used in their entirety or in parts, such as DNA or enzymes.

What are the two main types of biotechnology?

The two main types of biotechnology are conventional biotechnology and modern biotechnology. Conventional biotechnology uses simple tools and processes, often on a small scale, while modern biotechnology uses advanced equipment and methods, such as genetic engineering and enzymatic processes.

What is an example of conventional biotechnology in food production?

An example of conventional biotechnology in food production is the making of tempeh, where fermentation of soy pulp is done using the fungus Neurospora crassa. Other examples include making cheese, yogurt, and bread.

What historical discoveries helped shape biotechnology?

Biotechnology history began with Louis Pasteur’s discovery of microbes in food in 1870, followed by Edward Wilson’s discovery of alcohol fermentation using yeast in 1897, leading to advancements in biotechnology.

How does modern biotechnology differ from conventional biotechnology?

Modern biotechnology uses advanced technologies such as genetic engineering, sterility techniques, and large-scale production methods. It allows for the creation of genetically modified organisms and mass production of products like antibiotics, vaccines, and genetically modified crops.

What is plant tissue culture in biotechnology?

Plant tissue culture is a method of rapidly multiplying plants, especially high-quality ones, using the totipotency of plant cells. It is typically done in a sterile growth medium to produce more plants, such as orchids or oil palm.

What is genetic engineering in plants?

Genetic engineering in plants involves modifying the plant’s DNA to create genetically modified organisms (GMOs) that are more resistant to pests and have improved traits. Crops like corn, rice, and wheat are commonly engineered.

What is a significant application of biotechnology in healthcare?

In healthcare, biotechnology is used for the production of antibiotics, monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, and for cloning, which involves producing genetically identical organisms, such as the famous case of Dolly the sheep.

What is the process of producing monoclonal antibodies?

Monoclonal antibodies are produced through a process called hybridoma, which involves fusing immune cells with cancer cells to create cells that rapidly divide and produce large quantities of specific antibodies to fight diseases.

What are the benefits and drawbacks of conventional biotechnology?

The benefits of conventional biotechnology include low cost, simple technology, and easy application, while the drawbacks include its dependence on environmental factors like temperature and the inability to create genetically superior organisms.