SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN DEMOKRASI DI INDONESIA

Summary

In this presentation, Tiara Zulfa Irwani discusses the evolution of democracy in Indonesia from 1945 to the present. She outlines four key periods: parliamentary democracy (1945-1959), guided democracy (1959-1966), Pancasila democracy (1966-1998), and the reformasi or transitional democracy (1998-present). Each era is characterized by unique political systems, challenges, and transformations, including the influence of political parties, military involvement, and changes in governance structures. Tiara emphasizes the ongoing struggle for democratic ideals and the importance of citizen participation in shaping Indonesia's political landscape.

Takeaways

• 📜 Indonesia's democracy has evolved through four main phases since its independence in 1945: parliamentary democracy, guided democracy, Pancasila democracy, and reformasi (transition) democracy.
• 🗳️ Parliamentary democracy (1945-1959) was characterized by a multi-party system and a significant role for parliament, but faced instability due to coalition governments and a weak socio-economic base.
• 🔄 Guided democracy (1959-1966) was initiated by President Sukarno through a presidential decree, consolidating power and diminishing the role of political parties and parliamentary democracy.
• ⚖️ Pancasila democracy (1966-1998) emphasized a presidential system based on the 1945 Constitution, with a strong presidential authority and limited political party roles, often resulting in media censorship.
• 💼 The New Order era under Suharto (Pancasila democracy) experienced a lack of power transition, as elections were held regularly but Suharto remained in power for five terms.
• 🚨 The end of the New Order was marked by mass protests demanding reform, leading to Suharto's resignation on May 21, 1998.
• 🔄 Reformasi (1998-present) began after Suharto's resignation, focusing on multi-party participation and the restoration of power balance among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
• 📰 The current reformasi era is characterized by improved press freedom, direct presidential elections, and greater political representation.
• 🏛️ Key features of the reformasi democracy include independent commissions like the KPK, decentralization of power, and enhanced rights for expressing opinions.
• 🔍 Despite advancements, challenges remain in ensuring policies meet the needs of the people, reflecting ongoing issues in the democratic landscape.

Q & A

What is democracy, according to Abraham Lincoln?

Democracy is a system of government organized by the people, for the people, and through their representatives.

How many periods of democracy have been identified in Indonesia since 1945?

There are four identified periods of democracy in Indonesia: parliamentary democracy, guided democracy, Pancasila democracy (New Order), and transitional democracy (reformasi).

What characterizes Indonesia's parliamentary democracy period from 1945 to 1959?

This period is marked by a multi-party system, high accountability of government officials, political instability, and the parliament holding significant power.

What led to the establishment of the guided democracy in Indonesia?

Guided democracy began when President Sukarno issued the Presidential Decree on July 5, 1959, which returned the country to the 1945 Constitution after a controversial voting process.

What were some key characteristics of the guided democracy?

Characteristics include a weakening of party power, limited regional authority, restricted press freedom, and a lack of elections during this period.

What is the foundation of Pancasila democracy introduced during the New Order era?

Pancasila democracy is based on the 1945 Constitution, emphasizing constitutional governance and the central role of the president in a presidential system.

What major event marked the beginning of the Pancasila democracy era?

The era began with the 30 September Movement, which led to the rise of Suharto and significant changes in governance.

How did the transitional democracy period differ from previous democratic periods?

Transitional democracy is characterized by a multi-party system, direct elections, improved press freedom, and the establishment of independent commissions like the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK).

What are some challenges faced by Indonesia during the reformasi period?

Challenges include balancing power between the executive and legislative branches and ensuring that policies reflect the interests of the people rather than merely dividing power among political parties.

What is the significance of the reforms introduced in the transitional democracy period?

The reforms aimed to restore democracy, promote political accountability, ensure public participation in governance, and uphold human rights in Indonesia.