The Contradictions of Battery Operated Vehicles | Graham Conway | TEDxSanAntonio
Summary
TLDR视频剧本通过挑衅性开场引发观众关注,讨论了气候变化和电动汽车(EV)的真实影响。演讲者指出,尽管电动汽车在尾气排放上看似“零排放”,但它们的电力来源——如煤炭、天然气和石油——在发电过程中会产生大量二氧化碳(CO2)。此外,电动汽车的电池生产过程也会产生显著的CO2排放。演讲者强调,为了真正减少CO2排放,我们需要扩大我们的视角,考虑整个生命周期的排放,包括制造过程。他提倡使用混合动力汽车作为过渡技术,并投资于可再生能源和电池技术,以减少初期的CO2排放。最后,演讲者呼吁社会不要被错误的“零排放”标签误导,而应继续投资于内燃机技术的潜力,并探索使用可再生能源制造的合成燃料,以实现真正的环保交通未来。
Takeaways
- 🌍 **气候变化是真实存在的**:演讲者虽然以挑衅的方式开场,但最终确认了气候变化是一个全球性问题,由大气中CO2浓度的增加引起。
- 🚗 **电动车并非零排放**:尽管电动车尾气排放量为零,但其电力来源(如煤炭、天然气和石油)在发电过程中会产生CO2。
- 🔋 **电动车的生命周期排放**:电动车在生产过程中,尤其是电池制造,会产生大量CO2,需要行驶相当长的里程才能抵消这部分排放。
- 🌱 **自然碳循环的重要性**:与电动车不同,马等生物的呼吸作用产生的CO2会被植物吸收并转化为氧气,形成一个循环。
- 🚴♂️ **混合动力车的优势**:混合动力车比传统车辆更高效,且初始CO2排放量与电动车相似,但生命周期排放更低。
- 🌊 **可再生能源的潜力**:通过投资太阳能和风能等可再生能源,可以减少电动车充电时产生的CO2排放。
- ⚙️ **电池技术的进步**:投资新电池技术和生产方法可以减少电动车电池制造过程中的CO2排放。
- 💧 **再生燃料的潜力**:结合水和废CO2制造燃料,如果能源来自可再生资源,这将不会对气候产生负面影响。
- ⏳ **电动车的未来潜力**:电动车是未来个人交通的未来,但当前由于电力生成和电池制造方式,它们还没有达到最大潜力。
- 🔄 **建立新的CO2循环**:通过使用可再生能源,我们可以创建一个新的CO2循环,这对减少气候变化的影响至关重要。
- 🤔 **重新考虑“零排放”标签**:社会不应该错误地将电动车标记为零排放,而应该基于当前的电力生成和电池制造方式来考虑。
- 🌐 **全球范围内的变革**:要实现电动车的潜力,需要全球范围内对电力生成和电池技术进行投资和创新。
Q & A
为什么说将所有汽车变成电动汽车可能不是解决气候变化的最佳方案?
-因为虽然电动汽车在行驶过程中不直接排放二氧化碳,但它们的电力来源可能来自燃烧煤炭、天然气或石油的发电站,这些过程会产生大量的二氧化碳。此外,电动汽车的电池生产过程也需要消耗大量能源,同样会产生二氧化碳排放。
为什么说马和汽车在二氧化碳排放上不能直接比较?
-马呼出的二氧化碳会被植物吸收并转化为氧气,形成一个自然的循环。而汽车燃烧化石燃料产生的二氧化碳则没有这样的循环,会导致大气中二氧化碳的累积,从而加剧气候变化。
电动汽车在其使用寿命内相比传统汽车在二氧化碳排放上有何优势和劣势?
-电动汽车在运行过程中比传统汽车更高效,且如果使用可再生能源充电,其生命周期内的二氧化碳排放量会更低。然而,电池的生产过程会产生大量的二氧化碳,这需要电动汽车行驶相当长的里程才能抵消这部分排放。
为什么说混合动力汽车可能是当前更实际的选择?
-混合动力汽车在低速时使用电动机,而在高速或需要更大动力时使用内燃机,这使得它们比传统汽车更高效。同时,它们的电池较小,因此在生产过程中产生的二氧化碳排放也较少,更接近传统汽车,因此可以更快地抵消这部分排放。
为什么说目前将电动汽车称为零排放车辆可能会误导消费者?
-这是因为所谓的“零排放”仅指车辆在行驶过程中不直接排放二氧化碳,而没有考虑电力来源和电池生产过程中的排放。这种标签可能会掩盖电动汽车在全生命周期内的二氧化碳排放问题。
为什么说投资可再生能源和改进电池技术对电动汽车的未来至关重要?
-投资可再生能源可以确保电动汽车充电时不产生额外的二氧化碳排放,而改进电池技术可以减少生产电池所需的能源,从而降低电动汽车的全生命周期排放。这两者都是推动电动汽车成为真正环保选择的关键因素。
为什么说内燃机汽车尚未达到其最大潜力,并且我们还可以继续投资于它们?
-内燃机汽车的技术仍在不断进步,通过提高燃油效率和使用可再生燃料,它们的二氧化碳排放量可以进一步降低。因此,继续投资于内燃机技术可以作为过渡到电动汽车的一种方式。
什么是可再生燃料,它如何帮助减少汽车的二氧化碳排放?
-可再生燃料是通过将水与捕获的二氧化碳结合,利用可再生能源进行化学反应生成的燃料。如果整个生产过程使用的是可再生能源,那么这种燃料的使用就不会增加大气中的二氧化碳含量,从而形成闭环的碳循环。
为什么说未来的汽车市场将是一个多样化的市场,而不是只有电动汽车?
-因为不同类型的车辆适合不同的使用场景和需求。传统汽车、混合动力汽车和电动汽车都将在未来的市场中占有一席之地。通过多样化的车辆选择,我们可以更灵活地应对不同的能源供应和地理条件。
如果现在给你一个按钮,可以将所有汽车立即变成电动汽车,你会按下它吗?
-根据演讲内容,不应该按下这个按钮。因为虽然电动汽车在运行时不直接排放二氧化碳,但它们的电力来源和电池生产过程会产生大量的二氧化碳排放。在没有确保电力完全来自可再生能源之前,大规模转换为电动汽车可能会加剧而不是减少二氧化碳的总排放。
为什么说在当前的能源结构下,长续航里程的电动汽车可能并不比传统汽车更环保?
-长续航里程的电动汽车需要更大的电池,这意味着在生产电池的过程中会产生更多的二氧化碳排放。如果这些排放没有得到有效的计算和补偿,那么即使在电动汽车的使用寿命内,它们的总排放量也可能超过传统汽车,从而对气候变化产生更大的影响。
Outlines
😀 电动汽车与气候变化的争议
第一段视频脚本通过挑衅性言论吸引观众注意,提出气候变化是真实存在的问题,并批评了对电动汽车的简单定义。演讲者承认电动汽车是未来个人交通方式的一部分,但对当前的电动汽车提出了质疑。他通过一个假设的情景,即如果将所有汽车变为电动汽车,来探讨气候变化问题,指出仅通过测量尾气排放来确定二氧化碳(CO2)排放量的方法存在缺陷。通过比较汽车和马的CO2排放,演讲者说明了自然界中CO2的循环与汽车产生的CO2累积之间的区别。
🤔 电动汽车的真正排放问题
第二段深入探讨了电动汽车的CO2排放问题。演讲者指出,虽然电动汽车不直接从尾气排放CO2,但它们使用的电力往往来自于燃烧化石燃料(如煤炭、天然气和石油)的发电站,这同样会产生CO2。此外,电动汽车的电池生产过程需要大量能源,也会产生CO2。演讲者通过比较传统汽车和电动汽车在其使用寿命内产生的CO2总量,揭示了电动汽车在生产和使用过程中的CO2排放问题。他还讨论了长续航里程电动汽车需要更大电池,从而增加了初始CO2排放量的问题,并指出在当前的能源和电池生产技术下,电动汽车在其预期使用寿命内可能比传统汽车产生更多的CO2。
🚗 混合动力车与未来交通的多样性
在第三段中,演讲者提出了一个当前可行的解决方案——混合动力汽车。他解释了混合动力汽车如何通过在低速时使用电动机来提高效率,同时保持较小的电池,以减少初始CO2排放。演讲者强调,为了使电动汽车达到其潜在的环境效益,我们需要在全球范围内投资可再生能源,并开发新的电池技术以减少电池生产的CO2排放。他还提到了利用可再生能源将水和CO2废物转化为汽车燃料的可能性,尽管这在当前需要大量能源,但如果能源来自可再生资源,则不会对气候造成问题。最后,演讲者鼓励观众考虑购买混合动力汽车,并继续投资内燃机技术,同时探索可再生燃料,以实现一个多样化的未来交通方式。
Mindmap
Keywords
💡气候变化
💡电动汽车
💡零排放
💡CO2浓度
💡可再生能源
💡电池生产
💡混合动力车
💡生命周期评估
💡内燃机
💡CO2循环
💡投资
Highlights
气候变化被一些人视为骗局,但演讲者实际上相信气候变化的存在。
演讲者对电动汽车的定义和当前的衡量方式提出质疑。
电动汽车在减少城市污染和驾驶乐趣方面表现出色。
如果将所有汽车立即转换为电动汽车,可能并不会立即解决气候变化问题。
通过比较汽车和马的二氧化碳排放,说明仅通过尾气排放量来衡量是不全面的。
电动汽车使用的电力来源如果依赖于燃煤等化石燃料,则同样会产生大量二氧化碳。
全球大约三分之二的电力生产依赖于产生二氧化碳的燃料燃烧。
电动汽车在其使用寿命内产生的二氧化碳排放量与其行驶里程有关。
电动汽车的电池生产过程需要大量能源,产生显著的二氧化碳排放。
演讲者认为,要使电动汽车真正环保,需要改进电力来源和电池技术。
投资可再生能源和电池技术可以减少电动汽车的初始碳排放。
演讲者提倡继续投资内燃机技术,并探索可再生燃料。
通过结合水和二氧化碳废物创造燃料,可以形成一个新的二氧化碳循环。
演讲者认为,混合动力汽车在当前技术条件下是更实际的选择。
未来汽车将包括传统车辆、混合动力车辆和电动汽车,形成一个多样化的交通生态。
演讲者以一个假设性的问题结束,询问听众是否了解所有信息后还会选择立即转换所有汽车为电动。
Transcripts
climate change is a hoax and the
electric vehicle is an abomination
someone once told me that to capture an
audience's attention you need to offend
them and what better way to offend
people than to denounce climate change
because if there's one thing the world
may unanimously agree upon is that we
don't like it to be here in the future
so now that I have your attention let me
revisit those opening comments I do
actually believe in climate change but I
do have a problem with the way we define
electric vehicles so this talk will
still offend some people I can almost
see the YouTube comments on this video
now it isn't pretty but this talk is not
about demonizing the electric vehicle
unfairly
I absolutely believe they are the future
of personal transportation they do a
fantastic job at moving pollution our
identity populated cities they're fun to
drive and you can get free parking too
sometimes and I know this because I
owned an electric vehicle for three
years and it was a great car they will
absolutely be a place for the electric
vehicle in our future but not today
let me start with a question there are 1
billion passenger cars on the world's
rows today if I gave you a button which
would turn them all into electric
vehicles would you push it the problem
of climate change is a global one it is
believed to be caused by increasing co2
concentrations in our atmosphere if you
put a box around the earth and measure
the gas is trapped inside that box you
would indeed find co2 and that co2
levels are rising what is causing co2
levels to rise well
one source is the cars and trucks that
we drive
emit co2 from the tailpipe and the way
the industry currently measures this co2
is like putting a special box around the
vehicle
and measuring what's inside the box
society's solution to the problem is the
electric vehicle because if you put a
box around the electric vehicle and try
and measure co2 you won't find any so
based on this way of measuring co2 we've
decided to call these zero emissions or
we call these dirty but let me show you
why this is wrong
consider that instead of changing all
vehicles into electric vehicles we
instead change them into horses now a
horse breathes it in air and it breathes
out co2 so if you put a box around the
horse you would measure co2 if you rode
that horse the same distance as you
drove the car you would find something
quite shocking the horse emits as much
co2 as a Corvette so you can see based
on this way of measuring co2 our only
possible conclusion is that if we
changed all cars into horses we will be
emitting as much co2 as 1 billion
Corvettes and that doesn't sound very
good for the environment does it but as
you sit there I'm sure something deep
inside of you is saying that doesn't
sound right
and you'd be correct of course if we
changed all cars into horses our climate
would be better
and here's why it would be better you
see even though the horse breathes out
co2 into the atmosphere that co2 is then
absorbed by plants and converted back
into oxygen which the horse breathes in
again and so you see the co2 is in a
cycle and because it is in a cycle it
doesn't increase
in contrast the car is different because
with the car we dig all out of the
ground we burn it and we produce co2 and
it isn't in a cycle so it is increasing
so you were right to be skeptical but
based on how we currently measure co2
you could not possibly have come to this
conclusion without doing this type of
analysis let's go back to the electric
vehicle remember the way we quantify co2
is to measure it from the tailpipe but
the electric car doesn't burn fuel but
it does use electricity so we have to
look at where that comes from a large
proportion of our electricity comes from
coal
now we dig coal out of the ground in
large quantities we then burn it in
power stations which produces co2 you
can see there is no arrow along the top
of this diagram that co2 is not in a
cycle and it is increasing but you
couldn't possibly know this by only
measuring the vehicle's tailpipe what we
need to do is expand our imaginary box
to include everything and coal isn't the
only way we generate electricity we also
burn natural gas and we burn oil these
to produce co2 now you might be sitting
there and saying hang on a minute I
charge my electric vehicle from solar
panels on my roof so that's ok right
well for you maybe
and many developed nations are moving
away from coal and natural gas to
renewable energy sources the co2 is a
global problem so let's have a look at
things on a global scale how much of the
world's electricity is produced by
burning fuel which creates co2 it's
about two-thirds so you can see when you
plug your electric vehicle in you are
probably producing co2 it just isn't
being measured you see the automotive
industry
has cleverly found a way to move the
problem not solve the problem but is the
electric vehicle really worse well to
understand if it's worse we need to look
at how much emissions are produced
during the life of the vehicle the
average age of a vehicle before it gets
scrapped is around 180 thousand miles
you can see the conventional vehicle
produces about 30 tons of co2 over its
lifetime how is the electric vehicle
look pretty good right because some of
that electricity comes from renewable
sources and because the electric motor
is far more efficient than the internal
combustion engine it produces less co2
but there is a problem with this graph
this graph says that at zero miles zero
co2 has been produced and you think
about that for a second it means the two
cars have magically appeared in the
showroom out of thin air in reality a
huge amount of co2 is produced just
making a vehicle because you have to dig
raw materials out of the ground
transport them to factories where they
can be formed into car parts before
finally being assembled into vehicles
each step requires energy and so we
create co2 so you can see the
conventional vehicle comes to the
showroom having generated about six tons
of co2 and now this is the critical part
making a battery isn't easy the
materials required are harder to find
and mating in battery cell requires a
huge amount of energy so the battery
vehicle comes to the showroom having
generated about 12 tons of co2 and you
can see you'd have to drive it around 80
or 90 thousand miles before you offset
that co2 penalty but it is better in the
end so the electric vehicle still looks
good here as well right well this is row
gets interesting
you see the conventional vehicle has a
400 mile range well the electric vehicle
in this example has a 125 mile range now
125 miles might be enough for some of
you but most of us want more we'd like
to be able to drive great distances
across the states or if you're here in
Texas you might just want to get to the
next city so really we need to be
comparing a 400 mile range electric
vehicle and as you may have guessed a
longer range requires a larger battery
which means a larger co2 penalty and now
you start to see the problem over its
expected lifetime it has emitted more
co2 than the conventional vehicle it has
contributed more to climate change in
the conventional vehicle and that is the
crux of the problem it has produced more
co2 but we've measured none and so
society is happy to continue to call
these zero emissions but that is
dangerous and unproductive but there is
something we can do today using
technology we have today which will make
a difference today and that is to look
at hybrids hybrids are far more
efficient than conventional vehicles
because at low speeds where the engine
is inefficient
the electric motor compensates and says
don't worry engine I've got this you
stay turned off until we need you and
critically a hybrid has a small battery
so the initial co2 penalty is similar to
the conventional vehicle while the end
of life emissions are far lower in fact
to offset the co2 from the electric
vehicle you would need to drive it
around 450,000 miles before you offset
that co2 but again I don't want to
demonize the electric vehicle
I just don't think we should adopt them
today based on the way we generate our
electricity in the way we make our
batteries but how can we help the
electric vehicle meet its potential well
we need to invest in making our
electricity generation from renewable
sources around the world so that when we
plug our electric cars in we know there
is no co2 being generated we can do this
by building solar and wind farms if we
did that then you can see the difference
we can make to the emissions created
during the life of the vehicle we can go
further to we can invest in new battery
technologies battery production
techniques to help offset that initial
co2 penalty and you so you can see the
potential of the electric vehicle you
can see what it could look like in the
future it's just as a society we are
trillions of dollars and decades away
from achieving this but we will get
there one day but what we don't want to
do today is mislead people into buying
electric vehicles by falsely calling
them zero emissions what we need to do
instead is because we continue to invest
in the internal combustion engine
it hasn't met its maximum potential yet
and we can look into renewable fuels
this is where we combine water with the
waste co2 to create fuels for our
vehicles now there's a good reason we
don't do this today it requires a huge
amount of energy to do this but if all
that energy comes from renewable sources
then it isn't a problem for the climate
so you see we've created a new co2 cycle
and you can see how fantastic that looks
for the hybrid vehicle over the lifetime
emissions even without renewable fuels
we should still consider buying hybrids
today if we want to impact climate
change now in the future there will be
conventional vehicles hybrid vehicles
and electric vehicles where they make
sense the future is not just electric
the future is eclectic so let me leave
you with this if I gave you that button
based on what you now know would you
push it thank you
[Applause]
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