🥇 MÚSCULOS DEL OJO. Anatomia, Facil y Sencillos
Summary
TLDREste video ofrece una visión detallada de la anatomía de los músculos oculares, también conocidos como músculos extrínsecos del ojo. Se discuten los siete músculos involucrados, incluyendo los cuatro músculos rectos y los dos oblicuos, así como el músculo levador de la párpabra superior. Se destaca la importancia de entender la anatomía ósea del orbita para comprender la función de estos músculos. El video también aborda la innervación de los músculos oculares, señalando que el nervio oculomotor (nervio craneal III) es el principal innervador, mientras que el nervio troclear (nervio craneal IV) y el nervio abducens (nervio craneal VI) tienen funciones específicas. Finalmente, se menciona la autonomía del músculo levador de la párpabra superior en la innervación y control. El contenido es rico en detalles anatómicos y proporciona una base sólida para entender cómo estos músculos trabajan juntos para mover el ojo y controlar la apertura de la pálpabra superior.
Takeaways
- 📺 Los músculos extrínsecos del ojo, también conocidos como músculos extrinsic eyes o extraoculares, son los responsables de mover el globo ocular.
- 🔍 Se estudiarán dos grupos grandes de músculos y un tercer músculo de la órbita, encontrando un total de siete músculos.
- 💪 Los cuatro músculos rectos tienen la misma inserción en el anillo de Zinn, también conocido como 'common tendinous ring'.
- 👀 El músculo levador de la párpabra superior, a pesar de estar en la región de la órbita, no tiene inserción en el globo ocular.
- 🛤️ Los músculos rectos están insertados en la parte anterior del esclerótica, que es coloquialmente conocida como el blanco del ojo.
- 🔄 La inserción de los músculos rectos forma una espiral que comienza desde el músculo recto interno y se amplía hasta llegar al superior.
- ⬆️ El músculo recto superior al contraerse, eleva y adueña el ojo, es decir, realiza una movimiento de elevación y aducción.
- ⬇️ El músculo recto inferior es antagonista del superior, lo que significa que lo baja y adueña, es decir, realiza una acción de bajada y aducción.
- 🔄 Los músculos oblicuos tienen funciones opuestas entre sí, con el oblicuo mayor realizando torsión interna y el oblicuo menor torsión externa.
- 🚪 El músculo del levador de la párpabra superior se origina en el nervio óptico en el esfenoides y se inserta en la lámina tarsal, perforando el septum orbital superior.
- 🧠 La mayoría de los músculos oculares están innervados por el nervio oculomotor (tercer nervio craneal), mientras que el oblicuo mayor es innervado por el nervio troclear (cuarto nervio craneal) y el recto externo por el nervio abducens (sexto nervio craneal).
Q & A
¿Cuál es el propósito principal del vídeo de anatomía fácil de Juan José Sánchez?
-El propósito principal del vídeo es discutir la anatomía de los músculos oculares, también conocidos como músculos extrínsecos o músculos del orbita, y explicar su función en el movimiento del ojo.
¿Cuántos músculos oculares se discuten en el vídeo?
-Se discuten siete músculos en total: cuatro músculos rectos, dos músculos oblicuos y el músculo levador de la párpabra superior.
¿Cuál es la ubicación común de origen de los cuatro músculos rectos del ojo?
-Los cuatro músculos rectos parten de un anillo común conocido como el anillo de Zinn o anillo tendinoso común.
¿Cómo se llama el músculo que no tiene inserción en el globo ocular pero está en la región del orbita ósea?
-El músculo es el levador de la párpabra superior (levator palpebrae superioris).
¿Qué es el ángulo orbital y cuál es su importancia para la anatomía del ojo?
-El ángulo orbital es una apertura que está limitada por las alas mayores y menores del esfenoides y es importante porque es el espacio a través del cual pasan varios músculos y estructuras que son cruciales para el movimiento del ojo.
¿Cuál es la función principal del músculo recto superior cuando se contrae?
-Cuando el músculo recto superior se contrae, eleva y adueña el ojo, es decir, realiza un movimiento de elevación y aducción.
¿Cómo se llama el nervio que únicamente innerva al músculo oblicuo superior?
-El nervio que únicamente innerva al músculo oblicuo superior es el nervio troclear o nervio IV (cuarto nervio craneal).
¿Cuál es la función del músculo oblicuo mayor y cómo se diferencia de la función del músculo oblicuo menor?
-El músculo oblicuo mayor realiza una torsión interna del ojo, ayuda en la descendencia y abducción, mientras que el músculo oblicuo menor eleva y abduce el ojo, realizando una torsión externa.
¿Qué músculo ocutar se innerva únicamente por el nervio VI (sexto nervio craneal)?
-El único músculo ocular que se innerva por el nervio VI (sexto nervio craneal) es el músculo recto externo.
¿Cómo se llama el músculo que eleva la párpabra superior y cuál es su nervio innervador?
-El músculo que eleva la párpabra superior es el levador de la párpabra superior (levator palpebrae superioris) y su nervio innervador es el nervio oculomotor o nervio III (tercer nervio craneal).
¿Qué músculo tiene una inserción en la parte anterior del esclerótica y cuál es su relación con la distancia desde el límite de la córnea?
-Los cuatro músculos rectos tienen inserciones en la parte anterior de la esclerótica y cada uno tiene una distancia diferente desde el límite de la córnea, formando una espiral que empieza con el músculo recto interno y aumenta en distancia hasta llegar al músculo recto superior.
¿Por qué el músculo recto superior realiza una aducción cuando se contrae?
-El músculo recto superior realiza una aducción porque su origen está en el nivel del orificio óptico, que no está en línea recta con el eje vertical del ojo, sino que está más medialmente ubicado, lo que lo lleva a internar el ojo cuando se contrae.
Outlines
😀 Introducción a los músculos oculares
Se da la bienvenida a los fans de la anatomía y se menciona que el video es el número 105 del canal. Se habla de los músculos oculares, también conocidos como músculos extrínsecos del ojo, que son responsables de mover el globo ocular. Se estudiarán dos grupos de músculos y un tercer músculo de la órbita, en total siete músculos, aunque no todos están relacionados con el globo ocular. Se mencionan los cuatro músculos rectos y los músculos oblicuos, que son los seis músculos relacionados con el globo ocular. También se menciona el músculo levador de la párpabra superior, que no tiene inserción en el globo ocular. Se invita a buscar el video del esqueleto orbital en el canal para entender mejor los orígenes de estos músculos.
👀 Funciones y relaciones anatómicas de los músculos rectos
Los cuatro músculos rectos tienen el mismo origen en la anillo de Zinn, que rodea el canal óptico. Se describe la inserción de cada músculo recto en la esclera del globo ocular, teniendo en cuenta la distancia desde el límite del cornea. Se mencionan las funciones principales de cada músculo: el recto superior eleva y aduye el ojo, el recto inferior lo hace descender y aduye, el recto interno realiza movimientos de aducción y el recto externo de abducción. Además, se habla de la relación anatómica entre los músculos rectos y oblicuos, y se menciona que el único músculo que sirve para abducir el ojo es el recto externo.
🔍 Detalles anatómicos y funciones de los músculos oblicuos y del levador de la párpabra superior
Se describen los orígenes y inserciones de los músculos oblicuos superior e inferior, que se insertan en la parte posterior de la esclera. Se menciona la importancia del tróclea para la función del músculo oblicuo superior. Las funciones de los músculos oblicuos son opuestas: el oblicuo mayor realiza torsión interna y ayuda en la descendencia y abducción del ojo, mientras que el oblicuo menor eleva y abduce el ojo. Se habla de la relación anatómica entre los músculos oblicuos y los rectos. Finalmente, se describe el músculo levador de la párpabra superior, que se origina en el nervio óptico en el esfenoides y se inserta en la lámina tarsal superior a través del septum orbital superior.
💡 Innervación de los músculos oculares
Se explica la innervación de los músculos oculares por diferentes nervios craneales. El nervio troclear (cuarto) únicamente innerva el músculo oblicuo superior, mientras que el nervio oculomotor (tercero) innerva los músculos rectos y el oblicuo inferior. El único músculo que no es innervado por el nervio oculomotor es el recto externo, que lo es por el nervio abducens (sexto). Además, el levador de la párpabra superior es innervado por el nervio oculomotor y recibe una innervación autónoma.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Músculos extrinsicos del ojo
💡Rectos
💡Oblicuos
💡Levador de la párpabra superior
💡Anillo de Zinn
💡Fisura orbital superior
💡Músculo oblicuo superior
💡Músculo oblicuo inferior
💡Nervio oculomotor
💡Nervio troclear
💡Nervio abducente
💡Innervación
Highlights
Juan José Sánchez presenta un nuevo video de anatomía fácil, número 105 en su canal, enfocado en la anatomía de los músculos oculares.
Se discuten los músculos extrínsecos del ojo, también conocidos como músculos extrinsic eyes o músculos extraoculares.
Existen siete músculos en total, incluyendo cuatro músculos rectos y tres oblicuos.
El músculo levador de la párpabra superior es el séptimo músculo, ubicado en la región de la órbita pero no relacionado directamente con el globo ocular.
Para comprender la anatomía de los músculos oculares, es esencial aprender la anatomía ósea de la cavidad orbital.
El orificio orbital es limitado por las alas mayores y menores del esfenoide.
El músculo recto superior tiene su inserción en la parte anterosuperior del esclerótica.
Cada músculo recto tiene una distancia diferente de inserción en relación con el límite de la córnea.
La función principal del músculo recto superior es la elevación y aducción del ojo.
El músculo oblicuo superior realiza torsión interna del ojo y ayuda en la deglución y abducción.
El músculo oblicuo inferior eleva y abduce el ojo, realizando movimientos opuestos al oblicuo superior.
El músculo recto externo es el único músculo que realiza la abducción del ojo.
Los músculos rectos están insertados en la parte anterior del esclerótica, mientras que los oblicuos en la parte posterior.
El nervio craneal IV o nervio troclear es el único que innerva el músculo oblicuo superior.
El nervio craneal III o nervio oculomotor innerva todos los músculos rectos, excepto el externo.
El nervio craneal VI o nervio abducens innerva únicamente el músculo recto externo.
El músculo levador de la párpabra superior es innervado por el nervio oculomotor y recibe innervation autónoma.
La innervation de los músculos oculares es muy particular y varía para cada uno de ellos.
Transcripts
A welcome to all the fans of this anatomical discipline to a new easy anatomy video
by Juan José Sánchez, video number 105 on the channel and only by subscribing
to the channel do you have access to the rest of the 105 videos. Today we have to talk about the anatomy of the
ocular muscles and previous videos of the eyeball itself are uploaded on my channel. Now,
we are going to talk about the muscles that are responsible for moving it, also called extrinsic muscles of the
eye or extra ocular muscles, So as a diagram we are going to study two large groups of
muscles and a third muscle of the orbit, in total we are going to find seven
muscles but not all of them are related to the eyeball as such, we are going to first have
four rectus muscles that are The first ones that we will name are those that are related
to the eyeball itself as well as the oblique muscles, so that those that are related
to the eyeball are the four rectus muscles plus the obliques, there are six muscles in total, there is a
seventh muscle topographically in the region of the bony orbit but which does not have an insertion
in the eyeball, we are then talking about the levator palpebrae superioris muscle, I also invite you
to search the channel for my bony orbit video because if you do not look at the bony orbit you will not You will
then master the origins of these muscles because you will not understand the first ones, you have
to learn the bone anatomy of the orbital cavity to then delve into the world or
the study of the muscles of the eye. So this is a more or less image of the orbit, this is the
orbit on the left side, here we see the malar or zygomatic bone, here we see the front, here
we see the upper jaw, this one we see in the back in green would be the sphenoid, this It would be the ethmoid
and this would be the unguis or lacrimal bone. I also invite you to search on my channel for the anatomy
of each of these bones separately, which is really very good and you are not going to miss it,
just for the price of subscribing. here in the bottom right corner where it says subscribe.
In this hole that I am pointing out to you here, it is the famous orbital hole, it is a hole
that is basically limited by the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid, that is the orbital hole,
sorry, it is limited by part of the lesser wing of the sphenoid, this one that you See here is
the sphenoid fissure, we also call it superior orbital fissure, these are the two structures
that I am interested in learning about right now, this superior orbital fissure is limited by both
wings of the sphenoid, the greater wing which would be this one and this one which would be the wing minor of the sphenoid,
here we have a more detailed image, notice that it is this same image but of the Netter, in the
previous image it was of the sobotta, so here we would have the superior orbital fissure and this
would be the optic canal, so in relation to what it is The sphenoid bone would be the
optic canal and there is the superior orbital fissure, also called the sphenoid fissure or cleft. Let's
start talking about the rectus muscles, the four rectus muscles have the same origin which is in the
ring of zinn also called 'common tendinous ring, see that this ring surrounds the entire
optic canal, leaving it even inside the ring and more or less surrounding it. half of the
upper orbital fissure crossing it as a bridge separating the orbital fissure into an upper region and another
lower region in which structures pass that are not part of this video, the explanation
of those structures but that I will explain in a later video, So in this lateral view,
this is a right lateral view, what we see over there would be the medial part of the face
of the orbit, specifically we are going to start with the superior rectus, then we will talk about the
inferior rectus muscle, then the medial rectus as well called medial rectus, reminding you that the word
medial and internal are the same anatomy and then we will talk about the external rectus muscle, then
we are going to elucidate each of these structures, but first don't leave the video behind.
[Music] I invite you to subscribe here in the lower right corner click [Music]
and don't forget to like the video, then subscribe to the channel here in the lower
right corner you click it and you are automatically subscribed to it. This is a vision again
of the ring of zinn, here we see what the superior rectus muscle is, this would be medial,
this would then be the medial or internal rectus, this would be the inferior rectus and this the
external rectus which is the same as the lateral rectus, this would be the frontal and This would be the zygomatic
or malar, in this previous vision we are going to see the insertion of each of them,
we are going to start with the superior rectus, the superior rectus muscle is inserted at the level
of the antero-superior part of the sclera all the muscles rectus are inserted into the
anterior part of the sclera which remember that it is colloquially the white of the eye, now
the place where each of the rectus is inserted is not equal compared to the edges of the
limits of the cornea of the sclerocorneal limbus, but that each one has a different distance,
we talk about the distance of the insertion of the superior rectus and what is the beginning of the cornea
is the sclerocorneal limbus which is approximately 8 millimeters, then we talk about the inferior rectus
that is also inserted at 6 .5 millimeters from the cornea, then the internal rectus inserts 5.8
millimeters medial to the beginning of the cornea and the external rectus begins 7.1 millimeters from the
region of the cornea, everyone then sees more or less a more or less frontal plane less the same
level on the anterior surface of the sclera, something important is that starting from the internal rectus
you see that the distance is different, it is not the same but rather the distance increases, so that
this insertion of the rectus muscles of the eye It forms a spiral starting from the internal rectus, it
increases more and more, they widen more until we reach the superior rectus, then
what is the function of each of these muscles going to be? Well, when the superior rectus contracts,
it will take, imagine rotating the eye upwards, that means an elevation movement
of the eye and it also took it medially, so it makes an elevation and adduction movement. Why
do they adduct? Remember that the origin is at the level of the optic hole, which is not in a
straight line with, let's say, the vertical axis of the eye, but is more medial, so that when it contracts
it will take it inward because anatomically it is arranged to do so, when we speak
The inferior rectus is the opposite, it is antagonistic with the superior rectus, it descends,
that is, it takes the eye downwards, it is not that it descends that lowers it with respect to the orbit,
but the center of the eye takes it towards down, it is enough to look down without having to move
the head and it also takes it medially, that is, it adducts the eye. So the internal rectus and
the external rectus are antagonistic to each other, between them, the internal rectus only makes
adduction movements and the external rectus makes abduction movements, that is, it draws the
eye outwards, it is the one we use to see outwards. , then of these muscles the only one that serves to
abduct me is the external rectus, the other superior and inferior rectus are combined and the
internal rectus is adducting; Although some books will find up to four or five functions per
muscle, these are the main functions. Let's see it now here from an
anatomical point of view, we see here the superior rectus, let's see that before inserting it is crossed by
one of the obliques, which is the only superior one, likewise the inferior rectus is crossed by the
inferior oblique, the difference is that the superior oblique interposes between the superior rectus and the
sclera, while the inferior oblique does not interpose but rather embraces it from the bottom
up, it remains superficial with respect to the inferior rectus, there we see the medial rectus
and the rectus external, an important characteristic that you should not forget about the external rectus is that it
has two points or two tendons of origin before inserting, it has two tendons of origin,
so remember that I told you that the rectus are inserted in the anterior part
of the sclera, passing the second group of muscles which are the obliques we will have two:
the superior oblique which we also know as the greater oblique and the
lesser oblique muscle which we also know as the inferior oblique, these in contrast to the
rectus insert on the back of the sclera, see that both also insert
more or less in a frontal plane at the same level in the posterior and external region of the sclera,
the two have almost the same place of origin,
practically separating them is the insertion of the external rectus. Let's start first with the origin of each one, so here we know that
from the origin of the superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus and lateral rectus, remember that
I told you that the lateral rectus has two tendons of origin, this would be one, this one would be the other,
these two muscles that are above are two that we have not named that we are going to begin to elucidate,
the most medial of the two that you see is superomedial to the optic foramen that is the oblique greater
price, then they originate, remember that this series the lesser wing of the sphenoid in
relation to the optic canal, this muscle is directed forward, see, but it has
a pulley or a trochlea, that pulley or trochlea is very important for the function of this muscle,
it is a cartilaginous region that It is located, let's say, in the medial and upper part of the orbit
and is part of the frontal bone, where the tendon reaches and some authors say that this is where
the real origin of the muscle is born and then passes under it, which is the inferior rectus. and so
we can get to what the sclera is, see that it is also above and a little more medial
than this muscle that would be the internal rectus, this would be a superior view of the orbit,
here we cut the sheet let's say the roof of the frontal bone Let's look at it here again, this would be the
superior rectus, see the pulley, the trochlea of the frontal bone where the muscle has to pass
in order to perform its function, while the inferior oblique does not have an origin as posterior
as all the muscles we have named, The inferior oblique originates in a fossa that is
at the level of the upper maxillary bone lateral to what is the lacrimonasal duct. Also on my
channel is the video of this lacrimal apparatus where we talk about the lacrimal duct, its insertion will
also be remembered that the same frontal plane in the posterior and external region of the
sclera, let's see it here, again it is the inferior rectus, as remember that it passes underneath,
it is superficial to the inferior rectus muscle. What will be the function of the oblique major? Well, when the
major oblique contracts, it first makes internal torsion of the eye, which is to rotate the eye
medially. It also helps in descent and abduction, while the minor oblique elevates
and abducts the eye. Notice that it does the opposite, it descends and abducts, while the minor oblique
elevates and abducts, that is, when it abducts, it means abduction, it is abduction, but so that it doesn't
sound strange and so that you don't get confused, see that in all my videos I use the word abduction, but that is
wrong semantically, grammatically. It's wrong for me to say it like that, it's just that it's the easiest way
to explain it and for you to understand it, but it's not like you're going to be in a conference and
say the word abduction because that's wrong; and it also does external torsion, that is,
it rotates the eye outward while the greater oblique does internal torsion, so basically
these two obliques are antagonists, the only synergistic movements they do is that
they both abduct the eye; The distance between the insertion of both is
approximately 8 millimeters. Finally, we are going to talk about the levator of the upper eyelid, which is the seventh
muscle that is located at the level of the orbit but has nothing to do with the
ocular muscles themselves, only that anatomically it is very close, this levator of the eyelid muscle
superior originates from the same optic nerve in the sphenoid, but lateral to what is the
greater oblique muscle, this levator of the upper eyelid heads forward, covering a large part of the
path, it widens more and more. See what the muscle is. superior rectus and partly to what
is the greater oblique muscle, this tendon directed forward is going to be inserted in
two ways, in this view we see what is the posterior tendon that is inserted at the level of what
is the tarsal plate perforating what is the superior orbital septum, what is this
fibrous structure that you see here, in this lateral view it is very good, it is an image that has the netter see
here the levator of the upper eyelid, this would be the superior rectus, so this levator
of the upper eyelid, see that it has an anterior tendon that reaches the eyelid, joining fibers
of the orbicularis oculi muscle, which is a muscle of facial expression that I also
invite you to watch my facial expression video, we already have 105 videos and there are many anatomical videos
that you can search on the channel and this tendon that is posterior, which we often call Muller's tendon,
which is an extension of the same levator of the upper eyelid that reaches the
anterior tarsal plate was the one that was shown in the plate previous to this one, its function is going to be the same
name says it elevates the upper eyelid and with it opening to the eye, it is quite mobile, it is a
let's say autonomous innervation because the The eyelid is basically something unconscious that we
move, although as it is controlled by the peripheral nervous system through
the third cranial nerve we can also move it at will, but this
elevator of the upper eyelid is quite important. The innervation is very important because it is different in the innervation
for these muscles of the eye even though they are all there, they are innervated by muscle groups,
first the only muscle that in fact is the only structure that innervates the fourth cranial nerve, which is
the nerve. The trochlear nerve, also called the pathetic nerve, is the greater oblique nerve. It is the only thing that innervates the
trochlear nerve in its entire life, let's say in its entirety. Its function is to innervate the
greater oblique muscle. The greatest innervation in the ocular muscles is carried by the third cranial nerve, which It is
the oculomotor or common ocular motor nerve. This nerve, which is the third cranial nerve, innervates
the internal rectus, the superior and the inferior, that is, it innervates all the rectus muscles
except the external rectus, it is the only one intrinsic muscle of the eye that is not innervated by the
third cranial nerve and well and the greater oblique which we already said is by the trochlear
or pathetic nerve, then see that it innervates the lesser oblique and these three rectus muscles, while the
external rectus It is the only muscle that is innervated by the sixth cranial nerve, which is the abducens nerve,
we also call it the eye reducer muscle and nerve or external oculomotor nerve, which is the sixth
cranial nerve, so that the fourth and sixth the only function is to innervate a specific muscle,
the sixth to the lateral rectus and the fourth to the greater oblique, while the levator palpebrae
superioris, which has an autonomic innervation, rather is innervated by the third cranial nerve, which
is the oculomotor nerve, and through He also receives autonomic innervation,
so see the innervation that is quite easy but this innervation
of the ocular muscles is very particular. This was the entire video, I don't know how many times I invite you to
subscribe to the channel in the little circle that appears here, if you liked it, give me a like and don't forget
to follow me on Instagram at @juan_sanchez1315 thank you very much for subscribing and for watching
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