The Peloponnesian War | World History | Khan Academy

Summary

The video outlines the escalating tensions and conflicts between Athens and Sparta after their united victory against the Persian invaders in the 5th Century BCE. It details the formation of the Delian League, which evolved into an Athenian empire, and the initial hostilities that led to the First Peloponnesian War. Key phases of the Peloponnesian War are explored, including the Archidamian War, the disastrous Athenian expedition to Syracuse, and the decisive Ionian War, culminating in Spartan victory and Athenian surrender in 404 BCE. The aftermath left Greece vulnerable to Macedonian conquest, reshaping its political landscape.

Takeaways

• 😀 The 5th Century BCE begins with Greek city-states, particularly Athens and Sparta, uniting against Persian invaders.
• ⚔️ Tensions rise between Athens and Sparta after the Persian threat is eliminated, leading to rivalries and conflicts.
• 🔗 Sparta forms the Delian League to counteract the growing power of the Athenian Navy, which is perceived as a potential threat.
• 📉 The First Peloponnesian War marks the first open conflict between Sparta and Athens, lasting about 15 years and ending with the Peace of 30 Years.
• 🕊️ The Peace of 30 Years is short-lived, with ongoing tensions and skirmishes between the two city-states.
• 🌊 The Archidamian War represents the first phase of the Peloponnesian War, characterized by Spartan land invasions of Attica and Athenian naval raids.
• 🚢 The failed Athenian expedition to Syracuse in 415 BCE is a significant turning point, leading to a disastrous loss for Athens.
• 📅 The Ionian War follows, with many city-states rebelling against Athenian control, and Sparta receiving support from Persia.
• 🏆 The decisive naval battle at Aegospotami in 405 BCE results in the destruction of the Athenian Navy and leads to Athens' surrender in 404 BCE.
• 🗺️ The Peloponnesian War's outcome leaves Greece vulnerable, paving the way for future conquests by figures like Philip of Macedon.

Q & A

What initiated the conflict between Athens and Sparta after the Persian Wars?

The conflict began due to rising tensions and insecurities regarding Athenian power and influence, particularly with Athens' strong navy and the expansion of the Delian League, which began to resemble an Athenian empire.

What event marked the beginning of the First Peloponnesian War?

The First Peloponnesian War began after Athens allied with Megara during a skirmish with Corinth, which were both historically Spartan allies. This action led Sparta to declare war on Athens.

What was the Peace of 30 Years, and how long did it actually last?

The Peace of 30 Years was a treaty intended to establish a long-term ceasefire between Athens and Sparta. However, it only lasted about 15 years, as tensions continued to simmer between the two powers.

What were the main phases of the Peloponnesian War?

The Peloponnesian War is typically divided into three main phases: the Archidamian War, the Sicilian Expedition (or Attack at Syracuse), and the Ionian War (or Decelean War).

What was the significance of the Archidamian War?

The Archidamian War, named after King Archidamus of Sparta, was characterized by Spartan invasions of Attica and Athenian naval raids along the Peloponnese. It set the stage for the prolonged conflict between the two city-states.

What was the outcome of the Athenian expedition to Syracuse in 415 BCE?

The Athenian expedition to Syracuse was a disastrous campaign that ended in the destruction of the Athenian fleet and significant losses for Athens, severely weakening its military and resources.

How did the Spartans gain an advantage during the Ionian War?

The Spartans received assistance from the Persians, who had once been their enemies. This support allowed Sparta to strengthen its position and ultimately defeat Athens decisively.

What was the decisive battle that marked the end of the Peloponnesian War?

The decisive battle was the naval battle at Aegospotami in 405 BCE, where the Spartans achieved a significant victory by destroying the Athenian navy.

What were the consequences of the Peloponnesian War for Greece?

The consequences included widespread destruction of towns, weakened city-states, and increased vulnerability to external threats, ultimately leading to the rise of Philip of Macedon in the 4th Century BCE.

How did the Delian League contribute to Athenian power?

The Delian League, initially formed to continue the fight against Persia, provided Athens with financial resources and military support, which Athens utilized to build a strong navy and expand its influence across the region.