Proteins & Amino Acids | Biochemistry
Summary
TLDRThis video explains proteins, one of the essential macromolecules. It describes the structure of amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, which consist of an amine group, a carboxyl group, and a unique functional group. The script explains how amino acids bond through dehydration to form polypeptides, which then fold into functional proteins due to interactions between their functional groups. These proteins are vital for numerous bodily functions, including acting as enzymes, receptors, and transporters. The video also touches on how mutations can alter protein function, affecting overall health.
Takeaways
- 🌟 Proteins are macromolecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
- 🔍 The basic unit of proteins is the amino acid, which includes an amine group and a carboxyl group.
- 🌈 There are 20 different types of amino acids, some of which are essential and must be obtained through diet.
- 💧 Amino acids are linked together through a dehydration process to form polypeptides.
- 🔗 The sequence and type of amino acids determine the properties of the resulting protein.
- 🧬 The folding of a polypeptide chain is influenced by the interactions between its functional groups.
- 🌀 Hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties of amino acids affect how a protein folds and its interaction with water.
- 🔑 The three-dimensional structure of a protein, or its quaternary structure, is crucial for its function.
- 🧬 Mutations in DNA can lead to changes in amino acids, which can alter protein folding and function.
- 🏋️♂️ Proteins perform a wide range of functions in the body, including structural support, enzymatic activity, and transport.
Q & A
What atoms primarily make up proteins?
-Proteins are primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
What is the basic subunit of proteins?
-The basic subunit of proteins is the amino acid.
What are the three main components of an amino acid?
-An amino acid consists of an amine group (nitrogen with two hydrogens), a carboxyl group (carbon with a double bond to oxygen and an OH group), and a functional group.
Why are some amino acids called essential amino acids?
-Essential amino acids are those that the human body cannot produce and must be obtained through the diet.
How do amino acids differ from one another?
-Amino acids differ based on their functional group, which gives them unique properties like being hydrophobic, hydrophilic, acidic, or basic.
What process links amino acids together to form a polypeptide chain?
-Amino acids are linked together through a process called dehydration synthesis, where a water molecule (H2O) is removed to join them.
What determines the way a polypeptide folds into a functional protein?
-The folding of a polypeptide into a functional protein is influenced by the interactions between the functional groups of the amino acids, such as charges and hydrophobic or hydrophilic properties.
What are some functions of proteins in the human body?
-Proteins perform many functions, including acting as enzymes to speed up chemical reactions, transporting molecules, acting as receptors, and providing structure to cells and tissues.
What is a potential consequence of a mutation in a single amino acid?
-A mutation in a single amino acid can change its properties (e.g., from acidic to basic), which can alter the folding and function of the protein, potentially leading to disorders or malfunction.
How many different types of proteins does the human body produce?
-The human body produces between 20,000 to 50,000 different types of proteins.
Outlines
🔬 Understanding Proteins and Amino Acids
Dr. Mike introduces proteins as a macromolecule and explains their composition. Proteins, like carbohydrates and fats, contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but they also have nitrogen. Amino acids are the basic subunits or monomers of proteins, each composed of an amine group (nitrogen with two hydrogens), a carboxyl group (carbon with a double bond to oxygen and an OH group), and a functional group that differentiates them. There are 20 different amino acids, with some being essential (obtained from the diet) and others synthesized by the body. The functional group gives each amino acid unique properties, such as being hydrophobic or hydrophilic, acidic or basic, which plays a key role in their interactions.
🧬 The Formation of Polypeptides and Protein Folding
Amino acids connect to form polypeptides through a dehydration process where water is removed, linking them into a chain. This long chain of amino acids, known as a polypeptide, isn't yet a fully functional protein. The functional groups on each amino acid determine how the polypeptide folds. Positive and negative charges attract or repel, hydrophobic groups avoid water, and hydrophilic groups seek exposure to water. The folding process creates a 3D structure called a quaternary structure, which gives the protein its functional shape. This folding is crucial because any change in amino acid properties can alter the protein's function, as seen in mutations that affect DNA.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Proteins
💡Amino Acids
💡Polypeptide
💡Dehydration Reaction
💡Functional Group
💡Protein Folding
💡Quaternary Structure
💡Essential Amino Acids
💡Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic
💡Enzymes
Highlights
Proteins, like carbohydrates and fats, are macromolecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but uniquely contain nitrogen.
The basic subunit of proteins is the amino acid, which consists of an amine group (nitrogen and two hydrogens), a carboxyl group (carbon with double-bonded oxygen and OAH), and a functional group.
The name 'amino acid' comes from the combination of an amine group and a carboxylic acid (carboxyl group).
There are 20 different amino acids, each with a distinct functional group that defines its unique properties and characteristics.
Some amino acids are hydrophobic (repel water), while others are hydrophilic (attract water); some can be acidic or basic, and some carry positive or negative charges.
Essential amino acids are those that the body cannot produce and must be obtained through the diet, while the body can synthesize non-essential amino acids.
Amino acids bond through dehydration synthesis, where a water molecule (H2O) is removed to form a peptide bond between the amine group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another.
A polypeptide is formed when multiple amino acids are linked together, creating a long chain that is the precursor to a functional protein.
The functional groups on the amino acids cause the polypeptide chain to fold, influenced by forces such as attraction and repulsion between charged groups, and hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions.
Protein folding results in a three-dimensional quaternary structure, which gives the protein its specific function in the body.
There are around 20,000 to 50,000 proteins in the human body, and they are produced based on genetic material.
Proteins serve numerous roles in the body, including forming enzymes that accelerate chemical reactions, transporting substances, and acting as receptors for signaling molecules.
The three-dimensional structure of a protein is crucial for its function, and even a single amino acid change (e.g., due to a mutation) can significantly alter the protein's shape and functionality.
Mutations in DNA can affect the folding and function of proteins by changing one amino acid, which may result in diseases or dysfunctional biological processes.
Proteins are the most functionally diverse macromolecules in the body, with roles ranging from structural support to catalyzing reactions and transporting molecules.
Transcripts
I run dr. Mike here now let's look at
proteins which is another type of
macromolecule now as we've been going
through looking at carbs looking at fats
and now proteins I've told you what type
of atoms compose the majority of these
types of macromolecules when it comes to
proteins just like the others contains
carbon contains hydrogen contains oxygen
but one difference is that they contain
nitrogen okay now just like fats and
carbohydrates they're made up of basic
subunits or monomers and then they're
built up to what we call polymers or
bigger molecules in this case we're
looking at as the monomer the smallest
subunit is that of the amino acid so
that's where we're going to begin now an
amino acid is made up of an amine group
now the amine group is simply a nitrogen
with two hydrogen that's what's called
an amine then what we've got is on the
other end a carbon with a double bond
oxygen and OAH this is called a carboxyl
group you would have seen the carboxyl
group again in the fats and also in the
carbohydrates and together what you'll
find is carboxyl has also termed
carboxylic acid and this is where the
named amino acid comes comes from the
amino group or the amine group and the
carboxylic acid together is amino acid
now the third thing that an amino acid
has is this functional group this is
what makes an amino acid different so
every amino acid has this core structure
of the a main the carbon and the
carboxyl the difference is this
functional group on the end now there's
20 different types of amino acids now
the some that are called essential amino
acids these are amino acids a weak
cannot make we must get these from our
diet the rest we can there's about six
to eight of them the rest we can make
ourselves now this functional group on
the end this is the thing like I said
that makes them different some of these
functional groups have specific
characteristics or properties or
personalities that make them so
different for example some may be
hydrophobic that means they don't like
being near water some may be acidic
some may be basic some may be quite
positive some may be negative and some
may actually like water being close to
water called hydrophilic now this is
important because when we take an amino
acid and we click it together with
another amino acid which is what we're
doing here we're starting to create what
we call a polypeptide this is a polymer
this is a chain of amino acids so we
simply take one amino acid and another
amino acid and just like we spoke about
when we were clicking together monomers
or carbohydrates like glycerol for
example and when we're clicking together
fats we go through a process of
dehydration we need to remove a water
molecule and here you can see we take
the O H group here from the carboxyl end
of one amino acid and we take a hydrogen
from the amine side of another amino
acid together with taking away water h2o
and now we've clicked two amino acids
together and we continue to do this to
create a polypeptide now when we create
a nice long polypeptide chain which
you've got here we're starting to move
towards something that's resembling a
protein but not yet what you'll see is
we've got this nice long chain with all
these different functional groups now
it's the functional groups that alter
this nice long linear polypeptide and
tell it to fold in upon itself how does
this work okay if one of these
functional groups is positive and
another is negative they're going to
want to be close to each other okay so
they arrange themselves to be near each
other if both are positive then they'll
want to be away from each other and
they'll fold themselves so they are away
from each other you may have one that
likes water or a couple that like water
that means they're going to fold
themselves so they're exposed to the
liquid environment you have some that
hate water so it wants to imbed itself
deep within the protein you're going to
some have some acid than some bases and
this also is going to alter the way that
it folds itself and what ultimately
happened it happens is you get this
three-dimensional what we call a
quaternary structure of a folded
polypeptide or group of polypeptides
into something called a protein and now
this folded protein is what actually has
the function in our body there's around
about 20,000 to 50,000 protein
means that our body makes okay from our
genetic material and when you're looking
at me right now you're basically looking
at all my proteins so it makes up the
majority of my skin and my eyes it has
all the functions in the body it they
basically make ends are or they are
enzymes so this makes reactions happen
millions of times faster than they would
without enzymes they shuttle things by
picking things up and taking them
elsewhere they can be receptors they can
bind to other things proteins have all
the function in the body so they're
extremely important and it's these
functional groups that fold it into its
functional property and if you have a
problem with it it could even just be a
single amino acid it could change this
one from an acid to a base that changes
the way it folds that alters the
function of the protein this is one way
that mutations in our DNA can affect our
proteins functions so this is proteins
as a macro molecule
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