APUSH America's History: Chapter 9 Review Video
Summary
TLDRThis video provides an insightful overview of Chapter 9 from 'America's History', focusing on the transformation of the U.S. economy between 1800 and 1860. Key topics include the American Industrial Revolution, the introduction of the factory system and assembly lines, and the Lowell System, which offered women greater independence. It also covers the Market Revolution, transportation developments like canals and railroads, and inventions such as Eli Whitney’s cotton gin and interchangeable parts. Additionally, it touches on the growth of unions, immigration patterns, and religious movements like the Second Great Awakening.
Takeaways
- 🔧 The American Industrial Revolution introduced the division of labor and early assembly lines, especially in industries like slaughterhouses and shoe factories.
- 🇺🇸 Samuel Slater, known as the father of the American factory system, brought textile factory designs from Britain, helping start American manufacturing.
- 🏭 The U.S. had natural resource advantages and tariffs on foreign goods, but Britain had a larger workforce willing to work for low wages in the textile industry.
- 🧵 The Lowell system allowed young women from local farms to work in factories, providing them with independence and wages while living under strict rules in boarding houses.
- ⚙️ Eli Whitney's inventions, including the cotton gin and interchangeable parts, greatly increased production efficiency and contributed to the growth of slavery in the U.S.
- 🛠️ Unions began to form to negotiate with employers, but they were not widely recognized as legal until Massachusetts' Commonwealth vs. Hunt case in 1837.
- 🚂 The Market Revolution transformed labor, population, and transportation in the U.S., especially benefiting the Northeast and Midwest with improvements in roads, canals, and railroads.
- 📜 Key transportation innovations included the Erie Canal and National Road, which expanded trade and connected regions of the country.
- 🏙️ The Market and Industrial Revolutions led to the growth of cities and social class distinctions, with an emerging middle class and more pronounced wealth disparities.
- 🍻 The Temperance movement, led largely by women, sought to reduce alcohol consumption, while religious figures like Charles Grandison Finney preached individual free will during the Second Great Awakening.
Q & A
What was the role of Samuel Slater in the American Industrial Revolution?
-Samuel Slater played a key role in the American Industrial Revolution by memorizing British factory plans and bringing them to the United States, earning him the title 'Father of the Factory System in America.'
How did the division of labor impact American factories in the early 1800s?
-The division of labor allowed American factories to increase efficiency by assigning workers to specific repetitive tasks, similar to primitive assembly lines, which sped up production.
Why were tariffs important in the American textile industry during the early 1800s?
-Tariffs, such as those implemented under Henry Clay’s American System, protected American businesses by making foreign goods more expensive, encouraging the development of domestic industries.
How did the Lowell System contribute to women's independence in the 19th century?
-The Lowell System provided employment opportunities for young women from local farms, giving them a degree of financial independence by working in factories and living in employer-provided boarding houses.
What were Eli Whitney's two major contributions to the American Industrial Revolution?
-Eli Whitney's two major contributions were the invention of the cotton gin, which revolutionized cotton processing, and the concept of interchangeable parts, which increased the efficiency of manufacturing.
How did the Market Revolution affect the economy of the Northeast and Midwest differently than the South?
-The Market Revolution connected the Northeast and Midwest through improved transportation and economic systems, while the South remained largely focused on agriculture, particularly cotton production.
What was the significance of the Erie Canal in the early 19th century?
-The Erie Canal significantly reduced transportation costs by connecting New York City to the Great Lakes, enabling goods to be shipped more quickly and cheaply, spurring economic growth.
How did the rise of factories and industrialization affect social classes in America?
-Industrialization led to the emergence of distinct social classes, with a clear divide between the wealthy business elite, the growing middle class, and urban workers and the poor, who were particularly vulnerable during economic downturns.
What was the purpose of the Second Great Awakening, and how did it influence American society?
-The Second Great Awakening was a religious revival that emphasized individual free will and the possibility of salvation for everyone, leading to social reforms such as temperance, abolitionism, and the establishment of asylums.
What was the impact of nativism on Irish immigrants during the 19th century?
-Nativism, driven by fears of Catholic influence and the political power of Irish immigrants, led to widespread discrimination against Irish Catholics, who were often seen as a threat to American Protestant values and politics.
Outlines
💼 Introduction to the American Industrial Revolution
This paragraph introduces Chapter 9 of America's history, focusing on the American Industrial Revolution (1800-1860). The division of labor and the rise of factory work are discussed, with examples such as assembly lines in slaughterhouses (Porkopolis) and shoe factories. Samuel Slater's role as the 'father of the American factory system' is highlighted, as he brought British textile knowledge to America. The U.S. textile industry's advantages, including tariffs, natural resources, and innovations like the Lowell system, are also covered. Eli Whitney's contributions, including the cotton gin and interchangeable parts, are emphasized.
🚢 Transportation and the Market Revolution
This section covers the rise of transportation systems during the Market Revolution, including canals (notably the Erie Canal) and steamboats. These innovations connected regions and significantly reduced transportation costs and times. Railroads eventually replaced canals, further connecting the North and Midwest. Inventions like the McCormick reaper and John Deere's steel plow helped improve agricultural productivity. While the North and Midwest embraced manufacturing and trade, the South remained focused on agriculture, particularly cotton. The development of cities like Cincinnati and Buffalo is attributed to their roles as manufacturing and trading centers.
🏠 Social Classes and Economic Changes in the Market Revolution
This paragraph discusses the social impacts of the Market and Industrial Revolutions, particularly the emergence of distinct social classes. The wealthy elite began to dress more extravagantly, marking a growing divide between them and the working class. The middle class, made up of farmers, merchants, and professionals, became a powerful demographic, with a focus on education and cultural refinement. Meanwhile, urban workers and the poor struggled, especially during economic downturns. Children were often forced to work, and families faced hardships. This era saw the rise of class-based tensions and distinctions.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡American Industrial Revolution
💡Division of Labor
💡Lowell System
💡Eli Whitney
💡Market Revolution
💡Erie Canal
💡Interchangeable Parts
💡Commonwealth v. Hunt
💡Second Great Awakening
💡Nativism
Highlights
The American Industrial Revolution saw the introduction of primitive assembly lines, particularly in slaughterhouses in Cincinnati, nicknamed 'Porkopolis.'
Samuel Slater is known as the father of the American factory system, having smuggled British industrial knowledge to the U.S. in disguise.
The U.S. had significant natural resources and imposed tariffs to promote American business over foreign competition as part of Henry Clay's American System.
The Lowell System in Massachusetts employed young women from farming families, providing them independence and strict living conditions in boarding houses.
U.S. patents increased drastically between 1820 and 1860, symbolizing the country’s innovation and technological growth.
Eli Whitney revolutionized manufacturing with his invention of the cotton gin and interchangeable parts, leading to mass production and cheaper goods.
The Commonwealth v. Hunt case in 1837 was pivotal in making unions legal in Massachusetts, although unions did not gain widespread traction until after the Civil War.
The Market Revolution, which impacted labor, population, and transportation, primarily benefited the Northeast and Midwest, leaving the South behind.
The construction of the National Road and the Erie Canal connected distant regions, enhancing trade between New York City, the Great Lakes, and the Midwest.
Railroads began to replace canals as the primary transportation method, particularly during and after the Civil War, linking the North and Midwest.
Cities like Cincinnati, Buffalo, and Pittsburgh emerged as key trading and manufacturing centers during the Industrial and Market Revolutions.
Distinct social classes began to form, with the business elite dressing more extravagantly and employing servants, while the middle class grew in influence.
The Benevolent Empire was a religious movement aimed at reducing alcohol consumption and vices, leading to social reforms such as homes for orphans and asylums.
Charles Grandison Finney played a major role in the Second Great Awakening, promoting free will and the belief that anyone could be saved.
The American Temperance Society, with 200,000 members, advocated for abstaining from alcohol and had significant social influence in the early 19th century.
Transcripts
yo what's going on a push peeps we have
chapter nine of America's history for
you today this one is titled
transforming the economy 1800 to 1860
also make sure you check out the
description below for videos that match
up with not only the new curriculum but
also this chapter I do have specific
videos to reinforce key ideas from this
chapter so let's get started talking
about the American Industrial Revolution
we're going to start off talking about
the division of labor and the factory
now whether it was at home or a factory
work became more rot or the same and
efficient by doing specific tasks this
is where we see the introduction of very
primitive assembly lines where where
workers would have one specific job to
do over and over this is seen in
slaughter houses especially in
Cincinnati which which has so many
slaughter houses that becomes known as
Porkopolis and also in shoe factories as
well now the British they have control
of most of the textile industry in the
world at this time and the British
government forbid mechanics and machines
to leave Britain so they did not want
any other country to be able to use
their ideas now Samuel Slater he was a
guy from Britain who immigrated to
America in Disguise he dressed himself
up and he was able to sneak out of Great
Britain he memorized plans for a factory
and he is known as the father of the
factory system in America because he
memorized these plans brought him to
America and then America began to use
many of his ideas now let's talk about
American and British advantages in the
textile industry the US had a tremendous
amount of Natural
Resources way more than Britain had and
the US also instituted tariff on foreign
Goods this was part of Henry Clay's
American system and we see tariffs in
1816 1824 1828 1832 and
1833 this was a way to promote American
Business over foreign competition
Britain however had a larger population
and they had a lot of people that were
willing to work for very little money
the US improved on many many machines
that were from Britain and we have the
Lowel system this develops in
Massachusetts where local farmers
daughters began to work in factories and
these were young women they would live
in boarding houses that were provided by
the employers and they had strict
curfews and there was no alcohol and
other rules for them to live by however
this did provide a lot of Independence
for women women were making money on
their own and they were able to provide
for themselves so between the years 1820
and 1860 the US patents increase
drastically in aent is when you apply
for for an invention so that others
cannot copy it Eli Whitney is a hugely
important person I'm sure you're
familiar with most people are familiar
with him inventing the cotton genin in
1793 that separated cotton from its
seeds and it increased the ability of
one worker to separate seeds from cotton
which helped lead to an increase in
slavery because slavery exploded as a
result of this more Farmers wanted more
land to grow cotton more cotton equals
more profits he also Eli Whitney
invented interchangeable parts and these
were used for guns and later applied to
other areas and other Industries now I
always think of interchangeable parts as
a cookie cutter and if you were to use
this heart-shaped cookie cutter here
every single cookie would appear to be
that same exact shape now
interchangeable parts were parts that
would be the exact same they would come
from an identical form similar to a
cookie cutter this allows for goods to
be increased at a much faster rate and
this has a huge impact on factories
goods are produced at a much faster rate
they become more abundant and they also
become cheaper so it helps out consumers
who are buying these Goods we begin to
see the development of unions and the
whole purpose of Union is to bargain
with employers and early American law
viewed unions as illegal as did British
common law so it's really not until
1837 in the massachusett state supreme
court case Commonwealth versus hunt that
unions are viewed as legal but it takes
a while for unions to kind of catch on
it's really more symbolic at the time
many states and governments are still
resistance to unions it's really not
going to be until after the Civil War
that we see the union movement begin to
expand all right let's talk about the
market Revolution this is a term that's
specifically mentioned in the new
curriculum that you should be familiar
with and it is the change in labor
systems population and transportation
and the big idea is that it greatly
affected the Northeast and the Midwest
the South really is kind of left out of
this Market Revolution now let's focus
on Transportation because that's a big
part of the market Revolution German and
Irish those two groups made up a large
portion of immigrants and these are
known as old immigrants and old
immigrants came from northern and
western Europe I do have a video on Old
immigration check that out in the
description below we have the government
building the National Road which is also
known as Cumberland Road which extended
from Cumberland Maryland all all the way
to Vandalia Illinois this was funded by
the federal government and here's a
building that you can visit that was
built Al as a stop along the National
Road still there today canals and
steamboats shrink distance we see canals
are being developed and the most famous
one of all is the Erie Canal and that
connected Al way over here to Buffalo
and it's very important to note that
this was able to connect New York City
via the Hudson River here all the way to
Lake Erie in the lakes and Beyond so so
Goods could reach as far as Chicago via
the Erie Canal because Goods would ship
down the Erie Canal meet up at the great
lakes and then extend out west this
allows for goods to be shipped farther
and faster and more cheaply as well and
canals and Roads change the
Environmental Landscape of the United
States as well other canals soon emerg
that connect more of America together
the eie canal is probably the most
famous one but there are many other
canals as well and we see that the state
government subsidized IED or helped pay
for canals whether they they were in the
form of direct payment or tax breaks for
companies that would build these canals
now canals are soon going to be replaced
by railroads and it's especially going
to be during and after the Civil War
where this railroad boom will really
take off livestock and wheat would be
transported between the two regions of
the North and the Midwest via railroad
again think about that market Revolution
connecting those two areas and there are
some inventions that helped Farmers we
have the mccormic reaper and De John
Deer steel plow the reaper would allow
Farmers to harvest their crops and the
steel plow would allow Farmers to break
tough soil and begin to plant their
crops and the South did not invest in
manufacturing like the North and the
Midwest did rather they continue to rely
on agriculture especially cotton and
they really just make their bed and keep
investing in Cotton which will lead to
more issues later on we see that the
market Revolution increased the number
of cities and towns in the united states
and cities begin to emerge as trading
and Manufacturing centers you have
places like Cincinnati and buffalo my
two favorite cities I used to live in
Cincinnati I currently live in Buffalo
also Pittsburgh Chicago these big cities
really develop as not only manufacturing
centers but trading centers as well and
and many of these are right around water
that's important because of shipping
Buffalo with Y Canal Cincinnati with the
Ohio River Etc okay so let's talk about
the impacts of the market and the
industrial revolutions is what we really
want to focus on we see that there are
larger houses better clothes cheaper
products and distinct social classes
that emerge so let's talk about the
business Elite prior to the market and
Industrial Revolution social classes
regularly interacted and dressed similar
and afterwards the wealthy dressed and
finer clothing they had carriages that
they would write on and they also had
servants who begin to see more of a
distinction between the the wealthy in
the middle class or working classes
employers employees worked alongside
each other less so rather you see the
management start to not work alongside
jobs with employees now let's go to the
middle class this group is made up of
Farmers Merchants lawyers Etc and this
is a very powerful emerging group 30% of
the population in the 1840s in the
Northeast was made up of the middle
class this really begins to emerge
during this time in the antibellum
America class wives bought books pianos
lithographs you name it there so there's
there's this new social class culture
that begins to emerge with the help of
women and middle class children received
a high school education most people
during this time really only went to to
school through fifth grade but there's
this this push for middle class children
to receive a high school education that
kind of reinforces this idea of
Republican Motherhood in which the
mothers would be the caretakers of
children and and would encourage them to
get an education and and become good
contributing citizens of American
society so let's go over to Urban
workers and the poor poor workers were
especially hit hard during economic
downturns whether it is the panic of
1819 the panic of 1837 1857 you name it
that that the poor workers are really
really hurt children would often have to
work to help provide for families
children as young is 10 years old and
God forbid if a parent were to die in a
family children would be even more
relied upon to help make up
some of the the wages the benevolent
Empire we're going to focus on religion
now and this is a religious movement to
reduce Alcohol and Other vices and
here's a very famous picture that you
should be familiar with um this is from
the 1840s and it shows the transition
from drinking by yourself just a glass
all the way to eventual death or suicide
as a result of alcohol so these are the
different stages of the destruction of
alcohol at least under the
interpretation in the 1840 you see down
here that there's this mother and and
daughter it looks like at least the
child that is kind of left alone to deal
with the mess of alcohol so this this
movement encouraged governments to ban
carnivals which which would allow
excessive drinking and they also
improved Society by creating homes for
Orphans and asylums for those with
mental illnesses and women played a very
large role in this movement you should
be familiar with this woman Dorothy Dix
she was influential and she was able to
get better treatment for the mentally
insane by having different asylums for
them so she advocated or favored better
treatment for the mentally insane and
many laborers or or the the working
class really resisted this movement
especially laws restricting activities
on Sundays or the Sabbath day and and
one reason they did so is because a lot
of people were working six days a week
12 to 14 hours a day and their thoughts
were listen all we want is one day to
kind of have to ourselves to be able to
let loose and do what we want to do so
you really see this this tension between
the working classes and the upper
classes that are trying to restrict some
of the behaviors of the working classes
especially when it comes to alcohol all
right Charles granison finny he is a
very important person that is part of
the second grade awakening he played an
instrumental role he helped convert many
people during the second grade awakening
so he preached this Evangelical belief
and he believed that individuals had
free will that anybody could would be
safe so he was not in favor of the
calvinist pre predestination Doctrine he
believed that anybody could have
relationship with God and anybody could
be saved this resonated with wealthy
individuals in Western York and buffalo
Rochester in that area this District was
known as the burned over district and
the poor and immigrants were not as
affected by his message it was more of
the middle and upper classes let's go
back to Temperance again this idea of
limiting the consumption of alcohol we
the American Temperance society which
becomes a very powerful Society at one
time it boasted 200,000 members
Nationwide and people promised to
abstain or stop drinking alcohol it was
very influential you would even have
little clubs of the offshoots of this as
well which children would would
encourage people to stop drinking all
right we're going to go down to
immigration very important this is a
part of the new curriculum as well we
have old immigration which is made up of
mostly Germans and Irish again they are
from northern and western Europe and one
reason why the Irish came here in such
large numbers was the Irish Potato
Famine take a look at that potato that's
called the potato blight it's this
disease that affects potatoes imagine
you're eating a potato you're biting to
that thing huh how nasty is that well
this led to the death or
immigration of millions of people from
Ireland and they tended to come to the
United States and settle in cities in
the Northeast they also were Catholics
and they tended to vote Democrat that
would lead to a lot of tension between
Protestant Americans and those who who
were not Democratic and felt that the
Irish stole elections or or influenced
elections too much by voting Democrat we
have this idea that develops it's called
nativism and you can see countless
examples of nativism throughout US
history as a dislike distrust of
immigrants it's when people really want
to strict restrict immigration and one
of the large reasons was that many
Protestants feared the power of the Pope
they had this idea that the pope would
would influence all these Catholics and
really play a large role in the
government that's why it's not until
1960 that you see JFK as the first
president who is Catholic there's this
really big fear of the pope all right
let's do a quick review of this chapter
the loal girls and definitely know the
loow girls and the and the impacts of
them on women in Massachusetts Eli
Winnie his two inventions the
interchangeable parts and the cotton gy
know the impacts of the canals
especially the Eerie Canal and that led
to increased trade the connecting the
Northeast and the Midwest the impacts of
the market Revolution the same idea the
Northeast and the Midwest Second Great
Awakening no Charles graned inin
temperance movement sought to eliminate
alcohol nativism wanted to restrict
immigration and was harsh against
immigrants especially Irish and Irish
and Germans all right guys thank you
very much for watching I do appreciate
it I hope I was able to clarify chapter
nine for you today I wish you nothing
but the best of luck on your test check
out videos that are matching the new
curriculum in the description below if
you found this video helpful please help
spread the word and also subscribe if
you have not already and if you have any
questions or comments feel free to leave
them in the comment section below I
thank you guys so much again I really
appreciate it and have a good day
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