Toxicologia 🧫🧪
Summary
TLDRThis video script delves into the field of toxicology, a discipline that studies the harmful effects of chemical and physical agents on biological systems. It highlights the importance of understanding the nature and mechanisms of injuries caused by toxic substances. The script covers occupational toxicology, which focuses on the impact of workplace contaminants on health, and environmental toxicology, which deals with the damaging effects of chemicals in the environment on humans, animals, and ecosystems. It also discusses acute and chronic exposure, the classification of toxic substances, and the factors influencing toxic effects. The video emphasizes the significance of monitoring chemical behaviors and using biomarkers for detecting chemical substances in the body, such as arsenic, benzene, cadmium, chromium, mercury, and lead, to prioritize the study of chemicals based on their health risks and exposure populations.
Takeaways
- 🔬 Toxicology is defined by the World Health Organization as the study of harmful effects of chemical and physical agents on biological systems, and it assesses the extent of damage based on exposure.
- 👷♂️ Occupational toxicology focuses on the harmful effects of workplace contaminants on worker health, particularly in industries where exposure to dangerous chemicals occurs under unsafe conditions.
- 🌿 Environmental toxicology deals with the damaging effects of chemicals or toxic agents present in air, water, soil, food, and other environmental factors on humans, domestic animals, wildlife, and the ecosystem.
- 🧪 Toxicity is a property of a chemical molecule or compound that can cause harm or adverse effects on living organisms.
- 🚑 Acute exposure occurs over a short duration where the chemical or physical agent is rapidly absorbed, and its effects appear immediately.
- 🔄 Chronic exposure involves repeated exposure to low doses over a long period, leading to the accumulation of the toxic agent in the body as it is not eliminated as quickly as it is absorbed.
- 🌫 Toxic substances can be classified into various forms such as gases, vapors, mists, aerosols, dusts, fumes, and fibers, each with distinct characteristics and modes of exposure.
- 💉 The route of toxic exposure is crucial, with skin acting as a barrier, but some substances can be absorbed through it. Oral ingestion and respiratory inhalation are common routes, especially in occupational settings.
- 🔍 Factors modifying the response to a toxic agent are based on a triad of agent, receptor, and environment, considering aspects like genetic makeup, nutritional status, sex, age, emotional state, and environmental conditions.
- 🧪 Monitoring chemical behavior is fundamental and involves observation, assessment of individual exposure, and inference of substance frequency in tissues, organs, and body fluids, along with biological alterations.
- 📊 Biological indicators are essential for detecting chemical substances, with specific tests for arsenic, benzene, cadmium, chromium, mercury, and lead in urine, blood, hair, and saliva.
- 🛑 Criteria for prioritizing the selection of chemical or toxic substances for study should be based on the presumed threat to human health, the type of health disorder and its latent sequelae, the relationship with the agent's formulation and application, and the type and magnitude of exposed populations.
Q & A
What is toxicology according to the World Health Organization?
-Toxicology is defined as the discipline that studies the harmful effects of chemical and physical agents on biological systems and establishes the magnitude of damage based on the exposure of living organisms to these agents.
How did the understanding of occupational health effects evolve in the 19th and 20th centuries?
-In the late 19th century and throughout the 20th century, the knowledge of the effects of occupational activity in certain industries led to the recognition of serious diseases and deaths caused by exposure to dangerous chemicals and toxic agents under unsafe working conditions.
What is the focus of occupational toxicology?
-Occupational toxicology focuses on studying the harmful effects on workers' health produced by environmental contaminants in the workplace.
What is environmental toxicology concerned with?
-Environmental toxicology is concerned with the damaging effects of chemical substances or toxic agents present in the air, water, soil, food, and other environmental factors to which humans, domestic animals, fish, wildlife, and other ecosystem elements are exposed.
What is acute exposure in terms of toxicology?
-Acute exposure occurs due to a short-duration exposure where the chemical or physical agent is rapidly absorbed, either in one or several doses, within a period not exceeding 24 hours, and its effects appear immediately.
What is chronic exposure and how does it differ from acute exposure?
-Chronic exposure occurs with repeated exposures to low doses over a long period. The effects manifest because the toxic agent accumulates in the organism, meaning the amount eliminated is less than the amount absorbed, as the effects produced by repeated exposures accumulate.
How can toxic substances be classified based on their state?
-Toxic substances can be classified as gases, vapors, mists, aerosols, foams, dusts, fumes, and fibers, each with specific characteristics and behaviors under ambient pressure and temperature conditions.
What is the most common route of toxic exposure in the workplace?
-The respiratory route is the most common in the workplace, especially in manufacturing facilities, due to the frequent use of unstable substances that can be diffused and cause local damage or enter directly into the bloodstream.
What factors can modify the response to a toxic agent?
-Factors that modify the response to a toxic agent are based on a triad of agent, receptor, and environment, which includes analyzing aspects such as structure, genetics, nutritional status, sex, age, emotional state of the receptor, temperature, high partial pressure of oxygen in the environment, and factors of the toxic agent.
What are some representative biological indicators for detecting chemical substances?
-Representative biological indicators for detecting chemical substances include arsenic in urine, blood, and hair; benzene and phenol in urine; cadmium and chromium in urine and blood; mercury in urine, blood, and saliva; and lead in blood and urine.
What criteria are essential for determining the priority in the selection of chemicals or toxic substances for study?
-The essential criteria for determining the priority in the selection of chemicals or toxic substances for study should be based on the presumption of a threat to people's health, the type of disorder and its latent sequelae on health, the relationship of the agent's formulation and application, and the type and magnitude of the populations exposed.
Outlines
🧪 Introduction to Toxicology and Occupational Health
This paragraph introduces toxicology as a discipline that studies the harmful effects of chemical and physical agents on biological systems. It explains how toxicology assesses the damage caused by exposure to these agents. The text also delves into the history of occupational toxicology, highlighting the rise of serious diseases and deaths due to exposure to hazardous chemicals and toxic agents in unsafe working conditions during the late 19th and 20th centuries. The paragraph outlines the role of occupational toxicology in studying the health effects on workers caused by environmental contaminants and environmental toxicology, which deals with the damaging effects of chemicals or toxic substances present in air, water, soil, food, and other environmental factors on humans, domestic animals, fish, wildlife, and other ecosystem elements. It also discusses the concept of toxicity as a property of a chemical molecule or compound capable of causing harm to living organisms and differentiates between acute and chronic exposure to toxic agents.
🌡 Monitoring Chemical Behavior and Toxic Substances
This paragraph focuses on the importance of monitoring the behavior of chemical substances, emphasizing the need to observe, evaluate, or calculate an individual's exposure to these agents. It discusses the use of biological indicators for detecting chemical substances, providing examples such as arsenic in urine, blood, and hair; benzene and phenol in urine and blood; cadmium and chromium in urine and blood; mercury in urine, blood, and saliva; and lead in blood and urine. The paragraph concludes by stressing the essential criteria for determining the priority in the selection of chemical or toxic substances for study, which should be based on the presumed threat to human health, the type of disorder and its latent sequelae on health, the relationship between the production and application of the agent, and the type and magnitude of the exposed populations.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Toxicology
💡Occupational Toxicology
💡Environmental Toxicology
💡Toxicity
💡Acute Exposure
💡Chronic Exposure
💡Toxic Substances Classification
💡Routes of Exposure
💡Biological Monitoring
💡Biological Indicators
💡Chemical Substance Prioritization
Highlights
Toxicology is defined by the World Health Organization as the study of harmful effects of chemical and physical agents on biological systems.
Toxicology assesses the magnitude of damage based on the exposure of living organisms to harmful agents.
19th and 20th centuries saw the rise of occupational diseases and deaths due to exposure to dangerous chemicals and toxins in unsafe working conditions.
Occupational toxicology focuses on studying the harmful effects of workplace contaminants on workers' health.
Environmental toxicology deals with the damaging effects of chemicals or toxins present in air, water, soil, food, and other environmental factors.
Toxicity is a property of a chemical molecule or compound that can produce harmful effects on living organisms.
Damages can be caused by particular circumstances of exposure, such as acute exposure occurring over a short duration.
Chronic exposure happens with repeated exposure to low doses over a long period, leading to the accumulation of the toxic agent in the body.
Toxic substances can be classified into gases, vapors, mists, aerosols, foams, dusts, fumes, and fibers.
The route of toxic exposure, such as through the skin, ingestion, or respiratory system, greatly influences the impact of toxic substances.
Skin acts as a barrier, but certain substances can still be absorbed through it.
Oral ingestion involves direct consumption of water or the toxic substance itself.
Respiratory exposure is common in the workplace, especially in manufacturing industries.
Factors modifying the response to a toxic agent depend on a triad of agent, receptor, and environment.
Monitoring chemical substances involves observation, evaluation, and calculation of individual exposure.
Biological indicators are crucial for detecting chemical substances, such as arsenic in urine, blood, and hair.
Other notable indicators include benzene and phenol in urine, cadmium and chromium in urine and blood, and mercury and lead in blood and urine.
Criteria for prioritizing the study of chemical substances should be based on the presumed health threat, type of disorder, and the populations exposed.
Transcripts
bienvenidos hoy veremos toxicología
[Música]
la organización mundial de la salud
define toxicología como aquella
disciplina que estudia los efectos
nocivos de los agentes químicos y
físicos en los sistemas biológicos y que
establece además la magnitud del daño en
función de la exposición de los
organismos vivos a dichos agentes se
ocupa de la naturaleza y de los
mecanismos de las lesiones y de la
evaluación de los diversos cambios
biológicos producidos por los agentes
nocivos
en la última mitad del siglo 19 y
durante el siglo 20 el conocimiento de
los efectos de la actividad laboral en
ciertas industrias incurrieron en la
manifestación de serias enfermedades y
decesos ocasionados por la exposición a
químicos peligrosos y agentes tóxicos
bajo condiciones inseguras de trabajo
este es el campo de acción de la
toxicología ocupacional cuya disciplina
aborda el estudio de los efectos nocivos
sobre la salud del trabajador producidos
por los contaminantes del ambiente
laboral
la toxicología ambiental por su parte es
aquella que tiene que ver con los
efectos dañinos de las sustancias
químicas o agentes tóxicos que están
presentes en el aire agua suelo
alimentos u otros factores ambientales y
a los cuales están expuestos el hombre
animales domésticos peces vida silvestre
y otros elementos del ecosistema
y la toxicidad de la propiedad de una
molécula química o compuesto que es
capaz de producir una lesión o efecto
nocivo sobre los organismos vivos estos
daños pueden ser causados por las
circunstancias particulares de
exposición
la exposición aguda se produce por una
exposición de corta duración en la cual
el agente químico o físico es absorbido
rápidamente ya sea en una o varias dosis
en un periodo no mayor de 24 horas sus
efectos aparecen de manera inmediata
la exposición crónica se produce con
exposiciones repetidas a bajas dosis
durante largo tiempo los efectos se
manifiestan porque el agente tóxico se
acumula en el organismo es decir la
cantidad de eliminada es menor que la
absorbida porque los efectos producidos
por las exposiciones repetidas se suman
las sustancias tóxicas pueden
clasificarse de la siguiente manera
gases son compuestos que a presión y
temperatura ambiental se comportan como
el aire vapores es materia proveniente
de la evaporación de un líquido o de la
sublimación de un sólido neblina si
rocíos son gotas de líquido suspendidas
en el aire generadas por la atomización
aspersión espuma o burbujeo de material
líquido polvos material sólido disperso
en el aire producto de la acción
mecánica sobre un sólido humos materia
sólida en suspensión en la atmósfera
formada por pequeñas partículas
producidas por la condensación de
metales o por resultado de la combustión
incompleta
y fibras son elementos químicos
alargados generalmente con un tamaño de
5 micras y con características como
resistencia a la temperatura
la ruta por la cual el elemento tóxico
irrumpe en contacto con el individuo es
el factor que más influye sobre los
elementos tóxicos de una sustancia
aunque la piel se constituye como una
barrera adecuada varias sustancias
pueden ser absorbidas a través de ella
el ingreso vía oral ocurre por la
ingestión directa de agua o de la misma
sustancia tóxica es relevante señalar
que la absorción de la sustancia dentro
del sistema gastrointestinal puede ser
rápida o lenta dependiendo de las
características intrínsecas de la misma
la vía respiratoria es la más común en
el área laboral sobre todo en las
fábricas de actividades manufactureras
debido al uso frecuente de sustancias
inestables la sustancia puede ser
difundida y producir un daño local o
bien introducirse de manera directa al
torrente sanguíneo
debe tenerse en cuenta que los factores
que modifican la respuesta a un agente
tóxico están en función de una tríada
agente receptor ambiente donde deben
analizarse aspectos como la estructura
genética estado nutricional sexo edad
estado emocional de receptor temperatura
presión parcial elevada del oxígeno en
el ambiente y los factores del agente
tóxico que incluyen la estructura y
composición química tamaño de la
partícula y la cantidad y concentración
vigilar el comportamiento de las
sustancias químicas es fundamental este
procedimiento incluye además variables
como la observación valoración o cálculo
de la exposición del individuo e
incorpora los resultados de muestras y
la inferencia de la frecuentación de
sustancias en tejidos órganos y fluidos
del organismo así como las alteraciones
biológicas con combinan test
los indicadores biológicos más
representativos para la detección de
sustancias químicas son para el arsénico
arsénico en orina sangre y cabello
benceno fenol en orina benceno en sangre
cadmio cadmio en orina y en sangre cromo
cromo en orina mercurio mercurio en
orina sangre y saliva plomo plomo en
sangre y orina
finalmente es importante tener en cuenta
que los criterios esenciales para
determinar la prioridad en la selección
de las sustancias químicas o tóxicas
motivo de un estudio deberán
fundamentarse en la presunción de
amenaza para la salud de las personas el
tipo de trastorno y sus secuelas
latentes sobre la salud la relación de
la elaboración y aplicación del agente
presunta y el tipo y magnitud de las
poblaciones que estén expuestas
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