Sociology 2
Summary
TLDRЭто лекция раскрывает различные теоретические подходы, используемые социологами для объяснения социального мира. Обсуждаются структурный функционализм, конфликтная теория и символьный интеракционизм. Лекция подчеркивает, как социальные изменения, культура, движения и технологии влияют на разработку социологической теории, и как она продолжает развиваться для объяснения сложного мира, в котором мы живем.
Takeaways
- 🌐社会学理论是理解社会现象和它们在社会中运作方式的框架。
- 🔍社会学理论基于包括结构功能主义、冲突理论、符号互动论等在内的多种视角。
- 📚社会学理论的发展受到社会变迁、政治经济结构、文化和社会规范、社会运动和科技全球化等社会力量的影响。
- 🏛️古典社会学阶段以埃米尔·涂尔干、马克斯·韦伯和卡尔·马克思的工作为特征,奠定了心理学理论的基础。
- 🌉现代社会学阶段从20世纪中期延续至今,出现了新的视角和方法,如结构功能主义、符号互动论、女性主义、批判理论和后现代主义。
- 🌐当代社会学阶段关注全球化、技术和环境可持续性等新挑战,并发展新的视角和方法。
- 🌱社会学理论根据解释问题的规模不同,分为宏观和微观理论。
- 🏛️结构功能主义强调社会结构和制度对社会稳定和运作的贡献,认为社会秩序是通过共享的价值观、规范和信仰来维持的。
- 💥冲突理论强调权力和不平等对社会关系和互动的影响,认为社会变化是通过权力和资源的斗争实现的。
- 🗣️符号互动论强调个体之间的互动和交流以及他们赋予这些互动的意义,认为社会现实是通过互动过程构建的。
- 🏫以大学为例,结构功能主义、冲突理论和符号互动论提供了不同的视角来分析社会世界。
Q & A
Что такое социологические теории?
-Социологические теории - это концепции, которые позволяют понимать и объяснять социальные явления и их функционирование в обществе.
Какие основные социальные силы способствовали развитию социологической теории?
-Социальные изменения, политические и экономические структуры, культура и социальные нормы, социальные движения и активизм, а также технологии и глобализация.
Какие три основные стадии развития социологической теории?
-Классическая социология, современная социология и современная социология.
Какие ключевые концепции были разработаны в рамках классической социологии?
-Ключевые концепции классической социологии включают разработку таких понятий, как структурализм, функционализм и исторический материализм.
Что отличает современную социологию от классической?
-Современная социология отличается появлением новых перспектив и подходов, таких как структурный функционализм, символический интеракционизм, феминизм, критическая теория и постмодернизм.
Какие макро- и микроуровни анализа представлены в социологических теориях?
-Макроуровень теорий связан с крупномасштабными проблемами и группами людей, в то время как микроуровень сосредоточен на конкретных отношениях между отдельными лицами или небольшими группами.
Что такое парадигмы в социологии?
-Парадигмы - это философские и теоретические рамки, используемые в дисциплине для формулирования теорий, общих/generalizatsii и экспериментов в поддержку них.
Какие три наиболее промышленные социологические теории, которые можно использовать для анализа социального мира?
-Структурный функционализм, теория конфликта и символический интеракционизм.
Как структурный функционализм объясняет роль университетов в обществе?
-Структурный функционализм смотрит на университеты как на важные социальные институты, которые подготавливают студентов к жизни в обществе и поддерживают социальный порядок.
Как теория конфликта интерпретирует университеты?
-Теория конфликта рассматривает университеты как инструменты могущественных элит, служащие для поддержания их доминирования над менее могущественными группами, часто усиливая социальную неравенство.
Что символический интеракционизм говорит о роли университетов?
-Символический интеракционизм смотрит на университеты как на социальные конструкции, создаваемые и поддерживаемые взаимодействиями имидж индивидов, где студенты формируют свою идентичность и чувство самости.
Outlines
🌐 Введение в социологические теории
Этот параграф представляет собой вступление в лекцию о социологических теориях. Рассматриваются различные подходы и точки зрения, которые социологи используют для понимания и объяснения социального мира. Основные теории, такие как структурализм, функционализм, конфликтология и символическая интеракционизм, являются основными фреймворками для анализа социальных явлений. Также упоминается, что социологические теории развивались в ответ на социальные изменения, вызванные, например, индустриализацией, а также политическими и экономическими структурами, культурой и социальными нормами, социальными движениями и активизмом, а также технологией и глобализацией.
📚 Развитие социологических теорий
В этом параграфе описывается процесс развития социологических теорий, который можно разделить на три этапа: классическая социология (конец 19-го - начало 20-го века), современная социология (с середины 20-го века до настоящего времени) и современная социология (настоящее время). Каждый этап характеризуется различными подходами и методами. Ключевые социологи, такие как Эмиль Дюркгейм, Макс Вэбэр и Карл Маркс, заложили фундамент для развития теорий, которые до сих пор оказывают влияние. Также упоминается, что социологические теории продолжают развиваться и адаптироваться к изменяющимся условиям и вызовам.
🔍 Теоретические подходы в социологии
Параграф посвящен основным теоретическим подходам в социологии, таким как макроуровневные и микроуровневные теории, а также парадигмы, такие как структурный функционализм, конфликтология и символическая интеракционизм. Структурный функционализм сосредотачивается на том, как социальные структуры и институты способствуют обществу в целом, в то время как конфликтология анализирует, как власть и неравенство формируют социальные отношения и взаимодействия. Символическая интеракционизм, с другой стороны, акцентируется на взаимодействиях и обмене междуидивидуальных и значений, которые они приписывают этим взаимодействиям.
🌉 Применение теорий к анализу университетов
В этом параграфе рассматривается, как различные социологические теории могут быть применены для анализа университетов. Структурный функционализм рассматривает университеты как важные институты, которые поддерживают социальный порядок и готовят студентов к жизни в обществе. Конфликтология сосредотачивается на том, как университеты поддерживают неравенство и служат интересам могущественных групп. Символическая интеракционизм выделяет то, как университеты формируются и поддерживаются через индивидуальные взаимодействия и значения.
🏆 Заключение и дальнейшие исследования
Заключительный параграф подводит итоги лекции, подчеркивая, что различные социологические теории предоставляют уникальные способы понимания и анализа социального мира. Каждая теория вносит свой вклад в развитие социологии. Эти теории помогают нам лучше понять себя и других, а также стремиться к созданию более справедливого и равных обществ. Также упоминается, что продолжение изучения социологии и социальных наук может способствовать развитию глубокого понимания и взаимопонимания между людьми.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Социологические теории
💡Структурализм
💡Функционализм
💡Конфликтная теория
💡Символический интеракционизм
💡Социальные изменения
💡Культурные и социальные нормы
💡Социальные движения
💡Технология и глобализация
💡Классическое социологическое обозрение
💡Современное социологическое обозрение
Highlights
Sociological theories are frameworks for understanding social phenomena and their operation within society.
Theories are based on perspectives including structural, functionalism, conflict theory, symbolic interactionism, and others.
Social changes, such as industrialization in the 19th century, have contributed to the development of sociological theory.
Political and economic structures, like Karl Marx's theory of class struggle, have influenced sociological theory.
Cultural and social norms, like Durkheim's collective consciousness, shape sociological theory.
Social movements and activism, including civil rights and feminism, have led to new sociological perspectives.
Technology and globalization are current influences on the development of sociological theory.
Sociological theories have evolved through stages including classical sociology, modern sociology, and contemporary sociology.
Classical sociology laid the foundation with key concepts by scholars like Durkheim, Weber, and Marx.
Modern sociology introduced new perspectives like structural functionalism and symbolic interactionism.
Contemporary sociology focuses on current challenges like globalization and environmental sustainability.
Theories vary in scope from macro level, relating to large-scale issues, to micro level, focusing on individual interactions.
Structural functionalism emphasizes the contribution of social structures and institutions to society's stability.
Conflict theory focuses on power, inequality, and the competition for resources in society.
Symbolic interactionism views society as constructed through ongoing processes of interaction and communication.
Each sociological theory offers a unique lens to understand and analyze the social world.
Sociological theories are valuable for understanding complex social phenomena and institutions.
The lecture concludes with an encouragement to further explore sociology and social sciences.
The lecture provides a list of terms and references for further study.
Transcripts
welcome to this lecture on psychological
theories in this lecture we will explore
the various perspectives and approaches
that sociologists use to understand and
explain the social world around us
the surgical theories are Frameworks for
understanding social phenomena and how
they operate within Society
these theories are based on a wide range
of perspectives including structural
functionalism config Theory symbolic
interactionism and others
so let's dive into the fascinating world
of physological theories there are
several social forces that have
contributed to the development of
sociological Theory over time this
includes social changes for example the
surgical theory has developed in
response to social change and challenges
that arise from it
for example the rise of in
industrialization and organization in
the 19th century led to new social
problems and chilling challenges that
required new ways of thinking about the
understanding Society
political and economic structures have
also played a significant role in the
development of socological theory for
example Karl Marx's theory of class
struggle and historical materialism was
influenced by the economic and political
structures of his time including the
rise of industrial capitalism
next one it's about culture and social
norms
cultural and social norms also shape the
development of theological theory for
example a majorheim's theory of social
facts and the collective Consciousness
was influenced by the cultural and
social norms of French society during
his time
social movements and activism also
contributed to the development of
theological Theory for example the civil
rights movement in the United States and
the feminist movements have led to the
emergence of New Perspectives and
approaches within sociology and of
course about technology technology and
globalization are also shaping the
development of theological theory in the
present day for example sociologists are
grappling with the impact of social
media and digital Technologies on
society as well as a challenges posed by
global interconnectedness and cultural
diversity overall social forces have
played a crucial role in the development
of theological Theory shaping the
questions that Pathologists ask the
methods they use and the perspectives
they adopt a society continues to evolve
and change
sociological Theory will continue to
develop and adapt in response to these
social forces
and now let's go to the next part it's
the development of the surgical theories
the development of socological theories
can be broadly divided into several
stages each characterized by different
perspectives assumptions and methods
these stages include classical sociology
this stage covers a period from the late
19th century to the early 20th century
and is characterized characterized by
the work of Scholars such as emelierheim
Max Weber and Karl Marx
this color slits the foundation for
psychological theory by developing key
Concepts and approaches that remain
influential today
next one is modern sociology this stage
covers the period from the mid 20th
century to the present day and is
characterized by the emergence of New
Perspectives and approaches this include
structural functionalism symbolic
interactionism feminism critical theory
and postmodernism among others
and last one contemporary sociology this
stage covers the present day and is
characterized by ongoing debates and
discussions about the direction of
socological theory contemporary
sociologists are grappling with new
challenges and issues such as
globalization technology and
environmental sustainability and
developing New Perspectives and
approaches to address these challenges
throughout these stages psychological
theories have continued to evolve and
develop with new Concepts methods and
approaches emerging in response to
changing social conditions and
challenges
today socological theories remain a
valuable framework for understanding and
analyzing the complex social World in
which we live
now we can start to understand major
theoretical perspectives
theories vary in scope depending on the
scale of the issues that they are need
to explain
macro level theories
relate to large-scale issues and large
groups of people while micro level
theories look at very specific
relationships between individuals or
small groups
and current theories attempt to explain
large-scale relationships and answer
fundamental questions such as why
societies form and why they change
sociological theory is constantly
evolving and should never be considered
complete classic psychological theories
are still considered important and
current but new psychological theories
built upon the work of their
predecessors and add to them
there are several major surgical
perspectives in sociology Each of which
offers a distinct way of understanding
the analyzing the social world
at the same time in sociology a few
theories provide broad perspectives that
help explain many different aspects of
social life and these are called
paradigms
products are philosophical and
theoretical Frameworks used within a
discipline to formulate theories
generalizations and experiments
performed in support of them
strip projects have come to dominate the
surgical thinking because they provide
useful explanations it's structural
functionalism
conflict theory and symbolic
interactionism
and this table shows main points in
psychological theories their level of
analysis focus and gives example now
let's try to understand them deeply
structural functionalism also called
functionalism Theory emphasizes the ways
in which social structures and
institutions contribute to the overall
stability and functioning of society
structural functionalists believe that
each part of society plays a unique and
important role and that social order is
maintained throughout a system of shared
values norms and beliefs
structural functionalism sees society as
a structure with interrelated Parts
designed to meet the biological and
social needs of the individuals in that
Society
also structural functional approach of
use
society as a complex
interconnected system of parts that work
together in harmony points to the
importance of social structure any
relatively stable pattern of social
behavior
looks for any structures social function
the consequences of any social pattern
for operation of society as a whole
structural functionalists approach
Society from a macro level perspective
they view society and its pieces as a
whole
major theological thirsts or
contributors to this theoretical
approach include against
Herbert Spencer Talcott Parsons Robert
Martin
and functionalism grew out of the
writings of English philosopher and
biologists Herbert Spencer who saw
similarities between society and the
human body
he argued
that just as the various organs of the
body work together to keep the body
functioning the various parts of society
work together to keep Society
functioning
the parts of society that Spencer
referred to whereas the social
institutions
or patterns of beliefs and behaviors
focused on meeting social needs such as
Government education Family Health Care
religion and the economy
and next one is Emilio Durham he applied
Spencer's Theory to explain how
societies change and survive over time
you have believed that Society is a
complex system of interrelated and and
interdependent parts that work together
to maintain stability
and that Society is held together by
shared values languages and symbols
he believed that to study Society a
sociologists must look Beyond
individuals to social effects such as
laws morals values religious beliefs
Customs fashion and rituals which all
serve to govern social life
defined the function of any recurrent
activity as a part of it played in
Social Life as a whole and therefore
their contribution it makes to social
stability and continuity
in a healthy Society all parts work
together to maintain stability a state
called dynamic equilibrium by later
sociologists such as Parsons Durham
believed that individuals may make up
Society but in order to study Society
sociologists have to look Beyond
individuals to social facts each of
these social facts serves one or more
functions within a society
for example one function of a society
slows maybe to protect Society from
violence while another is to punish
criminal Behavior while another is to
preserve Public Health
and other notice structural
functionalists it's Robert Martin he
pointed out that social processes often
have many functions its manifest
function other consequences offer social
processes that are suitable anticipated
while Latin functions are the unsold
consequences of a social process a
manifest function of a college education
for example includes gaining knowledge
preparing for a career and finding a
good job that utilized the that
education latent functions of your
college Years include meeting new people
participating in extracurricular
activities or even finding expose or
partner
another Latin function of education is
creating a hierarchy of employment based
on the level of Education attained
Latin functions can be beneficial
natural or harmful social processes that
have undesirable consequences for the
operation of society are called
dysfunctions in education example of
this function include getting bad grades
truancy dropping out not graduating and
not finding suitable employment
the second main theory is conflict
theory
it emphasizes the ways in which power
and inequality shape social relations
and interactions
at the same time this approach looks at
society as a competition
for limited resources
conflict theorists believe that Society
is characterized by conflict and
competition between different groups and
that social change occurs throughout
struggles for power and resources
for conflict approach
Society is composed of unequal
distribution of desired resources that
benefit a minority that expense of the
majority
this unequal distribution of desired
resources cause causes conflict within a
society those that have their resources
developed
structures and methods to maintain these
resources those that do not have the
resources are always creating new ways
to acquire resources hence this approach
views Society in constant conflict
major socological theorists or
contributors to this surgical approach
include cuddle marks
Dubois right meals and Ralph darendorf
this perspective is a macro level
approach most identified with the
writings of German philosopher and
sociologists Karl Marx
who's so society as being made up of
individuals in different social classes
who must compete for social material and
political resources such as food and
housing employment education and Leisure
Time
social institutions like government
education and religion reflect this
competition
in their inherent inequalities and help
maintain the unequal social structure
some individuals and organizations are
able to obtain they keep more resources
than others and these winners use their
power and influence to maintain social
institutions
the perpetuation of power results in the
perpetuation of Oppression
German sociologist Max Weber agreed with
Marx but also believed that in addition
to economic inequalities inequalities of
political power and social structure
cause conflict
whoever noted that different groups were
affected differently based on education
race and gender and that people's
reactions to an equality were moderated
by class differences and rates of social
Mobility as well as by perceptions about
the legitimacy of those in power
a reader of Marx York zimel believed
that conflict can help integrate and
stabilize a society
he said that the intensity of the
conflict varies depending on the
emotional involvement of the parties the
degree of solidarity within the opposing
groups and the clarity and limited
nature of the goals
zimel also showed that groups work to
create internal solidarity centralized
power and reduce descent the stronger
the boned the weaker the Discord
resolving conflicts can reduce tension
and hostility and can pave the way for
future agreements
uh next Theory it's symbolic
interactionism
theories symbolic interactionism
this perspective emphasizes the ways in
which individuals interact and
communicate with one another and the
meanings they attach to these
interactions
symbolic interactionists believe that
social reality is constructed throughout
the ongoing process of interaction and
that individuals use symbols and
language to create the interpret meaning
social interaction approach is
considered a micro level approach which
is an individual level approach
in symbolic interaction Society is
viewed as an ongoing ever-changing
events or drama the primary focus in
this approach is communication and
exchange of ideas using symbols in this
approach Society is nothing more than
the reality people construct for
themselves as they interact with one
another
major sociological theorists or
contributors to this surgical approach
include Max Weber York Herbert Mead
um Charles Horton Cooley Irving Goffman
York homans and Peter blow
symbolic interactionism focuses on the
relationships among individuals within a
society
communication the exchange of meaning
through language and symbols is believed
to be the way in which people make sense
of their social worlds
theorists Hermann
and Reynolds note that this perspective
sees people as being active in shipping
the social World rather than simply
being acted upon your Herbert Smith is
considered a founder of symbolic
interactionism
through though he never published his
work on it
meet student Herbert Bloomer coined the
term symbolic interactionism and
outlined these basic premises
human interact with things based on
meanings ascribed to those things
the ascribed meaning of things comes
from our interactions with others and
Society
the meaning of things are interpreted
interpreted by a person when dealing
with things in specific circumstances
if you love books for example a symbolic
internationist might propose that you
learn that that books are good or
important in the interactions you had
with family friends school or church
maybe your family had a special reading
time each week getting your library card
was treated as a special event or
bedtime stories were associated with
worms and comfort social scientists who
applies symbolic interactionists
thinking look for patterns of
interaction between individuals their
studies often involve observation of
one-on-one interactions for example
while a conflict theorist studying a
political protest might focus on class
difference a symbolic interactionist
would be more interested in how
individuals in the protesting group
interact as well as the science and
symbols protesters used to communicate
their message the focus on the
importance of symbols in building a
society lets the soldiers like even
government to develop a technique called
dramaturgical analysis
government used theater as an analogy
for social interaction and recognized
that people's interactions showed
patterns of cultural Scripts
he argued that individuals were actors
in a play we switched roles sometimes
minute to minute for example from
student or daughter to Doc Walker
because it can be unclear what part a
person may play a given situation he or
she
has to improvise his or her role as a
situation unfolds studies that use a
symbolic interactionist perspective are
more likely to use qualitative research
methods such as in-depth interviews or
participant observation because they
seek to understand the symbolic worlds
in which research subjects live now we
can conclude our lecture as you see from
previous slides structural functionalism
conflict theory and symbolic
interactionism are three of the most
prominent socological theorists that can
be used to analyze social world let's
take as example universities and analyze
them according to main theories in
sociology
structural functionalism
views society as a system made up of
interrelated parts that work together to
maintain social balance we know it it
sees institutions like universities as
important parts of society that serve
specific functions
from this perspective universities play
a crucial role in preparing students to
be became productive members of society
they also help to maintain social order
by providing a common set of values and
beliefs that guide Behavior
according to structural functionalism
universities are organized into
different departments and disciplines
each with its its own specific role and
function for example the engineering
department might be reasonable for
producting graduate with technical
skills that are in high demand in the
job market while the humanities
Department
might be responsible for promoting
crucial critical thinking and cultural
awareness conflict theory view society
as a system characterized by inequality
and competition for resources we know it
and it sees institutions like
universities as tools of the powerful
Elite that serve to maintain their
dominance over the less powerful
from this perspective universities are
often seen as perpetuating social
inequality by providing richer
opportunities to those who already have
advantages such as the wealthy and those
from privileged backgrounds
according to conflict theory
universities are not neutral
institutions but are instead shipped by
power struggles between different groups
for example wealthy donors May influence
the curriculum or admissions policies to
benefit their own interests additionally
conflict theorists would argue that
universities are not inequally equally
accessible to everyone as tuition costs
and other barriers May prevent some from
attending how symbolic interactionism
view the universities symbolic
interactionism view society as a product
of individual interactions relationships
and meanings it sees institutions like
universities as social constructions
that are created and maintained through
the interactions of the individuals who
make them up from this perspective in
versus are seen as places where
individuals come together to create
shared meanings and identities according
to symbolic interactionism universities
are not just places where knowledge is
transmitted but also were individuals
form their identities and sense of self
for example students might develop a
sense of belonging to a particular
academic department or social group
within the University
additionally symbolic interactionists
would argue that universities are shaped
by the individual's actions individual
actions of the people within them as
students faculty and staff all
contribute to the creation of the
University
universities culture and social norms in
summary each of these surgical theories
offers a different way of understanding
universities
structural functionalism emphasizes the
importance of universities in
maintaining social order and preparing
students for their roles in society
conflict theory focus on the ways that
universities perpetuate inequality and
serve the interests of the powerful
symbolic interactionism highlights the
ways that universities are shaped by
individual interactions and meanings
overall each of these perspectives offer
offers a unique way of understanding and
analyzing the social world and each has
contributed to the development of
theological theory in important ways
while these perspectives May sometimes
conflict with one another they also
offer opportunities for dialogue and
debate and for
for the ongoing development of the
surgical Theory today we have covered a
lot of ground and I hope that the
information that insights presented will
be valuable to you in your future
studies and work
as we have explored different
sociological theories and their
applications to various aspects of
society we have seen how diverse and
complex our social world is these
theories have provided us with different
lenses to view
and understand the social phenomena that
shape Our Lives such as the institutions
we participate in and in the
relationships we form I hope that this
lecture has sparked your curiosity and
inspired you to further explore
sociology and the social sciences by
continuing to study and engage with our
social world we can develop a deeper
understanding of ourselves and others
and work towards creating a more fair
and equal Society
in the last slides you can see the list
of terms related with this lecture to
which you have to be prepared and refer
and references you can see thank you for
joining to this lecture today and I wish
you all the best in your future
endeavors
Voir Plus de Vidéos Connexes
5.0 / 5 (0 votes)