Historical, Philosophical, Theoretical and Legal Basis of Special and Inclusive Education

Summary

This video explores the evolution of special and inclusive education from historical, philosophical, theoretical, and legal perspectives. It traces the journey from the era of extermination and ridicule to the development of special education and eventual inclusive practices. Highlighting key milestones and figures like Pedro Ponce de Leon, Louis Braille, and Maria Montessori, it underscores the shift from segregation to mainstreaming and inclusion, influenced by international conventions and local laws like the Philippines' CMO 74-77.

Takeaways

• 📚 The video covers historical, philosophical, theoretical, and legal foundations of special and inclusive education.
• ⚖️ Special and inclusive education focuses on the rights of learners with disabilities, giftedness, and talents.
• 🕰️ The development of special education is traced through different eras: extermination, ridicule, asylums, and early education.
• 🇵🇭 The Philippine context of special and inclusive education is also discussed.
• 🏛️ During the Greek and Roman eras, disabilities were viewed negatively, often leading to infanticide or exclusion from society.
• ✝️ In early Christian times, people with disabilities were seen as impure, but perspectives changed with the New Testament, which presented them as needing help.
• 🤡 During the Middle Ages, individuals with disabilities were often ridiculed or used as entertainment.
• 🏥 The Renaissance era marked the beginning of more humane treatment of people with disabilities, though they were still largely isolated.
• 🧑‍🏫 Pioneers like Pedro Ponce de León, Louis Braille, and Maria Montessori contributed to the development of education for people with disabilities.
• 🌍 Inclusive education has evolved, shifting from segregation to integration, supported by global and local policies such as UNESCO's Salamanca Statement and Philippine laws.

Q & A

What was the general view of disability during the Greek and Roman era?

During the Greek and Roman era, disability was viewed negatively as a punishment from God, signifying being bad or evil. Individuals with disabilities were labeled as defectives and were often subjected to extermination from society.

How did the early Christian era view disability?

In the early Christian era, disability was seen as an impurity, and disabled individuals were denied certain rights, such as entering sacred places. However, the perspective changed with the New Testament, where Jesus was portrayed as being helpful to persons with disabilities.

What was the treatment of individuals with disabilities during the Middle Ages?

During the Middle Ages, individuals with disabilities were often treated with ridicule and used as servants or fools. They were mocked for their deformities and behavior, and in some cases, even ordered to be put to death.

How did the Renaissance period mark a change in the treatment of persons with disabilities?

The Renaissance period saw the Catholic Church accepting persons with disabilities as wards of the state, marking the beginning of more humane treatment. However, the belief that once disabled, always disabled, led to these individuals being considered uneducable and treated in isolation.

Who were some of the pioneers in the development of special and inclusive education?

Pioneers in the development of special and inclusive education include Pedro Ponce de Leon, who provided education to deaf children from nobility, Abbé Charles Michel de l'Épée, who established an institute for the deaf, and Louis Braille, who invented the Braille script for the blind.

What was Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard's contribution to special education?

Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard was one of the earliest teachers to argue that special teaching methods could be effective in educating disabled children.

How did Edward Seguin's education program differ from others?

Edward Seguin's education program emphasized the importance of developing independence and self-reliance in disabled students by presenting them with a combination of physical and intellectual tasks.

What was Maria Montessori's approach to educating learners with intellectual disabilities?

Maria Montessori's approach was to view education as a flow of experience that builds on the child's continuing self-construction. She developed techniques and materials that could be used to teach learners with intellectual disabilities.

What significant changes occurred in the perception of disability from the 1900s to 1950s?

During the 1900s to 1950s, there was a rise in compulsory education, and classes and schools specifically designed for individuals with intellectual disabilities, blindness, and deafness were created. At the end of the Second World War, the special educational system was created and organized in parallel to regular education.

How did special education evolve into inclusive education?

Special education evolved into inclusive education as educational institutions started to mainstream children with special needs, integrating them with other learners. This shift from segregation to inclusion was a result of combined efforts from countries and organizations advocating for equal treatment and education for all.

What is the significance of the CMO 74-77 in the context of special and inclusive education in the Philippines?

The CMO 74-77 is significant as it represents the policy standards and guidelines for teacher education programs implemented by the Commission on Higher Education in the Philippines, recognizing the need for special and inclusive education.