Approaches - AQA Psychology in 20 MINS!

Summary

This video script offers a concise revision of psychological approaches, skipping comparisons but directing viewers to a dedicated comparison video. It covers the origins of psychology with Wundt's experimental methods, behaviorism with Pavlov and Skinner, social learning theory, cognitive psychology, biological influences, psychodynamic theory, and humanistic psychology. Each approach is briefly explained, including key figures, theories, and evaluations of their scientific validity and practical applications.

Takeaways

• 🔬 **Origins of Psychology**: Wilhelm Wundt is recognized as the father of experimental psychology, establishing the first psychological laboratory and using scientific methods to study the mind.
• 🧠 **Structuralism**: Wundt's approach to psychology involved introspection, where participants reported on their conscious experiences, leading to the development of theories about mental processes.
• 🐶 **Behaviorism**: Behaviorists like Pavlov and Skinner focused on observable behaviors and their environmental causes, using classical conditioning and operant conditioning to understand learning.
• 🔄 **Social Learning Theory (SLT)**: SLT expands on behaviorism by including cognitive processes and the influence of observing and imitating models, as demonstrated by Bandura's Bobo doll experiment.
• 💡 **Cognitive Approach**: Cognitive psychology examines internal mental processes like attention and memory, often using theoretical models and inferences to understand these unobservable processes.
• 🧬 **Biological Approach**: This approach considers the influence of biological structures, neurochemistry, and genetics on behavior, with advancements in scanning techniques allowing for direct observation of brain activity.
• 🌿 **Evolutionary Psychology**: It suggests that behaviors providing survival advantages are passed down through generations, with innate behaviors being selected for their adaptive benefits.
• 💭 **Psychodynamic Approach**: Freud's theory posits that the mind consists of conscious, preconscious, and unconscious parts, with early childhood experiences and defense mechanisms playing significant roles in personality development.
• 🌟 **Humanistic Psychology**: Humanistic psychologists emphasize personal agency, free will, and self-actualization, focusing on holistic approaches to understanding behavior rather than reductionist methods.
• 📈 **Evaluation of Approaches**: Each psychological approach has its strengths and limitations, with some being more scientifically rigorous due to their methods, while others offer valuable insights into human behavior despite methodological challenges.

Q & A

Who is considered the father of experimental psychology?

Wilhelm Wundt is considered the father of experimental psychology.

What was the significance of Wundt's establishment of the first psychological laboratory?

Wundt's establishment of the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in the 1870s marked the beginning of psychology as an independent field of scientific research.

What was the main focus of Wundt's structuralism research?

Wundt's structuralism research focused on using introspection to study conscious experiences and sensations, feelings, and images.

How did behaviorist approaches differ from Wundt's structuralism?

Behaviorist approaches rejected the study of internal mental states and focused on observable behaviors and their relationships with environmental stimuli.

What are the key principles of Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning?

Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning involved learning by association, where a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that triggers a response after being repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

How did BF Skinner's operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning?

BF Skinner's operant conditioning focused on learning by reinforcement, where behaviors are strengthened or weakened by their consequences.

What is the main criticism of behaviorist approaches?

A main criticism of behaviorist approaches is that they are overly reductionist and ignore complex cognitive processes that influence behavior.

What is social learning theory and how does it differ from behaviorism?

Social learning theory incorporates cognitive processes and argues that learning occurs through observation of others, not just through direct experience. It differs from behaviorism by acknowledging the role of attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation in learning.

What is cognitive psychology's primary area of research?

Cognitive psychology's primary area of research is the study of internal mental processes such as attention, perception, memory, and how information is processed in the mind.

How does cognitive neuroscience contribute to the understanding of mental processes?

Cognitive neuroscience contributes to the understanding of mental processes by examining the neurological structures and chemical processes in the brain that are linked to these processes.

What is the psychodynamic approach and who is its most famous proponent?

The psychodynamic approach focuses on the unconscious mind and its influence on behavior. Its most famous proponent is Sigmund Freud, who proposed theories about the structure of the mind, defense mechanisms, and psychosexual stages.

How does humanistic psychology contrast with other approaches?

Humanistic psychology emphasizes personal growth, self-actualization, and free will, contrasting with other approaches that focus on illness or reductionist explanations of behavior.

Outlines

00:00

🔬 Origins and Early Approaches in Psychology

The paragraph introduces the history of psychology, highlighting Wilhelm Wundt as the father of experimental psychology who established the first psychological laboratory in 1870s Germany. It discusses the shift from philosophical and medical studies to empirical scientific research. Wundt's structuralism and introspection techniques are explained, along with the limitations of his methods. The paragraph then transitions to behaviorism, detailing classical conditioning by Pavlov and operant conditioning by Skinner, emphasizing the observable and measurable aspects of behavior. Criticisms of behaviorism are also mentioned, including the limitations of using animal subjects and the potential for findings not to generalize to human behavior.

05:01

🧠 Cognitive and Learning Approaches

This section delves into cognitive psychology, focusing on internal mental processes such as attention, perception, and memory. It discusses the use of inferences to understand these processes, as well as the role of schemas and theoretical models like the multistore model of memory. The paragraph also covers social learning theory, emphasizing the role of cognitive processes, modeling, and vicarious reinforcement. The Bobo doll study is mentioned as evidence for social learning theory. The cognitive approach is contrasted with behaviorism, highlighting the importance of conscious thought processes and personal control over actions.

10:03

🌿 Biological and Evolutionary Approaches

The paragraph explores the biological approach to psychology, discussing the influence of biological structures, neurochemistry, and genetics on behavior. It covers topics like the endocrine system, neurotransmitters, and the role of genes in behavior. The paragraph also touches on evolutionary psychology, explaining how innate behaviors that offer survival advantages are selected for in future generations. Criticisms of biological determinism are mentioned, along with the practical applications of biological research, such as drug therapies for mental health conditions.

15:04

🧐 Psychodynamic and Humanistic Approaches

This section covers Freud's psychodynamic theory, including the id, ego, and superego, defense mechanisms, and psychosexual stages of development. It also addresses the limitations of Freud's theories, such as their lack of scientific credibility and testability. The paragraph then moves on to humanistic psychology, emphasizing personal agency, free will, and self-actualization. Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Rogers' concept of congruence are discussed, along with the practical applications of humanistic psychology in various fields. The paragraph concludes with a critique of humanistic psychology for potentially being culturally biased towards Western individualism.

20:06

📚 Conclusion and Resources

The final paragraph serves as a conclusion, reminding viewers of the available resources for studying psychology, such as the Psy Boost app and Patreon support. It mentions the mission to develop a free, high-quality A Level psychology course and acknowledges the contributions of supporters, particularly highlighting a donor for their significant support at the developer level.

Keywords

💡Experimental Psychology

Experimental psychology is a branch of psychology that applies empirical research methods to understand mental processes and behavior. It is central to the video's theme as it discusses the origins of psychology and the scientific approach to studying the mind. The video mentions Wilhelm Wundt, who is considered the father of experimental psychology, and his establishment of the first psychological laboratory, emphasizing the shift from philosophical and medical studies to a more scientific, empirical approach.

💡Introspection

Introspection is a research technique where participants are asked to report on their conscious experiences, such as sensations, feelings, and images. It is highlighted in the video as a method used by Wundt in his structuralism research. The video explains how participants were trained to report their experiences objectively, focusing on sensory objects and systematically reporting their experiences, which helped develop general theories of mental processes.

💡Behaviorism

Behaviorism is an approach that focuses on observable behaviors rather than internal mental states. The video discusses how behaviorists like Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner used controlled experiments to establish cause-and-effect relationships between stimuli and responses. Behaviorism is tied to the video's theme by illustrating a shift towards more objective, measurable psychological research, rejecting the introspective methods as too subjective.

💡Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning is a learning process through which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a response by being paired with a stimulus that naturally triggers that response. The video uses Pavlov's experiment with a metronome and food to demonstrate how dogs learned to associate the sound of a metronome with food, resulting in salivation even when the food was not present.

💡Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning involves learning from the consequences of voluntary actions, where rewarding consequences increase the frequency of a behavior, and punishing consequences decrease it. Skinner's research with rats in a Skinner box is used in the video to illustrate how positive reinforcement (adding a pleasant stimulus) and negative reinforcement (removing an unpleasant stimulus) influence behavior.

💡Social Learning Theory

Social learning theory (SLT) suggests that learning occurs through observation and imitation of others, with cognitive processes mediating the relationship between stimuli and response. The video references Bandura's Bobo doll experiment, demonstrating how children imitate aggressive behavior after observing an adult model, thus illustrating the influence of vicarious reinforcement and modeling.

💡Cognitive Approach

The cognitive approach focuses on internal mental processes such as attention, perception, memory, and thinking. The video explains how cognitive psychologists use inferences to understand these processes, which cannot be directly observed. It also mentions the use of theoretical models like the multistore model of memory to represent these processes, emphasizing the scientific nature of cognitive psychology due to its reliance on controlled experiments.

💡Schema

A schema is a framework or concept that represents knowledge about something, aiding in the interpretation of information and experiences. The video discusses how schemas act as mental shortcuts, helping individuals quickly understand and navigate the world. However, it also warns of their potential to lead to inaccurate memories and biases, illustrating the dual nature of schemas in cognitive processes.

💡Cognitive Neuroscience

Cognitive neuroscience is the study of the neural basis of mental processes. The video points out that advancements in brain imaging technologies like PET and fMRI scanners have allowed cognitive neuroscientists to directly observe brain activity, linking it to mental processes. This field is integral to the video's exploration of the biological underpinnings of cognition.

💡Biological Approach

The biological approach examines how biological structures and processes, including genetics and neurochemistry, influence behavior. The video discusses how hormones, neurotransmitters, and genes can affect behavior, such as the role of serotonin in mood regulation. It also touches on evolutionary psychology, suggesting that behaviors providing survival advantages are passed down through generations.

💡Psychodynamic Approach

The psychodynamic approach, primarily associated with Freud, posits that the mind is composed of conscious, preconscious, and unconscious elements that influence behavior. The video describes Freud's theory of personality structure, including the id, ego, and superego, and how defense mechanisms like denial and repression operate. It also outlines Freud's psychosexual stages of development, illustrating how unresolved conflicts at each stage can impact adult personality.

💡Humanistic Psychology

Humanistic psychology emphasizes personal growth, self-actualization, and the belief in human agency and free will. The video mentions Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Rogers' concept of congruence, suggesting that individuals have the capacity to realize their full potential. It contrasts this approach with more deterministic theories, highlighting its focus on holistic understanding and the individual's subjective experience.

Highlights

Introduction to the approaches revision video for quick key points summary.

Availability of a 10-minute comparison video and a free blank comparison grid for download.

Access to over 16 hours of tutorial support videos and hundreds of printable resources on Patreon.

Origins of psychology and the establishment of the first psychological laboratory by Wilhelm Wundt.

Wundt's use of introspection and the development of structuralism in psychology.

Critique of Wundt's methods for being subjective and not truly scientific.

Behaviorist approach and the focus on observable and measurable behaviors.

Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning and the learning by association process.

B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning and the role of reinforcement in learning.

Social learning theory and the importance of cognitive processes in human behavior.

Albert Bandura's Bobo doll experiment and the concept of vicarious reinforcement.

Cognitive psychology's focus on internal mental processes and the use of inferences.

Cognitive neuroscience and the direct observation of brain activity through advanced scanning techniques.

The biological approach to psychology and the influence of neurochemistry on behavior.

Evolutionary psychology and the role of inherited behaviors in survival advantages.

Psychodynamic approach and Freud's theory of the psyche with the id, ego, and superego.

Humanistic psychology and the focus on personal growth, self-actualization, and free will.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs and its application in various fields like sports and business.

Carl Rogers' client-centered therapy and the concept of congruence.

The potential cultural bias in humanistic psychology towards Western individualism.

Invitation to test knowledge on the approaches unit with the PsyBoost app.

Transcripts

I've combined and summarized the content

from my approaches videos into this

approaches revision video if you

understand any of the content I cover

here go to my longer videos for a full

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origins of

psychology vun father of experimental

psychology set up the world's first

psychological laboratory The Institute

of experimental psychology leig Germany

h 1970s and produced the first academic

Journal that published psychological

experiments the emergence of psychology

of the science before them the study of

the mind and behavior was limited to

philosophy and Medicine he was the first

to use controlled empirical scientific

research techniques to study the mind

bu's use of scientific methods helped

establish psychology as an independent

field of scientific research in his

structuralism research V used an

experimental technique called

introspection with participants focusing

inwards and Reporting Sensations

feelings and images process participants

were one trained to report conscious

experiences objectively two asked to

focus on a sensory object and three

asked to systematically report their

experience breaking their thoughts into

separate elements V developed General

theories of mental processes based on

the experimental data collected

evaluation for his time V's work was

highly scientific primarily because of

his controlled experiments large sample

sizes and transparent methods this

systematic approach was a significant

inspiration for subsequent scientific

psychologists compared to Modern

psychological techniques F's

introspective methods are considered

subjective and are not classified as

truly scientific as participants cannot

be relied on to report their mental

States accurately V's use of inference

to identify internal mental States has

been criticized inferences are

assumptions so they could be mistaken

Behavior psychologists rejected the

study of internal mental States seeing

the mind a black box V's use of

inferences influenc cognitive

psychologists these researchers asked

participants to complete tasks under

experimental conditions and made

inferences about the structure of

internal mental processes like memory

and attention learning approaches the

behaviorist approach as a learning

theory behaviorists argue that behavior

is learned through experiences and

interactions with the environment Ivan

pavlof classical conditioning and BF

Skinner offering conditioning were

leading theists behaviors argue it only

possible to sign scientifically

investigate or can be directly observed

and measured this includes what you do

to a creature stimulus and the resulting

Behavior the response as the Mind cannot

be directly observed behaviorist argue

it's a black box so it's not suitable

for scientific study classical

conditioning learning by association

pavo's research used two types of

stimuli a neutral stimulus an s a

metronome that initially did not produce

a response an unconditioned stimulus UCS

food that naturally triggers a

reflective unconditioned response

salivation in dogs procedure pavlof

presented the NS with the UCS over

several trials findings the NS became a

condition stimulus producing the

condition response salivation even when

the food was not present this showed the

dogs had learned an association between

the NS and the UCS food operate

conditioning learning by reinforcement

when a creature performs voluntary

sponses it learns from the consequences

of those actions consequences that are

rewarding reinforce a behavior so they

performed more frequently and actions

that result in consequences that are

punishing or perform less skinners

research rats were placed in a Skinner

box a controlled environment with levers

and a food dispenser Skinner

demonstrated positive reinforcement

adding a pleasant stimulus food

encourage to desire Behavior lever

polling negative reinforcement removing

an unleas stimulus electric Shar

encourage Behavior lever pulling and

Extinction if the reinforcing

consequences stop the behavior will to

evaluation considered scientific due to

studying objectively observable and

measurable stimulus response mechanisms

Pavlov and Skinner established cause and

effect relationships using controlled

lab experiments that manipulated

variables one criticism of pav and

Skin's use of animal subjects is their

findings may not be generalizable to

human behavior

complex social and cultural forces

influence human behavior and humans

possess greater intelligence Behavior

the has practical applications such as

counterconditioning treatments flooding

and systematic

desensitization the effectiveness of

these therapies suggest the behaviorist

principles they are based on or valid

using Behavior behavioral modification

techniques to alter human behavior has

been viewed as manipulative with harmful

effects as seen in gambling and social

media companies encouragement of

compulsive Behavior

Behavior's attempt to explain behavior

due to simplistic stimulus response

links is overly reductionist human

behavior like justice culture and

self-sacrifice are too complex to

describe as a result of reinforcement

learning approaches social learning

theory social learning theists agree

with behaviorist principles learning

from experience but argue that human

behavior can't be fully understood

without including the role of cognitive

processes that happen between stimuli

and

response the mediational process are

attention retention reproduction and

motivation and must happen between

observing a model per form of behavior

stimuli and imitating that behavior

response observing others serves as a

template for our actions when we see

someone rewarded for a behavior we're

more likely to imitate it a process

social learning fair is called vicarious

reinforcement witnessing someone

punished for an action vicarious

punishment makes us less likely to

imitate that behavior modeling

individuals we observe and imitate are

called models live models include

parents friends and family members we

can also learn from symbolic models such

as characters from movies and books

identification we're more likely to

imitate models with similar

characteristics such as gender and age

or people perceived to be attractive or

high status bandora 1961 procedure

participants with children Age 3 to 6

one group oberved an adult demonstrating

physical and verbal aggression towards a

Vero doll the second group watch the

adult non- aggressively findings

children exposed to an aggressive model

were more likely to be aggressive

themselves imitation and boys were more

likely to mimic an aggressive male model

identification evaluation SLT is

supported by robust evidence for example

the Bobo doll study has high internal

validity due to its laboratory setting

this study ensured environmental control

by having participants to follow the

same procedure the Bobo doll study

ecological abity can be questioned as

the aggression observ Obed in a

controlled lab setting may not directly

translate into real world scenarios such

as imitating televised violence in

school environments research supporting

SLT like the Bobo Del study relies on

inferences processes such as

identification of a model by car's

reinforcement and mediating cogntive

factors are not directly observable but

are inferred from Behavior SLT is a less

reductionist approach than behaviorism

SLT acknowledges the roles of

Consciousness and rationality providing

a more believable explanation for

complex behaviors like aggression slt's

concept of reciprocal determinism is a

potentially more valid perspective than

simpler deterministic approaches bandora

argued that behavior is not only

influenced by the environment but it

also shapes it the cognitive approach

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cognitive psychologist study internal

mental processes how information is used

processed in the mind this includes

conscious and unconscious thoughts

typical areas of research are attention

perception and memory as internal mental

processes can't be directly observed

cognitive psychologist have to go beyond

the research evidence and use inferences

this is making assumptions about the

internal mental processes that produce

the participant Behavior observed in an

experiment schema on mental Frameworks

collections of connect basic knowledge

about concept or object built from

previous experience with the world role

of schema schema work as mental

shortcuts used to quickly understand and

navigate the world and interact with

people and objects however schemas can

lead to inaccurate memory and negatively

bias schemas can produce mental health

issues theoretical models are flowchart

representations of the steps of a mental

process for example the multistore model

of memory which shows how sensory UT

progresses from short-term memory to

long-term memory the computer model is

an analogy between the operation of a

computer's Central Processing Unit CPU

running software programs and the human

brain conducting internal mental

processes this comparison suggests both

systems receive inputs generate outputs

and process information through a

sequence of program steps cognitive

Neuroscience aims to scientifically

identify and examine the neurological

structures and chemical processes in the

brain that are linked to internal mental

processes the emergence of cognitive

neuroscience is due to the development

of scanning techniques pet and fmri

scanners allow researchers to observe

brain activity directly evaluation the

con approach is considered to be a

scientific approach due to the use of

Highly controlled experiments for

example many of the studies supporting

the models of memory were conducted in a

lab setting of large samples cognitive

research makes inferences about internal

mental processes from Behavior

assumptions can be mistaken for this

reason cogntive psychologists despite

their highly controlled lab studies are

not considered fully scientific the

computer model of the mind is criticized

for being overly simplistic machine

reductionist other psychologists argue

the human brain is far more complex than

a CPU and the mind experiences

Consciousness and emotions understanding

the role of schemas has led to the

Practical real world application of

ctive behavioral therapy CBT where

therapists help clients change negative

thought patterns con psychologists are

soft determinists arguing experience

creates schemas in the brain's

biological structure yet they also

suggest that conscious thought processes

provide personal control over actions a

core principle of CBT the biological

approach the influence of biological

structures on Behavior biological

structures include the body-wide system

of glands called the endogen system

glands influence behavior by releasing

chemical messenges called hormones for

example the adrenal gland releases

adrenaline as part of the fight or

flight response increasing

alertness the brain is the center of all

conscious and unconscious thought

localization of function research has

revealed biological structures within

the brain that influence behavior for

example the frontal lobe is linked to

rational decision- making and the lyic

system is the emotional center of the

brain influence of neurochemistry and

behavior neurotransmitters or release at

the syapse to enable communication

between two neurons these

neurotransmitters play a range of roles

in influencing Behavior serotonin is

associated with wild being and happiness

dopamine is linked to pleasure neur

adrenaline influences attention and

glutamate affects learning in memory the

influence of genes on Behavior genes

influence how the brain and neurons are

formed and function genotypes are the

genetic codes in the DNA that they

characteristics of an organism

phenotypes are the expression of the

genotype for example being aggressive

the C Gene that's been associated with

the development of OCD this part of the

genetic code influences serotonin

transport and imbalance has been linked

to compulsions Evolution and behavior

evolutionary psychologists argue that

inherited innate behaviors that provide

survival advantages are selected for and

become more common in future generations

of a species for example in early Hunter

gav societies male aggression was

beneficial for protecting families

hunting and competing for mates less

aggressive males were less likely to

reproduce leading to highly aggressive

traits being passed on evaluations

biological therapies that argue

biological structures neurochemistry and

genes influence behavior are backed up

by a range of Empirical research studies

such as replicable and objective fmri

brain activation studies and Drug trials

biological processes alone are not a

complete explanation for Behavior

diaphysis stress response explanations

include both biological and

environmental factors and can be applied

to mental health and aggression the

development of drug therapies is a

practical application of biological

research these treat mental health

conditions like OCD and depression by

targeting neurochemical processes for

example ssris reducing serotonin

reuptake the biological approach is seen

as scientific due to Advanced tools like

fmri scanners genetic analysis and

direct measurements of hormones and

neurotransmitters these methods offer

direct observation in controlled

studies the belief that behavior is

caused by biological factors biological

determinism has significant implications

for example arguing criminal behavior is

due to a criminal Gene could challenge

legal principles of responsibility the

psychodynamic approach in Freud's

psychodynamic Theory the psyche mind is

a complex system that consists of three

distinct Parts the conscious fors we

aware of the preconscious not currently

aware of but can be and the unconscious

fors desires and memories that are not

accessible to awareness will influence

our behaviors and feelings the

tripartate structure personality

the adult personality is constructed of

three parts the ID present from birth

Pleasure Principle focuses only on

satisfying personal needs and desires

the ego from 18 months reality principle

acts rationally as a mediator between

the it and super ego the super ego from

3 to 5 years morality principle

influences Behavior by using guilt where

an individual's actions don't match its

strict standards moderating Behavior

according to moral and societal

expectations

defense mechanisms are strategies

involving the unconscious mind that the

ego can use to manage conflicts denial

are refusal to accept the reality of a

situation displacement strong emotion is

moved from the source of that emotion

and placed onto a substitute Target

repression an unpleasant memory or

emotion is puted into the unconscious

and is inaccessible to Consciousness

psychosexual stages at each stage the

child will experience an unconscious

conflict that must be resolved

If the child is unable to resolve a

stage they become fixated affecting

adult personality oral stage 0 to one

year pleasure from their mouth during

breastfeeding anal stage 1 to 3 years

pleasure comes from holding onto and

expelling feces fixation equals a

retentive phic stage 3 to 5 years boys

experience the edus complex a sexual

desire for their mother and castration

anxiety young suggest girls experience

the electric complex

latency stage 6 to 12 years Sexual

Energy libido is dispersed across the

body genital stage 12 plus years sexual

desire is in the adult form evaluations

Freud's theories have had significant

influence on Modern scientific

psychological theories his emphasis on

Early Childhood experience influenced

Balby and his exploration of the

unconscious mind influence congor

theorists Freud's ideas have intuitive

appeal face FY boys often have a

stronger attachment to their mother

early trauma can influence anxiety

people often identify examples of

defense mechanisms such as denial or

repression many of Freud's ideas lack

scientific credibility as they were

developed and supported through case

studies and by interpreting his clients

memories introspections and dreams

Freud's interpretations were potentially

biased Freud often framed his theories

and definitions in ways that make them

untestable this means that Freudian

Concepts like the super ego lack

falsifiability the ability to

demonstrate a theory is wrong through

empirical testing prac application de

mat's metanalysis of psychoanalytic

therapy found that many individuals

claim to have been successfully treated

this suggests the psychodynamic ideas on

which psychoanalysis is based have some

reality humanistic psychology humanists

argue that human behavior is too complex

to study through traditional

reductionist scientific methods which

identify and test simple cause and

effect

relationships instead they suggest a

holistic approach explaining Behavior

considering all possible influences on

behavior and its interactions humanists

argue that external cses don't set

determine our Behavior instead we have

personal agency through free will the

ability of individuals to shape our own

lives through conscious decision- making

humanistic psychology focuses on

personal growth not mental illness

self-actualization the highest level of

psychological development is the state

of realizing your full potential and

performing at your best maso's hierarchy

of needs argues that foundational needs

must be met before an individual can

achieve

self-actualization the hierarchy starts

with the most basic needs physiological

safety love and belonging then esteem

followed by self actualization KL Rogers

argued congruence is essential for

achieving self actualization congruence

is the alignment between your perceived

self self-image and the ideal self who

you aspire to be a significant Gap is in

congruence becoming congruent is

possible by enhancing the perceived self

or developing a more realistic ideal

self this is helped by reducing

conditions of worth which are

expectation from others that must be met

to earn their love or approval KL Rogers

client centered therapy emphasizes the

importance of the present and the future

over the past the therapist's role is to

assist clients in achieving congruence

by giving unconditional positive regard

to enhance their perceived self and as

clients are the experts in their own

lives supporting them and resolving

their own issues evaluations it's

considered non-scientific due to its

Reliance on non-experimental qualitative

methods which results in a lack of

empirical evidence for its claims

additionally Central Concepts such as

self-actualization lack

operationalization its holistic approach

to explain behavior could be more

accurate capturing the complexity of

Human Experience other simple

reductionist explanations often face

criticism but overlooking multiple

contributing factors the humanistic view

that humans act with Free Will has face

validy people have a subjective

experience of autonomy and

self-direction and like to believe their

actions are based on their own free

choices humanistic ideas have had

practical applications maso's hierarchy

of needs has been widely applied it's

improved performance in sports and

enhanced employee satisfaction and

motivation in the business World

developed in 1960s America humanistic

psychology may be culturally biased

towards Western individualism it

emphasizes self-actualization through

personal success which contrasts with

the collectivist values of many cultures

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