AP World History Modern: AMSCO - 1.5 Read Aloud

Summary

This video explores the development and changes in African states over time, focusing on the cultural and political structures of the 14th century. It highlights Ibn Battuta's observations on Mali society and the growth of Islamic influence. The script covers key African kingdoms like Ghana, Mali, and Zimbabwe, discussing their trade networks, religious diversity, and the rise of powerful states. It also touches on slavery, social structures, and the role of griots in preserving African history. The video emphasizes Africa's rich history and its often underrepresented significance in AP World History.

Takeaways

• 📜 The chief of the poets in Mali society engages in a ceremonial practice of laying his head on the ruler's lap and shoulders, a tradition predating Islam.
• 🌍 African societies that adopted Islam kept many pre-Islamic traditions, while some resisted Islam to strengthen their defenses.
• 👨‍🌾 The migration of Bantu-speaking people significantly shaped sub-Saharan Africa, with most of the region adopting agriculture by 1000 CE, creating complex political systems.
• 🏘️ Kin-based networks were common in sub-Saharan Africa, where male chiefs mediated conflicts, but as populations grew, these networks became difficult to manage, leading to the rise of larger kingdoms.
• 💰 West African kingdoms like Ghana and Mali grew wealthy from trading gold and ivory, while Mali's Sundiata used Islamic connections to expand trade and wealth.
• 🏛️ Zimbabwe in East Africa was known for its stone buildings, reflecting its wealth from agriculture, grazing, and gold trade, with the Great Zimbabwe wall as a key symbol.
• ⛪ Ethiopia developed as a Christian-led kingdom, combining local traditions with Christian practices, and was an important religious and trading hub.
• 🧑‍🤝‍🧑 Social structures in sub-Saharan Africa were based on kinship, age, and gender, with men often holding specialized jobs while women managed agriculture and household duties.
• 🔗 Slavery existed in various forms in Africa, including chattel slavery, domestic slavery, and debt bondage, with enslaved people being used in both agriculture and households.
• 🎶 Griots and griottes were the oral historians of Africa, preserving history and stories through music and storytelling, serving as advisors to leaders and communities.

Q & A

What cultural practice in Mali society did Ibn Battuta observe?

Ibn Battuta observed the chief poet's ritual, where the poet would lay his head on the sultan's lap, shoulders, and speak in their native tongue. This practice was a custom from before the introduction of Islam, which Mali society had maintained.

How did Islamic growth influence Africa during Ibn Battuta’s time?

Islam's growth facilitated increased cultural connections among Asia, Africa, and Southern Europe. While some African societies adopted Islam, they still maintained many of their pre-Islamic traditions. Others resisted Islam, particularly in defense against attacks by Islamic forces.

How did the Bantu migrations shape the political structures of Sub-Saharan Africa?

Bantu migrations led to the adoption of agriculture, which required more complex political relationships. Sub-Saharan African societies often governed themselves through kin-based networks, where families ruled independently and chiefs mediated disputes, rather than having centralized governments.

Why did kin-based networks in Sub-Saharan Africa become difficult to govern over time?

As populations grew, governing through kin-based networks became challenging due to increased competition and conflict among neighboring villages and districts. This led to more prominent larger kingdoms after 1000 CE.

What role did trade play in the development of kingdoms like Ghana and Mali?

Trade, particularly the trans-Saharan trade, played a crucial role in the development of kingdoms like Ghana and Mali. These kingdoms exchanged gold and ivory for salt, copper, and tools, growing their wealth and political power.

How did Mali rise to prominence after the decline of the Ghanaian state?

Mali rose to prominence after wars weakened the Ghanaian state. Mali’s founding ruler, Sundiata, established trade relationships with North African and Arab traders, which allowed the kingdom to flourish, especially in gold trade.

What was significant about the Great Zimbabwe in East Africa?

The Great Zimbabwe was significant due to its massive stone structures, including a 30-foot tall and 15-foot thick stone wall that protected the capital city. It reflected the wealth and power of the kingdom, which thrived on agriculture, grazing, and gold trade.

How did Ethiopian Christianity develop independently from other Christian traditions?

Ethiopian Christianity developed independently due to geographical isolation from both the Roman Catholic Church in Western Europe and the Orthodox Church in Eastern Europe. Ethiopian Christians combined traditional faith practices, such as ancestor veneration, with Christian beliefs.

How did Sub-Saharan African societies organize themselves socially?

Sub-Saharan African societies were organized around kinship, age, and gender. Communities were identified by clan or family, and work was often divided by age groups or 'age sets.' Gender also played a significant role, with men typically doing skilled labor and women focusing on agriculture and domestic responsibilities.

What was the Zanji Rebellion, and why is it considered significant?

The Zanji Rebellion was a revolt by enslaved East Africans, known as 'Zanji,' and Arab workers against their enslavement in Mesopotamia between 869 and 883 CE. It is significant because around 15,000 enslaved people captured the city of Basra and held it for 10 years, making it one of the most successful slave revolts in history.

Outlines

00:00

📜 Developments in Africa and Ibn Battuta's Observations

This paragraph introduces the main theme, focusing on state developments in Africa over time. It features a quote from Ibn Battuta’s 1352 travel account, highlighting a traditional custom in Mali. His commentary sheds light on the cultural and political aspects of sub-Saharan Africa, where Islamic and indigenous traditions intertwined. African societies, even those adopting Islam, retained older customs while other regions resisted the influence of Islam by building defensive structures like labyrinthine churches. Political structures were influenced by the migrations of Bantu-speaking people, and unlike centralized Asian or European societies, sub-Saharan Africa operated through kin-based networks where local chiefs mediated governance.

05:01

🌍 Growth of African Kingdoms and the Influence of Trade

This paragraph describes how the kingdoms of West and East Africa benefited from trade, leading to political and economic growth. Islam spread across the continent, coexisting with animism and Christianity. The Kingdom of Ghana prospered between the 8th and 11th centuries through gold and ivory trade with Muslim merchants. Mali, which rose after Ghana’s decline, expanded trade under Sundiata and Mansa Musa. Zimbabwe, a powerful East African kingdom, grew wealthy from agriculture, grazing, and gold trade, contributing to the Indian Ocean trade network. The distinctive architecture of stone buildings, such as the Great Zimbabwe, reflected their prosperity.

10:03

🏰 The Rise and Fall of Great Zimbabwe

This paragraph focuses on the rise of Great Zimbabwe, a powerful kingdom in East Africa during the 12th to 15th centuries. Built between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers, the kingdom's wealth stemmed from agriculture, gold, and trade connections via the Indian Ocean. Its architecture, such as the Great Zimbabwe stone wall, signified its strength and independence. However, overgrazing caused environmental degradation, leading to the abandonment of the capital by the late 1400s. Despite the kingdom's decline, the stone walls remain a symbol of its historical prominence.

15:05

⛪ Ethiopia: Christianity and Cultural Resilience

The paragraph highlights Ethiopia's religious and political development, where Christianity took root early and evolved independently of both Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. Ethiopian rulers displayed their power by commissioning massive churches carved out of rock, reflecting the kingdom’s strength. The region’s connection to Christian faith dates back to the Kingdom of Axum, which prospered through trade. Ethiopia remained a Christian stronghold even as Islam spread, blending traditional African spiritual practices with Christianity to create a unique religious identity. The paragraph underscores Ethiopia’s cultural and religious resilience in the face of external pressures.

20:07

👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Social Structures and Gender Roles in Sub-Saharan Africa

This paragraph explores the social structures of sub-Saharan Africa, which were primarily organized around kinship, age, and gender. Unlike centralized political systems, African societies were structured around family networks and age-based roles. Kinship bonds were vital, with family clans governing themselves and chiefs resolving conflicts. Work and responsibilities were divided by age and gender, with men taking on specialized trades such as blacksmithing and women typically engaged in agriculture and household tasks. These social dynamics ensured the functioning of communities, though slavery, which existed in various forms, also played a role in the region’s economy.

⛓️ Slavery in Africa and the Zanj Rebellion

This paragraph details the history and various forms of slavery in Africa, including chattel, domestic, and debt bondage slavery. It explains how slavery was embedded in African societies, with prisoners of war, debtors, and criminals being enslaved. In some cases, children inherited their parents' debts and status. Slavery fueled trade networks, especially in the Indian Ocean slave trade. The Zanj Rebellion, a major slave uprising between 869 and 883, is highlighted as one of the most significant and successful slave revolts in history, where East African slaves, or 'Zanj,' revolted against their Arab masters in Mesopotamia.

🎶 Cultural Expression and the Role of Griots in Africa

This paragraph delves into the cultural life of sub-Saharan Africa, where music, art, and storytelling were central to religious and social life. Ancestor veneration was a common belief, and music served as a medium for communicating with the spiritual world. Visual arts, including metalwork and sculptures, often depicted past rulers, with a religious and cultural significance. Griots and Griottes, oral historians and musicians, played a crucial role in preserving and conveying history, often advising kings and recounting epic tales. These storytellers held immense power, with their knowledge being likened to that of a living library.

🏛️ Economic and Political Terms in African Development

This final paragraph summarizes key terms related to African societal structures, economy, and governance. It touches on various aspects like kin-based networks, Swahili culture, and the Zanj Rebellion. It also references the importance of trade routes, such as the trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean trade, which fostered economic growth. Technological advancements, including the construction of Great Zimbabwe, and the decentralized political systems of African societies are emphasized. The paragraph concludes with a reflection on the distinct governmental systems in West Africa (Ghana, Mali) and East Africa (Zimbabwe, Ethiopia).

Keywords

💡Kin-based networks

Kin-based networks refer to social and political structures in which family relationships and kinship ties determine leadership and governance. In the video, it is explained that sub-Saharan African societies often used this form of organization instead of centralized governments. This system allowed communities to self-govern through male heads of families or chiefs who mediated conflicts and interacted with other groups. However, as populations grew, these networks became harder to manage, leading to the development of larger kingdoms and states.

💡Trans-Saharan trade

The trans-Saharan trade was a network of trading routes that connected sub-Saharan Africa to North Africa and the Mediterranean world, enabling the exchange of goods such as gold, ivory, and slaves for salt, textiles, and other commodities. This trade brought wealth and cultural exchanges to African states like Ghana and Mali, as highlighted in the video. It played a significant role in the spread of Islam and other cultural influences across Africa.

💡Indian Ocean trade

Indian Ocean trade refers to the extensive maritime trade network connecting East Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, and East Asia. In the video, it is mentioned that kingdoms like Zimbabwe participated in this trade, exchanging gold, ivory, and other goods with coastal city-states like Mombasa and Kilwa. This trade not only brought economic prosperity but also facilitated cultural and technological exchanges, including the spread of Islam and the development of the Swahili language.

💡Swahili

Swahili is a language and cultural identity that emerged from the blending of Bantu and Arabic influences along the East African coast. The video explains that Swahili developed as a result of the Indian Ocean trade, which brought together African, Arab, and Asian traders. It became the lingua franca of the region and is still spoken today in several East African countries, illustrating the long-lasting cultural impact of these historical trade networks.

💡Ghana Empire

The Ghana Empire, not to be confused with the modern nation of Ghana, was a powerful West African state that thrived between the 5th and 11th centuries. The video describes how the empire's wealth was based on its control of the gold and salt trade across the Sahara. Its centralized government and well-equipped army allowed it to dominate the region until its decline due to wars and internal strife. Ghana's legacy influenced subsequent West African empires like Mali.

💡Mali Empire

The Mali Empire was a prominent West African state that rose to power after the decline of the Ghana Empire, reaching its height in the 13th and 14th centuries. The video mentions its founder, Sundiata, and his use of Islamic connections to establish trade relationships. Mali's wealth, largely derived from gold trade, allowed it to become a cultural and educational center, exemplified by the city of Timbuktu. The famous pilgrimage of Mansa Musa to Mecca further cemented Mali's reputation.

💡Great Zimbabwe

Great Zimbabwe was a powerful kingdom in southeastern Africa known for its impressive stone structures, including the Great Enclosure. The video notes that it thrived between the 12th and 15th centuries, growing wealthy from gold trade and agriculture. The massive stone walls of its capital city, built without mortar, symbolized its wealth and engineering skills. However, overgrazing and environmental degradation led to its decline in the late 15th century.

💡Ethiopian Christianity

Ethiopian Christianity is a distinct form of Christianity that developed in Ethiopia, influenced by early Christian traditions but evolving separately from both the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches. The video describes how Ethiopia remained an isolated Christian kingdom despite the spread of Islam around it. The construction of rock-hewn churches and the integration of traditional beliefs with Christianity demonstrate its unique religious and cultural identity.

💡Griots and Griottes

Griots and griottes are oral historians, storytellers, and musicians in West African cultures who preserve and transmit the history, genealogies, and cultural values of their communities. The video highlights their role as both venerated and feared figures due to their knowledge and eloquence. Kings often consulted them for advice, and they were instrumental in maintaining the oral tradition, which was crucial in societies where literacy was not widespread.

💡Zanj Rebellion

The Zanj Rebellion was a major slave revolt against the Abbasid Caliphate in Mesopotamia, occurring between 869 and 883 CE. The video explains that it involved enslaved East Africans, known as Zanj, who were forced to work on sugar plantations. The revolt, which successfully captured the city of Basra and lasted for 15 years, is noted as one of the most significant and long-lasting slave revolts in history, highlighting the harsh conditions and resistance of enslaved people in the region.

Highlights

Introduction of Ibn Battuta's commentary on Mali society, shedding light on cultural practices predating Islam.

Ibn Battuta's travelogue demonstrated the phenomenal growth of Islam and its impact on cultural connections across Asia, Africa, and southern Europe.

Kin-based networks governed sub-Saharan Africa, where families and local chiefs mediated conflicts, contrasting with centralized powers in Asia and Europe.

As populations grew, kin-based governance became more difficult, giving rise to larger kingdoms and increasing competition and conflict.

The Hausa Kingdoms, formed by the Hausa ethnic group in Nigeria before 1000, were loosely connected by kinship but lacked central authority.

Islam was introduced to the Hausa Kingdoms in the 14th century, bringing increased religious and cultural diversity.

The Kingdom of Ghana, which prospered through the trans-Saharan trade of gold and ivory, was a centralized state with an advanced military.

Mali succeeded Ghana in the 12th century, becoming a powerful trading society under its Muslim founding ruler Sundiata, and later reaching greater heights under Mansa Musa.

Zimbabwe, in East Africa, grew in power through a combination of agriculture, gold trade, and the Indian Ocean trade route, connecting Africa to Asia and the Middle East.

The Great Zimbabwe stone walls, built without mortar, stood as a testament to the kingdom's wealth and influence before its decline due to overgrazing.

Ethiopia remained a Christian kingdom, creating a distinct form of Christianity by blending traditional beliefs like ancestor veneration with Christian practices.

Sub-Saharan Africa's social structure was organized around kinship, age, and gender, with men specializing in skilled trades and women taking on agricultural and domestic roles.

Slavery in Sub-Saharan Africa took various forms, including chattel slavery, domestic servitude, and debt bondage, often increasing the owner's social status.

The Indian Ocean slave trade predated the Atlantic slave trade, with enslaved East Africans known as Zanj providing labor for sugar plantations in Mesopotamia.

Cultural life in Sub-Saharan Africa, including music, visual arts, and oral storytelling, played significant roles in religious practices and preserving community history.

Transcripts

and hello ladies and gentlemen and today

we are back with another chapter of ap

world history modern where today we are

reading developments in africa

1.5

quote

after that the chief of the poets mounts

the steps of the pempe a raised platform

on which the ruler sits and lays his

head on the sultan's lap then climbs on

top of the pempe and lays his head right

on the sultan's shoulder

and then on his left shoulder

and speaking all while in their tongue

and finally he comes down again i was

told that this practice is a very old

custom amongst them prior to the

introduction of islam that they have

kept it up

1352

essential question how and why did

states develop in africa and change over

time

abimbutudu's commentary on mali society

sheds light on the cultural forces at

work in sub-saharan africa during the

14th century

a scholar from morocco on the northwest

side coast of africa

he has well-versed in islamic law also

known as sharaya islamic governments in

magadishu east africa and delhi india

sought his advice and welcomed him to

their lands

abimbatuta's travelogue demonstrated how

islam's phenomenal growth increased

connections among cultures of asia

africa and southern europe

as ivan batuta's account makes clear

african societies that had adopted islam

kept many of their traditions

some parts of africa resisted islam to

better defend themselves against attacks

by islamic forces they built churches

with labyrinths reservoirs and tunnels

other parts of the continent especially

in the south had little contact with

islam until later in history

political structures in inland africa

the development of sub-saharan africa

was heavily shaped by the migrations of

bantu-speaking people outward from west

central africa

by the year 1000 most of the region had

adopted agriculture

with the centaurity nature of

agriculture people needed more complex

and political relationships to govern

themselves

in contrast to most asian or european

societies those in sub-saharan africa

did not centralize power under one

leader or central governments instead

communities formed kind based networks

where families govern themselves a male

head of the network a chief mediated

conflicts and dealt with neighboring

groups

groups of villages became districts and

a group of chiefs decided among

themselves how to solve the district's

problems

and also as you can see here here's an

early state building and trade in africa

map indicating africa and a little bit

of the middle east from india showing

the indian ocean trade and also the

sub-saharan trade route along here if

you can see where my mouse currently is

hovering over

yep then right in that circled area

now back to the reading

as populations grew kin-based networks

became more difficult to govern

competition among neighbors increased

which in turn increased fighting among

villages and districts survival for

small kin-based communities became more

challenging

though many such communities continued

to exist in sub-saharan africa until the

19th century larger kingdoms grew in

prominence particularly after 1000

the husa kingdoms

some time before 1000 it was now nigeria

people of the husa ethnic group formed

seven states the hoosa kingdoms the

states were loosely connected through

kinship ties though they too had no

central authority

people established prospering

city-states each with a speciality for

example several were situated in plains

where cotton grew well

though the region lacked access to the

sea contact with people from outside the

region was important many who benefited

from the thriving trans-saharan trade a

network of trading networks across the

great desert

a state on the western edge of the

region specialized in military matters

and defended the states from against

attack

because the states lacked a central

authority however they were more

frequently subject to domination from

outside

in the 14th century missionaries

introduced islam to the region

political structures of western east

africa

kingdoms on both the western and eastern

sides of africa benefited from increased

trade the exchange of goods brought them

wealth political power and cultural

diversity the spread of islam added to

the religious diversity of the continent

where anism and christianity were

already practiced four of these kingdoms

were kahana mali zimbabwe and ethiopia

gohan

kahana nestled between the sahara and

the tropical rainforest of the west

african coast the kingdom of gahana was

not in the same location as the modern

nation of gahana

historians believe that the kingdom had

been founded during the 5th century at

least two centuries before the time of

muhammad but kahana reached its peak of

influence from the 5th 8th to the 11th

centuries gohan's rulers sold gold and

ivory to muslim traders in exchange for

salt copper cloth and tools

from kahana's capital city krembe saleh

the king ruled a centralized government

aided by nobles and an army equipped

with iron weapons and as you can see

here we have two images an upper and a

lower and now let's read the caption

stating the gold artifacts upper were

part of the valuable trans-saharan trade

in west africa the modern photo of foods

and spices lower shows the types of

goods that have been popular in the

indian ocean trade in east africa since

the 8th century ce

mali

by the 12th century wars with

neighboring societies had permanently

weakened the gohanian state

and its place arose several new trading

societies the most powerful of which was

mali you will read more about mali in

topic 2.4

most scholars believe that mali's

founding ruler sandiata was a muslim and

used his connections with others of his

faith to establish trade relationships

with north african and arab trade

traders sandhyada cultivated a thriving

gold trade in mali under his steady

leadership molly's wealth grew

tremendously his nephew matsumusa made a

pilgrimage to mecca where his lavish

displays of gold left a laughing lasting

impression see topic 2.4 for the later

developments in west africa such as the

growth of the city of timbuktu and the

senghai empire

zimbabwe

in east africa the architecture her

demonstrated the growing wealth of one

kingdom

though most houses had traditionally

been constructed from wood by the 9th

century chiefs had begun to construct

their zimbabwes the bantu word for

dwellings with stone

this word became the name of one of the

most powerful of all the east african

kingdoms between the 12th and 15th

centuries zimbabwe

it was situated between the zambezi and

limbopo rivers in modern-day zimbabwe

and

mozambique zimbabwe built its prosperity

on a mixture of agriculture grazing

trade and above all gold

like gahanna and mali on the other side

of the continent zimbabwe had rich gold

fields and taxes on the transport of

gold made the kingdom wealthy

while gahanna and modley relied on

land-based trade across the morgan dishu

okay across the sahara zimbabwe traded

with the colo also city-states such as

mambasa kilwa and magadhishu

though these ports zimbabwe was tied

into the indian ocean trade which

connected east africa and the middle

east south asia and east asia

in east africa traders could blended

bantu and arabic to develop a new

language swahili

today swahili is spoken by various

groups in the african great lakes region

as well as other parts of southeast

africa

the rise and decline of zimbabwe was

reflected in the defensive walls used to

protect cities by the end of the 13th

century a massive wall of stone 30 feet

tall by 15 feet thick

surrounded the capital city which became

known as the great zimbabwe the stone

wall was the first large one on the

constant that people built without

mortar

inside the wall most of the royal cities

buildings were made of stone in the late

15th century nearly 2 20 000 people

resided within the great zimbabwe

however over grazing so damaged the

surrounding environment that residents

of the bustling capital city abandon it

by the end of the 1400s

the wall still stands in the modern

country of zimbabwe

ethiopia

christianity had spread from its origins

along the

east coast of the mediterranean sea

south into egypt and beyond in what is

today ethiopia the kingdom of oxen

developed it prospered by trading goods

obtained from india arabia the roman

empire and the interior of africa

beginning in the 7th century the spread

of islam made the region more diverse

religiously

in the 12th century a new christian-led

kingdom in ethiopia emerged its rulers

like those of other countries expressed

their power through architecture they

ordered the creation of 11 massive

churches made entirely of rock

this can be seen in the image source on

page 47.

with the caption

this is one of the 11 christian churches

in ethiopia built out of rock which i

believe still stands

interesting

carved rock structures have been a

feature of ethiopian religious

architecture since the second millennium

bce

from the 12th through the 16th centuries

ethiopia was an island of christianity

on the continents of africa separated

from both the roman catholic church of

western europe and the orthodox church

of eastern europe ethiopian christianity

developed independently people combine

their traditional faith traditions such

as ancestor veneration and beliefs in

spirits with christianity to create a

distinct form of faith

social structures of sub-saharan africa

in sub-saharan africa strong central

governments ruling over large

territories were uncommon

instead sub-saharan africa's small

communities were organized around

several structures

kinship age and gender

kinship connections allowed people to

identify first as members of a clan or

family

age was another significant social

marker

an 18 year old could do more hard labor

than a 60 year old but younger people

more often relied on the advice of their

elders thus communities divided work

according to age creating age grades or

age sets

finally gender had an influential role

in social organization

men dominated most activities that

required a specialized skill

for example

leather tanners and blacksmiths were

typically men

women generally engaged in agriculture

and food gathering they also took the

primary responsibilities for carrying

out domestic chores and raising their

family's children

slavery in sub-saharan africa and

southwest asia

slavery had a long history in africa

prisoners of war debtors and criminals

were often enslaved

most men and some women did agricultural

work

most women and some men served in

households

in many kin-based societies people could

not own land privately but they could

own other people owning a large number

of enslaved people increased one social

status

slavery existed in many forms

and here there are three forms of

slavery described in this chart labeled

comparing three forms of slavery

the first form is chattel the second

domestic and the third is dead bondage

you also may pause the video to read the

chart if you would like however i'm not

going to read through all of it this

time

however i will read a little bit

slaves did not have any right in chattel

slavery there were some

slaves rights in domestic slavery and

some slave rights to death bondage

also yes children of slaves

automatically were slaves and chattel

slavery they were often slaves in

domestic slavery and children often

inherited the deaths of their parents in

debt bondage

now moving on with the reading a strong

demand in the middle east for enslaved

workers resulted in an indian ocean and

slave trade between east africa and the

middle east this trade started several

centuries before the atlantic ocean

slave trade between west africa and the

americas

in some places it lasted into the 20th

century

the enslaved east africans known in

arabic as zanji provided valuable labor

on sugar plantations and mesopotamia

however between 869 and 883 they and

many arab workers mounted a series of

revolts known as the xangee rebellion

about 15

insulated people successfully captured

the city of basra and held it for 10

years before being defeated

the large size and long length of time

before it was defeated make the zanji

rebellion one of the most successful

slave revolts in history

cultural life in sub-saharan africa

playing music creating visual arts and

telling stories were and continue to be

more important aspects of cultures

everywhere because they provide

enjoyment and mark rituals such as

weddings and funerals

in africa these activities carried

additional significance because

traditional african religions included

ancestor veneration song lyrics provided

name means of communicating with the

spirit world and african music usually

had a distinctive arithmetic pattern and

vocals were interspersed with percussion

elements such as hand claps bells pots

or gourds

visual arts are also commonly served as

a religious purpose

for example metal workers created busts

of past rulers so that ruling royalty

could look to them for guidance

artists and ben in west africa were

famous for their intricate sculptures in

iron and bronze in the late 19th century

this sophistication of these pieces of

art would cause some europeans to

increase their respect for west african

cultures

griefs and griodettes

literature as it exists in sub-saharan

africa was oral

brilliant or storytellers were the

conduits of history for community

creates possessed

encyclopedic knowledge of family

lineages and the lives and death deeds

of great leaders in general creates were

also adept at music singing their

stories and accompanying themselves on

instruments such as the drums and a

12-string harp called the quora

the griats were both venerated and

feared as they held both the power of

language and of story

people said that a grit could sing your

success or sing your downfall

by telling and retelling their stories

and histories the greats preserved a

people's history and passed that history

on from generation to generation

kings often sought their counsel

regarding political matters when a great

died it was so though a library had

burned

just as men served as griez women served

as griodettes they would sing at special

occasions such as before a wedding for

example the greatest would counsel the

bride to not talk back if her

mother-in-law abused her or reassured

the bride that if things got too bad she

could return home

greatest provided women with a sense of

empowerment and a patriarchal society

key terms by theme

society sub-saharan

kin based networks

swahili zanji rebellion

economy trade

trans-saharan trade

indian ocean trade

indian ocean slave trade

technology building great zimbabwe

government kinship

chief

puja kingdoms

government west africa

gahanna mali

government east africa zimbabwe ethiopia

and ladies and gentlemen that's going to

go for today's reading i really hope you

enjoyed the reading i barely did and

also yes i am actually gonna read that

chart ha and you thought i wouldn't

anyways so comparing three forms of

slavery channel domestic inter bondage

description of shadow slavery states

that slaves were the legal property of

the owner

for domestic slavery slaves served as

cooks cleaners or other household

workers and in debt bondage people

became slaves sometimes through mutual

agreement to repay a debt

examples of chattel slavery common in

the americas 16th century to 19th

century

domestic examples of slavery common in

classical greece and rome and in the

middle east

examples of dead bondage common in east

africa before the 15th century and in

european colonies in the americas

enslavement was permanent if you were in

shadow slavery often permanent in

domestic slavery and not in theory in

death bondage although many slaves never

regained freedom

and that again is going to be it for

this chapter i hope you all enjoyed the

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and again ladies and gentlemen and my

thoughts on this there were definitely

some things that can be very useful to

note and again if you ever need to keep

some things in mind for an ap world test

this little chapter no because yes

africa may not always be the most talked

about but it should at least be

remembered on some parts

but again i hope you all have an amazing

day or night please remember to stay

safe stay happy and remember ladies and

gentlemen to stay entertained