History of Counseling Psychology

Summary

Counseling psychology is a specialty within professional psychology that focuses on personal and interpersonal functioning across the lifespan. It emphasizes multicultural competence and social justice. Originating in the early 1900s during the Progressive Era, it was influenced by the Guidance movement and vocational guidance. Francis B. Robinson, a pioneer in the field, developed counseling psychology at Ohio State University, creating the first graduate program accredited by the APA in 1950. His work, along with technological advancements and collaborations with Carl Rogers, helped shape the field, which officially emerged post-World War II, addressing everyday problems and developmental concerns.

Takeaways

• 📚 Counseling psychology is a specialty within professional psychology that focuses on personal and interpersonal functioning across a person's lifespan.
• 🌐 It emphasizes emotional, social, vocational, educational, health-related, developmental, and organizational concerns.
• 🌟 The field has expanded with a special emphasis on multicultural competence and social justice advocacy.
• 🏫 Counseling psychology emerged from the Guidance movement in the early 1900s, aiming to prepare the younger generation for a changing world.
• 🔍 Vocational guidance was a key part of this movement, focusing on practical assistance and long-term social and educational reform.
• 👨‍🏫 Frank Parsons was instrumental in structuring vocational guidance and emphasizing self-discovery in career choices.
• 🎓 Francis B. Robinson, one of the founding fathers of counseling psychology, was born in 1906 and contributed significantly to the field's development.
• 🛠️ Robinson's work at Ohio State University included the development of remedial counseling and the establishment of practicum courses for counselor training.
• 📈 The use of technology, such as audio recording systems, was pioneered by Robinson to enhance counseling and training methods.
• 🤝 Robinson collaborated with Carl Rogers, a key figure in humanistic psychotherapy, to improve counseling practices.
• 🌐 World War II was a turning point for counseling psychology, which found its niche in addressing everyday problems and developmental concerns not covered by clinical psychology.

Q & A

What is counseling psychology?

Counseling psychology is a specialty within professional psychology that focuses on facilitating personal and interpersonal functioning across a person's lifespan. It addresses emotional, social, vocational, educational, health-related, developmental, and organizational concerns.

Why is multicultural competence important in counseling psychology?

Multicultural competence is important in counseling psychology because it enables practitioners to interact effectively with individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds, which is crucial in a globalized and multicultural society.

How did the Progressive Era influence the development of counseling psychology?

The Progressive Era was marked by public demand for social reform and better living conditions. This led to the Guidance movement, which aimed to prepare the younger generation for the changing world, focusing on educational reform and vocational guidance. This environment laid the groundwork for the emergence of counseling psychology.

Who was Frank Parsons and what was his contribution to counseling psychology?

Frank Parsons was a pioneer in the field of vocational guidance. He emphasized the importance of self-discovery and decision-making in choosing careers and established the Vocational Bureau in 1908 to provide vocational guidance.

What role did Francis B. Robinson play in the development of counseling psychology?

Francis B. Robinson was one of the founding fathers of counseling psychology. He developed the field at Ohio State University, creating practicum courses, training counselors, and contributing to the establishment of the field's standards and the founding of Division 17 of the American Psychological Association.

What was the significance of the 'how to study' program developed by Robinson at Ohio State University?

The 'how to study' program was significant because it expanded beyond teaching study skills to also address other problems that could distract students, such as vocational planning, social or personal issues, health problems, or lack of interest in schoolwork. This holistic approach to counseling was a precursor to modern counseling psychology.

How did World War II impact the field of counseling psychology?

World War II led to significant changes in the world, and for psychology, it solidified counseling psychology's niche. After the war, clinical psychology focused on deviant populations, leaving educational, vocational, and developmental concerns to counseling psychology, which found its place in addressing these areas.

What was the role of Carl Rogers in the development of counseling psychology at Ohio State University?

Carl Rogers, known as the father of humanistic psychotherapy, worked closely with Francis B. Robinson at Ohio State University. Their collaboration helped improve the reporting systems and practicum facilities, contributing to the advancement of counseling psychology.

What was the significance of the meeting hosted by Gilbert W. Reed at Northwestern University in 1951?

The meeting at Northwestern University was significant because it included leading experts like Robinson who helped coin the term 'Counseling Psychology,' define it, and create the standards for training in the field.

When was the Journal of Counseling Psychology established and who was involved?

The Journal of Counseling Psychology was established in 1954 with Francis B. Robinson as one of its stockholders, marking a significant milestone in the formalization of the field.

How has counseling psychology evolved from its inception until today?

Counseling psychology has evolved significantly from its inception, with a focus on holistic care and addressing a wide range of personal and interpersonal issues. It has continued to adapt and expand its scope, incorporating new research, technological advancements, and cultural shifts to better serve individuals across diverse settings.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Introduction to Counseling Psychology

Counseling psychology is a specialty within professional psychology that focuses on personal and interpersonal functioning across the lifespan. It addresses various concerns such as emotional, social, vocational, educational, health-related, and organizational issues. The field has expanded to emphasize multicultural competence and social justice advocacy. Counseling psychology operates under a scientist-practitioner model, balancing clinical work with empirical research. The origins of counseling psychology date back to the early 1900s, a period of significant social and economic change post-Industrial Revolution and post-American Civil War. The Progressive Era's Guidance movement aimed to prepare the younger generation for the changing world, leading to vocational guidance. Frank Parsons, a key figure in this movement, emphasized self-discovery in career choices and established the Vocational Bureau in 1908. Francis B. Robinson, one of the founding fathers of counseling psychology, was born in this era and contributed significantly to the field's development.

05:01

🎓 The Evolution of Counseling Psychology at Ohio State University

Ohio State University played a pivotal role in the development of counseling psychology. Francis B. Robinson, after his graduate training, joined OSU in 1937 to expand the 'How to Study' program, which initially focused on college study skills but evolved to address broader issues affecting students' academic performance. Robinson introduced holistic counseling for remedial students, which later transitioned into a graduate-level practicum. He collaborated with Carl Rogers, a pioneer in humanistic psychotherapy, to enhance reporting systems and practicum facilities. Robinson's work led to the creation of a graduate program initially called Student Personnel work, focusing on educational counseling, which was renamed Counseling Psychology in 1951. Post-World War II, counseling psychology found its niche, differentiating itself from clinical psychology by addressing everyday problems and developmental concerns. Robinson's practicum courses and the university's counseling services solidified Ohio State's leadership in the field. Nationally, the American Psychological Association reorganized in 1946, leading to the establishment of Division 17 and the Journal of Counseling Psychology, with Robinson as a key contributor.

10:04

🌟 The Legacy of Francis P. Robinson in Counseling Psychology

Francis P. Robinson's contributions were instrumental in shaping counseling psychology as a respected field. His work at Ohio State University, focusing on holistic counseling and the development of educational counseling programs, laid the groundwork for modern counseling psychology. Robinson's emphasis on individual well-being in the context of health, personality, and vocational concerns has had a lasting impact. His role in defining the term 'Counseling Psychology' and setting training standards was crucial. The establishment of the Journal of Counseling Psychology, with Robinson as a stockholder, and his presidency of Division Seventeen further cemented the field's foundation. Counseling psychology, from its infancy influenced by pioneers like Robinson, has continued to evolve, helping individuals worldwide by addressing personal and interpersonal challenges.

Keywords

💡Counseling Psychology

Counseling Psychology is a specialty within professional psychology that emphasizes personal and interpersonal functioning across the lifespan. It addresses emotional, social, vocational, educational, health-related, and organizational concerns. In the video, counseling psychology is highlighted as a field that has expanded with a focus on multicultural competence and social justice, reflecting its evolution to meet the needs of a diversifying world.

💡Multicultural Competence

Multicultural competence refers to the ability to interact effectively with people from different cultural backgrounds. The video emphasizes its importance in counseling psychology, indicating a shift towards culturally sensitive practices that acknowledge and respect diversity, which is crucial in a globalized and multicultural society.

💡Social Justice and Advocacy

Social justice and advocacy are highlighted as key values within counseling psychology, underscoring the field's commitment to promoting fairness and equity. The video mentions that as experts in a diversifying world, counseling psychologists are expected to advocate for social change and justice, reflecting a broader role beyond individual counseling.

💡Scientist-Practitioner Model

The scientist-practitioner model is a training approach in psychology that stresses both the clinical work and empirical research. The video explains that counseling psychology is practiced within this model, indicating a balance between theoretical knowledge and practical application, which is essential for evidence-based practice.

💡Vocational Guidance

Vocational guidance is an applied field that provides practical assistance to individuals entering the workforce, especially in times of economic change. The video recounts how vocational guidance was a precursor to counseling psychology, with a focus on helping young people prepare for the workforce and navigate the challenges of an ever-changing labor market.

💡Progressive Era

The Progressive Era was a period of social activism and political reform in response to harsh living and working conditions. The video situates the origins of counseling psychology within this era, highlighting how societal changes and the need for reform led to the development of new approaches to education and vocational guidance.

💡Francis B Robinson

Francis B Robinson is mentioned as one of the founding fathers of counseling psychology. The video details his contributions to the field, including the establishment of the first Counseling Psychology graduate program at Ohio State University, which played a pivotal role in shaping the field's identity and training methods.

💡Carl Rogers

Carl Rogers, known as the father of humanistic or Rogerian approach to psychotherapy, is noted for his collaboration with Francis B Robinson. The video explains how Rogers' interests in psychotherapy and Robinson's work in remedial counseling led to advancements in reporting systems and practicum facilities, influencing the development of counseling psychology.

💡Remedial Counseling

Remedial counseling is a form of counseling aimed at helping students overcome academic difficulties. The video describes how Francis B Robinson expanded a study skills course at Ohio State University to include remedial counseling, addressing not only study skills but also vocational planning, social, personal, health problems, and interest in schoolwork.

💡Audio and Recording Systems

Audio and recording systems were used by Francis B Robinson to monitor interviews conducted by counselors in training. The video illustrates how technological advancements were integrated into the training of counseling psychologists, enhancing the quality of supervision and the learning experience.

💡Division 17

Division 17 of the American Psychological Association, initially known as the division of counseling and guidance psychologists, is highlighted as a significant step in formalizing counseling psychology as a distinct field. The video notes that Francis B Robinson was a founding member of this division, which later renamed to the division of counseling psychology.

Highlights

Counseling psychology is a specialty within professional psychology focused on facilitating personal and interpersonal functioning across the lifespan.

The specialty pays particular attention to emotional, social, vocational, educational, health-related, developmental, and organizational concerns.

Counseling Psychology has expanded in recent years with a focus on multicultural competence and social justice.

The field practices within a scientist-practitioner model, emphasizing both clinical work and empirical research.

Counseling psychology originated in the early 1900s during the Progressive Era, a time of social change and reform.

The Guidance movement aimed to prepare the younger generation for a new world and focused on educational reform.

Vocational guidance emerged to assist individuals entering an ever-changing labor market.

Frank Parsons emphasized self-discovery and decision-making in choosing careers and created the Vocational Bureau in 1908.

Francis B. Robinson, one of the founding fathers of Counseling Psychology, was born in 1906 and contributed significantly to the field.

Robinson's graduate training at Iowa led to his work at Ohio State University, where he developed the 'how to study' program.

Robinson expanded the 'how to study' program to include holistic counseling for remedial students.

The practicum course 'Psychology of Remedial Counseling' was created in the early 1940s to supervise counselors and train them.

Robinson used audio and recording systems to monitor interviews, improving methods with technological advances.

Carl Rogers, known as the father of humanistic psychotherapy, collaborated with Robinson at Ohio State.

The graduate program 'Student Personnel work' was established, focusing on educational counseling of college students.

World War II left a niche for Counseling Psychology, focusing on developmental concerns and everyday problems of living.

The American Psychological Association reorganized in 1946, creating Division 17 for counseling and guidance psychologists.

In 1951, the term 'Counseling Psychology' was coined, and standards of training were established.

The Journal of Counseling Psychology was established in 1954, with Francis Robinson as one of its stockholders.

Counseling Psychology has evolved significantly from the 1950s to the present, influenced by pioneers like Francis P. Robinson.

Transcripts

hi my name is Elise joy and today we'll

be talking about how counseling

psychology King Tippi first for those of

you not familiar with the term

counseling psychology is a discipline of

you guessed it psychology it is quote a

specialty within professional psychology

that maintains a focus on facilitating

personal and interpersonal functioning

across a lifespan the specialty pays

particular attention to emotional social

vocational education health related

developmental and organizational

concerns Counseling Psychology focuses

on a person in their entire life the

field has expanded in recent years and

has placed special emphasis on

multicultural competence which is the

ability to interact effectively with

people of different cultures alongside

this culturally sensitive practice has

been highlighted as a key importance a

cyclist a plate of work counseling

psychology has also stressed the need

for social justice and advocacy

especially as experts in a vastly

diversifying world all of these values

are practiced within a scientist

practitioner model which is a training

model that stresses both the clinical

work of psychology and its influence on

and by empirical research and that is

what and where counseling psychology is

at in our current day but how did it

start

how did counseling psychology come into

the world for that we need to step back

in history to the 1900s the early 1900s

was a time of change it was a turn of

the century and the world was still

reeling from the changes the Industrial

Revolution had brought the United States

was especially adjusting to the economic

and social changes brought by the

American Civil War

specifically the u.s. was dealing with

the aftermath of the Gilded Age

a time of great expansion immediately

following the Civil War however along

with along with the social and economic

evolution came the harsh realities of

inhumane working conditions child labor

no protection for the workers and an

exponential increase in crime and

corruption this crime

we Bryce the Progressive Era this was a

time where the public rose up in

reaction to the living conditions of the

US and demanded reform it was in this

time that the Guidance movement also

came to momentum the Guidance movement

wanted to help prepare the young

generation that were growing into a new

world so they would not be victims of

the system they focused on reforming the

educational system to provide mandatory

education for all children and also to

help prepare students to enter the

workforce this at the foundation for and

gave rise to vocational guidance

vocational guidance is an applied field

that at the time focused on providing

immediate practical assistance to

individuals entering unprepared for an

ever-changing labor market as well as

being concerned with long-term social

and educational reform in particular a

man named Frank Parsons came into the

field and provided structure and gardens

for this new line of thinking

Parsons emphasized the importance of

self-discovery and decisions in choosing

careers

he created the vocation Bureau in 1908

which helped provide vocational guidance

to many and it was with these social and

educational foundations that counseling

psychology got its start

this was the era in which one of the

founding fathers of Counseling

Psychology was born into

Francis B Robinson was born on December

21st 1906 in Danville Indiana he came

into a world of social change in reform

while little is known about his

childhood Robinson did attend college at

the University of Oregon he then

attended the State University of Iowa

and received his master's and PhD in

Experimental Psychology studying under

Carl Seashore Robinson received his

graduate training right before the onset

of World War 2 this was a time when

Counseling Psychology done' a call that

was being applied in an educational

vocational manner similar to vocational

guidance quo helping students remove a

variety of obstacles of problems such as

personality educational occupational

financial and health so that students

can maximally benefit from course and

auction was the goal of college

counseling in universities around the

u.s. and this was how Robinson was

trained specifically he was in charge of

counseling students in remedial courses

to help them succeed academically now

this may be the point where you're

asking why Frances Robinson it is just

one of the founding fathers why focus on

him well that is because of where

Robinson would go on to develop his

lifelong career Ohio State University

while Counseling Psychology developed in

pieces all over the u.s. there are three

universities that had the first

Counseling Psychology graduate program

to be accredited by the American

Psychological Association in 1950 two of

these Ohio State stands out as a

prominent leader of the field having had

six presidents of Division 17 and six

editors of the leading journals in the

field to be a faculty or graduate of the

program Ohio State has also helped

create many of the initial training

methods for counseling psychology some

of which are still used today Robinson

along with his colleagues helped develop

counseling psychology at its earliest

days now let's see how how that happened

Robinson's graduate training at Iowa led

him to being hired by OSU in 1937

specifically to take over the how to

study program the how to study class was

a course on college study skills which

was first created at Ohio State

however Robinson did the class beyond

its initial objectives and expanded the

course he offered a study skills course

where senior students provided remedial

counseling assistance to freshmen

students this allowed for the

development of counselors and training

and also helping students improve

academically which was similar to his

own training at Iowa Robinson noted that

it was not just a lack of study skills

that could hold students back he wanted

his course to help in quote attacking

other problems which may be distracting

a student in his university work namely

vocational planning social or personal

problems health problems or a lack of

interest in schoolwork

this style of providing holistic

counseling for remedial students was

first implemented with undergraduates

before transitioning to a graduate level

training and becoming a formal practicum

course titled the psychology of remedial

counseling in the early 1940s the

creation of this practicum course

allowed for organized supervision of

counselors and training

Robinson bolster this training with the

use of technology starting in 1938

Robinson installed audio and recording

systems to help monitor interviews being

conducted by the counselors in training

he continuously improved upon these

methods with technological advances such

as tape recorders it was at this time

that Robinson came to work closely with

Carl Rogers Carl Rogers is known as a

father of the humanistic or Rogerian

approach to psychotherapy which still

serves as a foundation for many

counseling programs Carl Rogers came to

Ohio State as a clinical faculty member

in 1939 Roger's interests in

psychotherapy along with Robinson's work

with remedial counseling came together

to help upgrade the reporting systems

and practicum facilities at Ohio State

these developments held Robinson create

a new graduate program called

Student Personnel work its initial focus

was on the educational counseling of

college students which was different

from other similar programs that only

focus on vocational guidance the program

would later be renamed in 1951 to

Counseling Psychology and this was how

Robinson and the still budding field of

counseling psychology greeted the end of

the world war ii world war ii brought a

great deal of change the world however

one of the greatest for psychology came

was counseling psychology finding its

niche after the war clinical psychology

had found its place in using traditional

psychological approaches to work with

the deviant populations this left a not

yet clearly defined group of

psychologists that have been working

with educational vocational issues as

well as usual izing psychometric testing

x' to their own it also left a clear

position for those who worked with

developmental concerns and everyday

problems of living that were not covered

by clinicals

colleges this was a niche that

Counseling Psychology found itself

occupying this was the same for Robinson

and OSU Robinson's practicum courses and

training of counselors along with Ohio

State University counseling and

consultation services helped bolster

Ohio State's place as a leader in

developing Counseling Psychology as its

own field this timing coincided with

changes on a national level that

solidify counseling psychologies place

the first step came in 1946 with a

reorganization of the American

Psychological Association in the

creation of division 17 which was

initially known as the division of

counseling and guidance psychologists

Frances Robinson participated as a

founding member in creating this new

charter division then in 1951 the big

step of creating Counseling Psychology

came a meeting host if I see Gilbert

read at Northwestern University included

the leading experts including Robinson

here Robinson helped coin the term

Counseling Psychology that didn't

defined it and helped create the

standards of training just a year

afterwards in 1952 division 17 was

renamed to the division of counseling

psychology and not long afterwards

in 1954 the flagship journal for this

field the Journal of Counseling

Psychology was established with Francis

Robinson as one of his stockholders that

year Robinson also served as division

Seventeen's president

and so Counseling Psychology was born

born from the hopes for reform and

wanting to help others in a time of

change in upheaval Counseling Psychology

has become a respected field that helps

numerous individuals all around the

world while Counseling Psychology

continued to change and evolve from the

1950s until the present its infancy was

greatly influenced by pioneers like

Francis P Robinson Robinson helped focus

the world on looking at an individual in

a holistic manner and taking into

consideration how different things like

health personality and vocational

concerns could all affect a person's

life without Robinson's contributions

and Ohio State's dedication to helping

out the individual students at their

school Counseling Psychology may look

very different today

you