Industrialization in the US

Summary

In this video, Dr. Kara Stillen explores the industrialization of the United States in the late 1800s and early 1900s, following the Civil War and Reconstruction. She highlights the key factors, including natural resources and labor, that contributed to rapid industrial growth. The video also discusses the roles of immigrants, living conditions, and labor strikes, as well as how technological advancements like railroads shaped the economy. The video touches on social changes, especially for women, and the impact of industrialization on workers' rights and conditions.

Takeaways

• 🌍 Industrialization in the U.S. boomed after the Civil War, driven by abundant natural resources like coal, iron, and water power.
• 👷 Immigration played a key role in providing labor for industrialization, with over 24 million immigrants arriving between 1870 and 1914.
• 🇮🇹 Immigrants from different regions had distinct roles, with Germans as bakers and tailors, Irish in mining, and Italians, Poles, and Russians working in factories and construction.
• 🏙️ The rise of inner cities created unsanitary living conditions, with poor residents living close to their jobs, while the wealthy moved to suburbs.
• 👩‍🎓 By the early 1900s, more women pursued higher education and entered the workforce in roles like teachers, nurses, and social workers.
• ⚖️ Economic inequalities grew, with white, native-born men having access to higher-paying jobs, while immigrants, women, and children faced lower wages and hazardous working conditions.
• 🚂 Railroads revolutionized transportation and business, facilitating the movement of goods across the country and spurring economic growth.
• 🏭 Monopolies like Carnegie's steel and Rockefeller's Standard Oil used strategies like vertical and horizontal integration to dominate industries.
• ⚡ Strikes and labor unions emerged in response to poor working conditions, with notable actions like the Railroad Strike of 1877 and the rise of organizations like the AFL.
• 📜 Discrimination against immigrants, particularly Chinese Americans, led to the passing of the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882, barring further immigration.

Q & A

What were the primary natural resources that contributed to industrialization in the United States during the late 1800s?

The primary natural resources included flowing rivers (for water power), vast forests (for timber), coal (for energy), and iron (for building and machinery).

What role did immigration play in the industrialization of the U.S. during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

Immigration provided a significant labor force, with millions of immigrants arriving in the U.S. in search of work. From 1870 to 1914, 24 million immigrants entered the U.S., helping to meet the labor demands of industrialization.

How did the ethnic background of immigrants affect their job prospects during this period?

Ethnicity often dictated the types of jobs immigrants could obtain. Germans became bakers, tailors, and shoemakers, Irish worked in mining, Jews worked in the garment industry, while Italians, Russians, and Poles took on dirty factory and construction jobs. Black Americans were mostly limited to low-paying jobs such as servants and janitors.

What were the living conditions like in urban areas compared to the suburbs during the industrialization period?

The inner cities were crowded and unsanitary, with high death rates and poor living conditions, such as open sewage in alleyways. In contrast, suburbs were cleaner, with more privacy, indoor plumbing, and better access to consumer goods, catering to the middle and upper classes.

How did the rights and roles of women in the workforce and society change at the turn of the 20th century?

Women gained more access to education, with increasing numbers becoming college graduates. They began entering the workforce in roles such as social workers, teachers, and office workers. Educated women tended to have fewer children, and the divorce rate rose as women began refusing to stay in bad marriages.

What changes occurred in men's employment and education during this period?

Men gained access to new white-collar jobs, such as salesmen, accountants, and shop owners, which required education. The rise of public schools and colleges, along with professional associations like the American Bar Association and American Medical Association, formalized qualifications for certain professions.

What impact did the railroads have on industrialization in the United States?

The railroad system allowed for the rapid transport of goods and people, connecting different parts of the country and enabling mass production and consumption. It also created thousands of jobs and supported the growth of industries like meatpacking and grain production in cities such as Chicago and Minneapolis.

How did business models like vertical and horizontal integration contribute to industrial growth?

Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration by controlling all aspects of production, from raw materials to transportation, reducing dependence on other companies. John D. Rockefeller used horizontal integration to dominate the oil industry by driving competitors out of business, buying them out, and then raising prices.

What were the working conditions like in factories and railroads during the late 19th century?

Working conditions were hazardous, with long hours (12-14 hours a day, six days a week), dangerous environments, and little concern for worker safety. Over 30,000 workers died in factories each year, and approximately 6,000 railroad workers died annually due to accidents.

What led to the rise of labor unions and strikes during this period?

Poor working conditions, low wages, and long hours led to the formation of labor unions like the National Labor Union and the Knights of Labor. Workers began organizing strikes, with over 30,000 strikes occurring between 1880 and 1910, including violent protests such as the railroad strikes of 1877 and the Haymarket Riot.

Outlines

00:00

🎓 Industrialization in Post-Reconstruction America

This paragraph introduces Dr. Kara Stillen and her educational channel. It transitions into a discussion of the industrialization of the United States following the Civil War and Reconstruction. The U.S. had abundant natural resources like rivers, coal, and iron that contributed to industrial growth. The paragraph highlights the influx of labor due to immigration from Europe, with millions arriving in the U.S. between 1870 and 1914. Old immigrants from Britain, Ireland, and Germany were followed by new immigrants from Italy, Russia, and Eastern Europe. Immigrants faced challenges due to cultural differences, and ethnicity often dictated the type of work they could do. The paragraph also describes the stark contrast in living conditions between urban inner cities and suburban areas as industrialization progressed.

05:01

💼 Expanding Job Opportunities in the 20th Century

This paragraph focuses on the new job opportunities that emerged for men in the early 20th century, as education became a requirement for white-collar positions such as salesmen, clerks, and shop owners. The creation of public schools and universities like Johns Hopkins and the University of Chicago supported this educational expansion. Associations like the American Bar Association and American Medical Association set membership standards. While well-educated American-born white men often held the highest-paying jobs, working-class families struggled to make ends meet. Many children were forced to work, often to fund their brothers' education, and working-class women took jobs in factories or turned to other means like prostitution to support their families.

10:01

🚂 Railroads and the Transformation of American Industry

This paragraph discusses the transformative role of railroads in the industrialization of the United States, particularly in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The construction of railroads allowed for the faster and more efficient transportation of goods and people, reducing travel times and connecting different regions of the country. Chicago, Minneapolis, and the Great Plains cities became hubs for shipping meat, grains, and wheat. However, early railroad construction was chaotic, with companies racing for government subsidies without considering logical track placements. The eventual standardization of schedules, signals, and gauges helped railroads connect with one another, improving efficiency and reaching rural areas. The government also benefited from reduced transportation costs for military and postal services, which saved billions of dollars.

15:02

🏭 Unions, Strikes, and the Fight for Workers' Rights

This paragraph explores the rise of labor unions and strikes in response to the harsh working conditions in factories and railroads. Workers faced long hours, unsafe environments, and low wages, leading to deadly accidents and poor living conditions. The 1877 railroad strike marked the beginning of violent labor disputes, with workers demanding better wages and working conditions. Unions like the National Labor Union (NLU) and the Knights of Labor formed to protect workers' rights, advocating for an eight-hour workday and equal opportunities for all, including women and black workers. However, internal struggles, violent protests, and external pressures often led to the decline of these unions. The rise of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) under Samuel Gompers focused on skilled workers and continued the fight for better wages, safety, and shorter hours.

Keywords

💡Industrialization

Industrialization refers to the process of transforming a society from agrarian-based economies to ones dominated by industry and machine manufacturing. In the video, it describes the transformation of the United States in the late 1800s and early 1900s, emphasizing the growth of factories, mass production, and technological advancements. The abundance of natural resources and labor force, largely due to immigration, facilitated this rapid industrialization.

💡Immigration

Immigration is the movement of people from one country to another with the intent to settle. In the context of the video, immigration to the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries played a crucial role in industrialization, providing a vast labor force for the growing industries. The video highlights the different waves of immigrants, distinguishing between 'old immigrants' from Western Europe and 'new immigrants' from Southern and Eastern Europe.

💡Monopolies

Monopolies occur when a single company or group dominates a particular market, eliminating competition. The video discusses how figures like John D. Rockefeller used business practices like horizontal integration to create monopolies in industries such as oil. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company controlled 84% of the nation's oil sales by driving competitors out of business and then raising prices.

💡Labor Unions

Labor unions are organizations formed by workers to protect their rights and interests, particularly regarding wages, working conditions, and hours. The video covers the emergence and activities of unions like the National Labor Union (NLU) and the American Federation of Labor (AFL), which organized strikes and advocated for workers' rights during the industrialization era. These unions were instrumental in pushing for reforms such as the eight-hour workday.

💡Urbanization

Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural areas to cities, often driven by industrialization. The video describes how the growth of industries led to the expansion of cities, creating distinct differences between the wealthy suburbs and the overcrowded, unsanitary inner cities. This urban expansion also highlighted social issues such as poor living conditions and the need for public services like sanitation and housing.

💡Vertical Integration

Vertical integration is a business strategy where a company controls multiple stages of production, from raw materials to finished goods. The video illustrates this with Andrew Carnegie’s approach in the steel industry, where he acquired companies involved in raw materials, transportation, and manufacturing to reduce costs and increase profits, ensuring that his business did not depend on external suppliers.

💡Horizontal Integration

Horizontal integration is a business strategy where a company acquires or merges with competitors to dominate a particular market. The video uses John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil as an example, where he drove competitors out of business or bought them out, allowing his company to control the majority of the oil industry and set prices unchallenged.

💡Working Conditions

Working conditions refer to the environment and terms under which employees perform their jobs. The video discusses the often hazardous and grueling conditions workers faced during industrialization, such as long hours, unsafe environments, and low wages. These harsh conditions were a significant factor in the rise of labor unions and strikes as workers sought to improve their situation.

💡Child Labor

Child labor refers to the employment of children in industries, often under poor conditions and for low wages. The video highlights how industrialization led to widespread child labor, particularly among working-class families where children were sent to work in factories to support their families. The harsh realities of child labor, such as long hours and dangerous tasks, prompted social reformers to campaign against the practice.

💡Strikes

Strikes are work stoppages initiated by employees to protest against working conditions, wages, or other grievances. The video outlines the history of strikes during the industrial era, including the violent railroad strikes of 1877 and the Homestead Strike of 1892. These strikes were often met with resistance from employers and sometimes led to deadly confrontations, but they were crucial in the fight for workers' rights.

Highlights

Introduction to industrialization in the United States after the Civil War and Reconstruction.

The U.S. had abundant natural resources, such as rivers for water power, forests for timber, coal for energy, and iron for machinery.

Labor was a critical component of industrialization, with millions of immigrants arriving in the U.S. between 1870 and 1914 in search of work.

Distinction between 'old immigrants' (British, Irish, and German) and 'new immigrants' (Italian, Jewish, Russian, and Polish) and their struggles in the workforce.

Ethnic groups often performed specific types of jobs; for example, Germans became bakers or shoemakers, while Irish worked in mines.

Urban areas became unsanitary and crowded as poor individuals moved closer to work, contrasting with the wealthy suburbs.

Various immigrant groups, despite difficult living conditions, built communities in inner cities, such as Germans gathering in saloons and Jews in synagogues.

Women’s role began to change in the early 20th century, with more women receiving higher education and joining professions like teaching and nursing.

Children often worked in factories or as domestic workers to support their families, with child labor being common in the late 1800s.

The railroad industry was crucial to the U.S.'s rapid industrialization, providing faster transportation of goods and hiring thousands of workers.

Andrew Carnegie's use of vertical integration and John D. Rockefeller’s horizontal integration strategies led to monopolistic control in their industries.

Factory jobs were dangerous, with long hours and hazardous conditions leading to thousands of deaths annually in the late 1800s.

Labor unions, such as the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor, formed to advocate for workers’ rights and better working conditions.

The Homestead Strike of 1892 at Carnegie Steel Mills was one of the most violent strikes, involving armed guards and military intervention.

Chinese immigrants faced extreme discrimination in the late 19th century, culminating in the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882.

Transcripts

hello scholars my name is dr kara

stillen and the goal of this channel is

to make academic subjects easier to

understand

in the last video we talked about

reconstruction

in this video we're going to discuss

industrialization within the united

states in the late 1800s and early 1900s

after the civil war and reconstruction

american society was ready to

industrialize the u.s had abundant

natural resources such as flowing rivers

that could be used to harness water

power

vast forests provided a multitude of

different types of timber that could be

used to build homes furniture or other

buildings

coal was used to create energy even

though it produced massive air pollution

and iron helped to stabilize buildings

as well as create machinery

raw materials were not the only

component involved in industrialization

labor was the other major element

involved in the equation

and there was plenty of labor in the us

at this time because of immigration

from 1870 to 1880 8 million immigrants

arrived in the u.s most in search of

work

from 1890 to 1914

nearly 16 million immigrants came in

search of a better life

up until 1880 a majority of immigrants

came from britain ireland and germany

these were called old immigrants

immigrants that came after 1880 were

known as new immigrants

these individuals were italian eastern

european jews russians and poles

sometimes individuals in the u.s sent

money to their relatives to get them to

come to america if they did send money

they often sent pictures showing how

well they were doing in the new nation

immigrants made up more than 50 percent

of the population these immigrants had

differences in religion nationality

interests and culture which often made

for difficult times in the workforce

generally ethnicity tended to dictate

what forms of work an immigrant could do

in america during this time

germans often became bakers tailors

built homes or made shoes

irish immigrants tended to take jobs in

mining industries

jewish individuals tended to work in

garment industries

those from italy russia and poland

worked dirty jobs in factories steel

mills on the dock or as construction

workers

black americans got the lowest paying

jobs as servants janitors and laborers

before new immigrants arrived in america

individuals with wealth tended to live

in the cities wealthy upper class

individuals moved to the outskirts of

the city when the working class moved

closer to work

poor individuals tried to live as close

to their work as they could because they

couldn't afford transportation to get

them there

this caused a clear distinction between

the condition of the inner cities

compared to the suburbs while the

suburbs were lined with grand mansions

parks middle to upper class homes

monuments and good-looking businesses

the inner cities became unsanitary and

crowded

there was quite a high death rate within

the urban areas as indoor plumbing

opened up to alleyways and dumped sewage

into the alleys when women did not have

access to water they gathered water from

outdoor hydrants and carried it inside

their living space

even though there were horrendous living

conditions various ethnicities were able

to create a sense of community in

various areas germans gathered in

saloons and created singing societies

jewish individuals gathered at

synagogues and at schools that taught

hebrew black individuals faced the worst

of the living conditions but still

created churches and communities that

provided support between the inner city

and the suburbs tended to live the lower

middle class these were salespersons

trades people clerks as well as

shopkeepers

these individuals rented their homes and

business spaces and can sometimes buy

them

the locations had more privacy than

living in the inner city

they usually also had indoor plumbing

garage collection and were cleaner than

the inner city these individuals also

had the ability to buy more consumer

goods and had more leisure time

the rights of women began to change near

the beginning of the 20th century

women with leisure time joined charity

groups various clubs and literary

societies women also attained higher

educations that were equivalent to men

in 1890 more than 10 percent of college

graduates were women in 1900 nearly 20

percent were college graduates

women weren't allowed to enter the any

job in the workforce but they now could

become social workers teachers nurses

work in department stores or conduct

office work educated women tend to have

less children and the divorce rate

increased to 1 out of 12 as women

refused to remain in bad marriages

there were also changes for men

beginning in the 20th century

new job opportunities meant that men

could now gain employment as salesmen

shipping clerks accountants and shop

owners white-collar jobs now required an

education the number of public schools

and colleges greatly increased at this

time john hopkins the university of

chicago as well as other research

facilities were formed associations such

as the american bar association and the

american medical association

created requirements for their

memberships

the need for lawyers insurance agents

and bankers as well as accountants

became evident the larger a company

became the more management positions

were sought that often meant higher

incomes for those that attained them in

a majority of the cases those males that

were white and were born in america

tended to have the highest paying jobs

they were the individuals that had

access to the highest educations as well

as inherited wealth working-class men

rarely ever made enough money for their

families to survive women often couldn't

work outside the home because they had

little children to watch and tons of

domestic work to complete

twenty percent of children between the

ages of eight to fourteen had to go to

work much of the time young daughters

went to work to provide for the

education of their brothers middle and

upper class women were appalled by the

child labor but often believed to be the

fault of the mother and the father for

not taking care of their own children

children often worked in other homes

doing domestic chores but they were also

hired in factory jobs in food processing

in textiles and also in meat packing

plants

sometimes working class families had to

send women to work women were paid much

less than men and were often

discriminated against some women worked

at home and sodium repair clothing in

order to earn money most tended to work

in factories sometimes 8 to 14 hours a

day when women couldn't get a job they

sometimes would turn to prostitution in

order to pay the bills prostitution

increased substantially at the end of

the 19th century and into the 20th

century

those women that were able to stay at

home did not have an easy life they took

care of their children and had to shop

for food each day because they didn't

have refrigerators or freezers to keep

food from spoiling laundry was also

difficult because the pump for water was

usually outside in order to get clothes

for the children women often had a

bargain with other women or go to

second-hand stores in order to clothe

her children

when there was room women often took in

borders which meant they wouldn't have

privacy

this meant they had another mouth to

feed and extra laundry to do but the

money was often worth it

with so many individuals working

including men women and children the

nation began to increase in wealth

generally to the benefit of owners and

professionals communication and

transportation also helped the nation to

industrialize quickly as technological

advances continued the railroad

increased in speed had greater safety

for passengers and were sought out for

product delivery products could move

from location to location with great

ease some railroads could reach 50 miles

per hour which greatly reduced the time

it took to get from one place to another

the railroad helped to bring various

people together making business deals

that wouldn't have been possible without

it the city of chicago became able to

send meat to various parts of the nation

the city of minneapolis sent various

types of grain and flour to others the

great plain cities sent wheat to other

parts of the nation there was now mass

production and mass consumption

throughout the country the railroad

itself hired thousands of workers and

had great organizational needs owners

rarely ever met their employees and

sometimes even managers didn't have

face-to-face contact for 100 years the

railroad helped industrialize the nation

in a way that had never been expected

the building on the railroad was not as

smooth as it ended up after a hundred

years companies knew that they could

become wealthy by building tracks to

gain subsidies and therefore created

tracks that had no logical reasoning for

their placement

companies were only concerned with being

awarded with wealthy contracts the

purpose of the subsidies was to gain

tracks across the west as quickly as

possible but the half-hazard placement

meant that many tracks would later be

abandoned or rebuilt to match gauges

many of the early tracks only traveled

30 to 50 miles and had schedules that

did not coincide with other railroads

there were separate depots they used

different gauges the distance between

each rail the standard was six feet and

did not cooperate with other lines this

was difficult because trains in one

location could not run on the tracks of

other trains the larger trains

eventually swallowed the smaller

railroad companies and their tracks

eventually were integrated eventually

they said standard schedules had common

signals and used a common gauge

it was this standardization that meant

the railroad would eventually reach

ranchers farmers and factory owners in

various rural locations the government

had helped to finance the railroad and

because of this was able to require

trains to carry government troops the

u.s mail and government products to be

transported at greatly reduced rates the

government saved itself billions of

dollars by doing this the railroad was

not the only industry that thrived and

changed the face of the nation by 1900

there were over 1 000 factories within

the united states that produced goods on

a massive scale most industry was

located in the northeast andrew carnegie

who owned a steel industry realized that

he would earn more from his products if

he bought up places with raw materials

as well as transportation and packaging

companies

carnegie did not want to be dependent

upon other business owners and their

prices for his ability to thrive this

became known as vertical integration

john d rockefeller used horizontal

integration in his business model he

created standard oil and cut his prices

so low to the point that he wasn't even

making a profit to drive out his

competition and put them out of business

he would then buy their business or just

let them go bankrupt and would consume

all their customers and then raise the

prices monopolies had not yet been

outlawed and standard oil was able to

take control of 84 percent of the

nation's oil sales even though industry

produced massive amounts of goods at a

lesser cost there was a downside to

workers factory jobs were often

dangerous and workers worked 12 to 14

hours a day six days a week their work

environments were dirty and hazardous

and workers felt like they were slaves

performing monotonous act owners and

managers did not look out for the health

and well-being of their workers women

who spent hours bending over a sewing

machine often developed curved spines

those that worked in mines worked in

conditions where the temperature often

rose above 100 degrees the mind smelled

of garbage urine and feces many mine

workers developed lung issues because

they lacked any form of protection over

their noses and mouths

every year over 30 thousand workers died

in factories due to accidents on the

railroad they lost about 6 000 people a

year

when there were accidents the owners and

managers were not held responsible the

lack of workers rights and hazardous

conditions of the time led to thousands

of strikes near the end of the 1800s in

1877 the railroad workers were the first

to stage a strike that ended up violent

the strike erupted when railroad workers

cut wages due to difficulties within the

economy the railroad workers destroyed

railroad property and refused to allow

the trains to move there were nearly 100

deaths by the time that federal troops

arrived and stopped the strike striking

became a new way for workers to show

their dissatisfaction

between 1880 and 1910

more than 30 000 strikes took place

these strikes were often violent workers

wanted higher wages and shorter hours

in 1866 the national labor union nlu was

formed in order to protect workers and

bring more profits to those that worked

the land and produced the goods the nlu

supported women's rights the creation of

cooperatives as well as temperance the

goal of these unions were to help

organize strikes and protest and to

create goals for workers to push toward

the organization also wanted to

establish an eight-hour day for workers

but this union diminished when the

depression of 1873 took place and

people's focus went elsewhere

when the economy of the depression of

1873 started to recover a new

organization called the noble and holy

order of the knights of labor came into

existence

terrence v powderly was the leader of

the knights of labor and he helped

workers to push for an eight-hour day

allowing workers more time to pursue

alternative items

everyone was allowed to join this union

skilled and unskilled workers were both

allowed to join black and white people

were both allowed to join as well as men

and women the knights of labor helped

unorganized workers of the union pacific

railroad to gain better wages they also

helped workers in a strike against the

missouri pacific railroad it was in 1886

that the knights of labor gain the

greatest amount of union members when

the haymarket riot broke out workers at

the mccormick factory protested for

better working conditions and wages as

the crowds grew bigger the chicago

police were sent and just as they

arrived a bomb went off and killed seven

policemen

anarchists had used the protest to

create unrest which helped to destroy

the knights of labor and its reputation

eventually powderly recognized that he

could not control anarchists that use

worker protests to create trouble and he

became tired of the constant problems

that employers created for him just as

the knights of labor was beginning to

decline the american federation of labor

afl was created in 1886 its leader was

samuel gompers who believed that skilled

workers should remain in skilled

positions he also pushed for higher

wages safety within the workplace the

right to strike and organize as well as

shorter working hours for employees the

afl membership grew substantially within

15 years gumpers did not allow unskilled

workers or black individuals to become

part of the organization when women

tried to become part of the organization

the men threatened to quit if they were

accepted this led to the creation of the

international ladies garment worker

union for women but a majority of the

leadership positions were held by men

many strikes were won and many strikes

were lost as technology advanced and

mechanization increased employers cut

workers out which brought about violent

strikes violence took place quite often

and led to blacklisting strike breakers

and armed guards fought against union

men one of the worst strikes that ever

took place happened in 1892 near

pittsburgh at homestead steel mills

henry clay frick had been put in charge

of the homestead steel mills by andrew

carnegie

frick realized that many workers had

joined the union and wanted to break the

union's foothold within the business but

negotiations had resulted in multiple

failures frick lost his patience and

decided to give the workers an ultimatum

he told the workers to accept the wage

cuts or that every single one of them

would be replaced with other workers

frick knew the workers would retaliate

with the union and he hired 300 armed

pinkerton guards to surround the plant

and guard the business

on july 6 armed steel workers arrived

and a gun battle ensued

pinkertons and workers died from gunfire

and eventually the pinkertons retreated

frick then asked the governor to send in

8 000 military troops to help crush the

union frick believed that he had won but

an assassination attempt almost took his

life

in 1893 a bad depression created

problems for railroad workers eugene

debs collaborated several groups of

workers to create a united american

railroad union aru and within a year

more than a hundred thousand workers

joined they won a couple of strikes but

had trouble when faced with the pullman

palace car company in chicago

this company cut workers wages by 33

and laid off many employees

the workers struck and debs directed

workers to not stop production and to

have a non-violent protest the products

of the company were boycotted and it

desperately hurt the company

general motors association gma came to

the rescue of pullman by hiring 2500

strike breakers and pushed the state and

federal governments to assist them in

stopping the strikes president cleveland

sent troops to crush the strikers and

violence took over the area many workers

were killed during the strikes samuel

gompers refused to come to the aid of

devs and the strike collapsed debs was

also hauled into court and was found

guilty and sentenced

when strikes were not successful

discrimination amongst immigrants often

took place during the 1870s and 1880s

chinese americans experienced some of

the worst discrimination in the nation

when white workers in the west started

losing their jobs they blamed chinese

workers for the loss of their employment

whites began killing chinese people that

came from asia in order to gain

employment

more than a quarter of a million chinese

immigrants came to the u.s between 1860

and 1900

many of these chinese individuals were

men that left their wives and family to

earn money and send it back to their

families

they worked jobs that no one in the us

wanted to work in 1882 congress passed

the chinese exclusion act stating that

no more immigrants from china could come

to america for a 10-year period this was

later extended and then made permanent

in 1902

okay we're gonna end the video here if

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