What is academic vocabulary?
Summary
TLDRВ этом видео рассматривается академическая лексика, которая включает в себя термины, часто встречающиеся в учебных текстах, но редко встречаемыми в неакадемических. Видео дает определение академической лексики, рассматривает списки слов, включая известный Академический Список Слов (AWL), и обсуждает важность академической лексики для изучения и написания на английском языке. Представлены советы по изучению академической лексики, включая использование списков слов, изучение многословных единиц и увеличение внимания к академическому английскому для инцидентного обучения лексики.
Takeaways
- 📚 Акадэмическая лексика - это те слова, которые часто используются в учебных контекстах, включая университет и школу.
- 🔍 В академической лексике есть различие между устной и письменной формами, и большинство исследований сосредоточено на письменной форме.
- 📈 В отношении определения академической лексики, она включает слова, часто встречающиеся в академических текстах, но редко встречается в неакадемических.
- 📊 Акадэмическая лексика часто называется субтехнической или специализированной нетехнической лексикой, в отличие от технической терминологии.
- 📑 Список академических слов (AWL) включает 570 семей слов, исключая слова из Общего Служебного Словаря (GSL), которые предназначены для всех предметных областей.
- 🔑 Важность академической лексики заключается в том, что она отличается от общей лексики, включает более сложные слова и предполагается, что студенты должны понимать ее.
- 👩🏫 Примеры академических текстов показывают, что не все общая лексика подходит для академической письменности, и есть слова, которые лучше избегать.
- 🔤 В академической лексике есть слова, которые имеют специальное или техническое значение, например, 'дисциплина' в академическом контексте означает предмет изучения.
- 📘 Существуют также списки академической лексики для конкретных предметов, такие как бизнес, медицина, экономика и информатика.
- 📘 Для изучения академической лексики рекомендуется использовать списки слов, изучать многословные единицы, использовать слова продуктивно и увеличивать экспозицию академической английской литературы.
Q & A
Что такое академическая лексика?
-Академическая лексика - это лексика, используемая в академических контекстах, таких как университеты или школы, включая устную и письменную академическую речь.
Почему академическая лексика включает в себя более сложные слова?
-Академическая лексика включает более сложные слова, потому что она часто используется в академических текстах и因为她是非技术性的,讲师们会假设学生已经理解了这些词汇。
Что такое 'сдвиг лексики' от общей к академической?
-Сдвиг лексики от общей к академической относится к процессу распознавания, какие слова подходят для академической письменности и какие нет, а также пониманию более академических альтернатив.
Каковы различия между общей лексикой, академической лексикой и техническим словарём?
-Общая лексика - это повседневные слова, академическая лексика - это слова, часто встречающиеся в академических текстах, но редко в неакадемических, а техническая лексика - это термины, специфичные для определенных областей знаний.
Каковы основные критерии для отбора слов в Академический Список Слов (AWL)?
-AWL включает в себя 570 семей слов, исключая слова из Общего Списка Слов (GSL), и предназначен для чтения академических текстов.
Что такое Академический Список Слов (AVL) и как он отличается от AWL?
-AVL - это список из 3015 слов или 500 слов в основном списке, использующих леммы для отображения форм слов, и включает слова, встречающиеся по крайней мере в 1,5 раза чаще в академических текстах, чем в неакадемических.
Почему важны многословные единицы в изучении академической лексики?
-Многословные единицы, такие как коллокации и дискурсивные конструкции, помогают лучше понимать контекст использования слов и улучшать способность использовать их в академической речи.
Какие ресурсы предлагается использовать для изучения академической лексики?
-Рекомендуется использовать списки слов, такие как AWL и AVL, а также инструменты подсветки и профилирования слов для изучения слов в контексте.
Какие советы даются для эффективного изучения академической лексики?
-Рекомендуется использовать списки слов как отправную точку, изучать многословные единицы, использовать слова продуктивно в речи и письме, а также увеличивать экспозицию академическому английскому через чтение.
Что подсказывает цитата из статьи Максвелла 2013 года о том, как нативные носители английского языка обучаются академическому английскому?
-Никто не является нативным носителем академического английского, даже нативные носители английского языка должны учиться говорить и писать академически, главным образом через чтение академического английского и внимание к языку и лексике.
Outlines
📚 Введение в академический лексический фонд
В этом видео представлен обзор академического лексического фонда, который включает в себя терминологию, используемую в учебных и научных текстах. Видео начинается с общей дефиниции академического лексического фонда, которая охватывает слова, используемые в учебных контекстах, таких как университеты и школы. Рассматриваются различия между устной и письменной академической английской, с акцентом на письменном варианте. Обсуждается более конкретное определение академического лексического фонда, исключающее общие слова и фокусирующиеся на словах, часто встречающихся в академических текстах, но редко встречаемыми в неакадемических. Также упоминается разновидность академического лексического фонда, называемого подтехническим или специализированным нетехническим.
📈 Списки академических слов и их использование
В видео рассматривается Academic Word List (AWL), содержащий 570 семей слов, исключающих общие английские слова. Обсуждается разница между рецептивными (для чтения) и продуктивными (для письма и речи) целями в изучении академического лексического фонда. Вводится понятие 'смещения лексики' от общего к академическому, что означает определение подходящих слов для академической письменности. Приводятся примеры текстов из повседневной жизни, таких как электронные письма, художественная проза и газетные статьи, для иллюстрации различий между общим и академическим лексическим фондом. Также рассматривается изменение значений некоторых общих слов в академическом контексте.
🔍 Расширение академического лексического фонда
В видео продолжается обсуждение академического лексического фонда, включая введение в Academic Vocabulary List (AVL), который включает в себя 3015 слов или 500 ключевых слов и использует леммы для представления слов. AVL не исключает слова из GSL, в отличие от AWL, и ориентирован на продуктивные цели, такие как академическая письменность. Также рассматриваются предметно-специфические списки академических слов, такие как списки для бизнеса, медицины и компьютерных наук, которые включают в себя нетехническую терминологию, часто используемую в определенных областях, но редко встречаемую в неакадемических текстах. Упоминается важность изучения многословных единиц, таких как коллокации и академические формулы, для полного понимания академического лексического фонда.
🏛 Важность академического лексического фонда
В видео подчеркивается, что академический лексический фонд важен из-за его различия от общего лексического фонда, его высокой частоты в академических текстах и его нетехнического характера. Приводится пример аутентичных академических текстов, таких как статьи по экономике, для анализа различных аспектов академического лексического фонда, включая техническую терминологию, коллокации, дискурсные коннекторы и академические слова. Обсуждается важность понимания и использования этих элементов для эффективного чтения и письма на академическом уровне.
📘 Советы по изучению академического лексического фонда
В заключении видео даются рекомендации по изучению академического лексического фонда, включая использование списков слов как отправной точкой, изучение многословных единиц и продуктивное использование новых слов в речи и письме. Подчеркивается также важность интенсивного чтения академической и нехудожественной литературы для инцидентного изучения лексики и понимания академического лексического фонда. Завершается видео цитатой о том, что даже носители английского языка должны учиться писать и говорить академически, основываясь на чтении академических текстов и внимательном изучении их лексики.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡академическая лексика
💡академический текст
💡техническая лексика
💡академический словарный список (AWL)
💡академическая лексика по предметным областям
💡многословные единицы
💡академические коллокации
💡академические формулы
💡дискоурсные коннекторы
💡инкIDENTALНОЕ обучение лексике
Highlights
定义学术词汇:学术词汇是用于学术环境,如大学或学校的词汇。
区分口语和书面学术英语:口语学术英语包含更多非正式表达。
学术词汇的更具体定义:在学术文本中频繁出现但在非学术文本中较少出现的词汇。
学术词汇与技术词汇的区别:学术词汇介于通用词汇和技术词汇之间。
学术词汇的重要性:它在学术文本中占比重大,且通常不被认为需要特别解释。
学术词汇列表(AWL):包含570个词族,用于阅读和理解学术文本。
词汇转换:识别哪些通用词汇适合用于学术写作,哪些不适合。
学术词汇的多功能性:一些通用词汇在学术英语中有特殊或技术性含义。
学术词汇列表(AVL):包含3015个单词,用于学术写作。
特定学科的学术词汇列表:针对特定学科领域的学术词汇。
学术搭配列表(ACL):包含学术英语中的形容词和名词组合。
学术词汇的实际应用:通过分析真实学术文本中的词汇使用。
学习学术词汇的技巧:使用词汇列表作为起点,注意多词单位,并在写作中积极使用。
广泛阅读的重要性:通过大量阅读学术英语来提高词汇知识。
学术英语的学习建议:即使是英语母语者也需要学习学术英语的表达方式。
资源推荐:EAP Foundation网站提供学术词汇列表和学习工具。
Transcripts
this video is brought to you by
eapfoundation.com
the website for all your academic
english needs so this video will answer
the question what is academic vocabulary
first we'll look at a definition of
academic vocabulary
the second part will be word lists with
a couple of digressions first into
something called vocabulary shift and
also general words with academic meaning
after that we'll consider why academic
vocabulary is important
we'll see an example text and study the
academic vocabulary that it contains
and i'll finish off with a few tips for
learning academic vocabulary
so let's start with a broad definition
of academic vocabulary we'll have a more
specific definition later
so the broad definition is the
vocabulary used in academic contexts and
generally this means university although
it can also mean school
and we need to be careful here because
there are spoken academic contexts in
other words presentations discussions
lectures
and written academic contexts
essays reports and so on
although there's a big area of
similarity between spoken and written
academic english
there are also quite a few differences
with spoken academic english including
more informal expressions
mostly i'll be thinking about written
academic vocabulary because reading and
writing is the main part of academic
study and most research into academic
vocabulary has actually focused on the
written form
so one problem with the broad definition
we have the vocabulary used in academic
contexts is that it potentially includes
all vocabulary this includes general
vocabulary in other words everyday words
like two
other about will because number with the
verbs to have to be articles like a and
the surely if we're talking about
academic vocabulary it should be
something different from general
vocabulary so this leads us on to a more
specific definition of academic
vocabulary which is vocabulary which
occurs frequently in academic texts but
less frequently in non-academic ones so
not words like to or to be or with
because those occur frequently in both
types when i say text in the definition
i'm considering both written and spoken
texts now a potential problem with this
definition is that it also includes
technical vocabulary for example the
word enzyme for biology or ion for
chemistry or turnover for economics or
business
or assassination for history now some
writers consider technical vocabulary to
be academic vocabulary but most writers
consider academic vocabulary to be
something different lying between
general vocabulary and technical
vocabulary so let's modify the
definition a little academic vocabulary
is vocabulary which occurs frequently in
academic text across many different
subject areas but less frequently in
non-academic text so this means words
like access identify process and method
which are not technical words but they
are used more frequently in academic
english than in non-academic
english this classification sometimes
goes by other names
beck mckeon and kukan in 2002 called
these tier 1 tier 2 and tier 3
vocabulary
because of his position between general
and technical vocabulary academic
vocabulary is sometimes called
sub-technical vocabulary or specialized
non-technical vocabulary offer technical
vocabulary you may sometimes see terms
like content-specific vocabulary
subject-specific or domain-specific
vocabulary so that's a definition of
academic vocabulary let's move on to
look at word lists
so perhaps the most well-known academic
word list is the academic word list the
awl
which very much follows this
categorization of vocabulary so just
some brief details here the awl is a
list of 570 word families for example
for the adjective similar the family
consists of the noun similarity the
adverb similarly and the opposite
adjective dissimilar
so the awl excludes words from the
general service list or the gsl
which is a list of 2 000 general english
words like the ones we just saw to be to
have a and the it's meant for use in all
subject areas and accounts for around 10
of words in academic texts in contrast
to the gsl which is about 80
and technical vocabulary generally is
around 5
the awl is actually meant for receptive
purposes in other words reading and this
is generally true of word family lists
they are intended for receptive in other
words reading or listening purposes
this is in contrast to productive
purposes in other words writing or
speaking the reasoning here is if you
know the word similar and you see the
noun similarity you will understand what
it means if you know similar and you see
the word dissimilar
you can guess that it's the opposite
but for productive purposes this doesn't
necessarily work if you know the
adjective similar it doesn't mean you
know the noun maybe it's similarness or
the opposite maybe it's unsimilar you
have to learn those different forms
separately
so this is fine if you're studying the
academic word list for receptive
purposes but it does present some
problems in terms of studying academic
vocabulary for productive purposes and
this is related to something called the
vocabulary shift from general to
academic in other words recognizing
which words are suitable for academic
writing and which words are not let's
see some examples to help us understand
this let's look at the kind of writing
students might be familiar with before
they start a course of academic english
namely an email some fiction and a
newspaper article
so this is an example email dear sir i'm
writing with regard to an increase in
your interest payments so on and so
forth yours faithfully so there's a lot
of general vocabulary in this email some
of it's not really suitable for academic
english for example dear sir i'm your
yours on the other hand some of it is
so obviously basic words like and and in
the words writing payments faithfully
but there are also some words and
phrases which are more common in
academic english with regard to
interest and increase
an example of fiction where are you
going he said
it was a bad thing to ask
so the pronoun you is not very suitable
for academic english nor is going
said
or bad or thing or the verb ask on the
other hand the words where are he it was
a and two are fine
finally a newspaper article this is
actually a real headline from a real
newspaper scaling back free kovid test
could hinder uk if new variant strikes
warns health chief
so there are no words there which are
not suitable for academic english and
actually some which are more common in
academic english than general english
namely
tests
and variant
so the point of those example text is to
show that not all general vocabulary is
suitable for academic writing and the
vocabulary shift i mentioned from
general to academic english is about two
things first recognizing which words to
avoid in academic writing and second
understanding more academic alternatives
for example for bad we could say
negative negative effects thing could be
many things such as factor reasons
examples depending on the context
instead of say we might use the verb
state instead of ask we might say
inquire
and some other examples which we didn't
see there the verb see
look for and idea so a more formal
alternative to c is observe instead of
the two-word verb look for we have seek
instead of idea we have notion
an interesting feature of academic and
also technical vocabulary is that there
are some general vocabulary words which
have one meaning in general english but
another meaning when used academically
or technically
for example the word discipline which
means training people to obey rules
in academic english means the subject of
study
population which is the number of people
living in a country or region in
academic english means all the
individuals who could possibly be
included in a study or survey
the word base means the bottom of
something but in chemistry it's a
technical term
referring to a water-soluble compound
with ph less than seven which reacts
with an acid to form a salt it's also
used in linguistics to mean the verb
without to
for example the base of disgust is
disgust
and the word summit which means the top
of something is used in history or other
subjects to refer to a conference of
high-level officials for example heads
of government and the word bug which is
a kind of insect
in computer science means a flaw in the
programming system so general words
which have special or technical meanings
is something else students need to be
aware of
and this detail is potentially lost if
general words are excluded from academic
or even technical word lists
a different list which overcomes some of
the problems of the academic word list
is the academic vocabulary list or avl
so this is a list of 3015 words or 500
words in the core list it doesn't use
word families with many different words
it uses what's called lemmas that's a
bit technical but basically it just
means plurals verb inflections and
alternative spellings so for the example
we saw similar similarity similarly and
dissimilar rather than being one word
family these are four different words
and with similarity of course we need
the plural similarities another word in
the avl is the verb discuss plus the
forms discusses disgust and discussing
and then a separate word is the noun
discussion and of course the plural
discussions an important point of the
apl is it does not exclude any list
which means it can include words like
discuss and discussion which are
contained in the gsl and therefore
they're not in the academic word list
the awl additionally words are included
if they occur at least one and a half
times as often in academic as
non-academic texts the word disgust is
actually 1.53 times more common in
academic texts as non-academic texts
word discussion is 1.94 times as common
in other words it occurs almost twice as
often in academic texts as non-academic
texts because it's a lemma based list
not a word family list it's actually
intended for productive purposes in
other words academic writing not
receptive purposes in other words
reading
and the fact that it does not exclude
any list perhaps makes it easier for
students to recognize general words that
they already know which are acceptable
for in fact which are more common in
academic english
now we've been considering academic
non-technical vocabulary which is used
across a range of subjects but the fact
is not all academic vocabulary is the
same for example if we're writing a
laboratory report we're going to be
writing about the apparatus or the
procedure
or the errors in the experiment
on the other hand if we're conducting
social science research we won't be
using those words instead we'll want
words like survey population and sample
which a scientist is less likely to use
but those are the kind of words which
are included in general academic lists
as a result some researchers have
developed subject-specific academic
vocabulary lists so these consist of
non-technical vocabulary which occurs
frequently in academic text of one
specific subject area but less
frequently in non-academic texts
so i won't go into these in detail but
examples include the business word list
a nursing academic word list medical
academic word list and economics
academic word list most of these are
modeled after the academic word list
there are some which follow the model of
the academic vocabulary list for example
the medical academic vocabulary list and
the computer science academic vocabulary
list now all of the lists we've seen so
far have been of single words
studying single words doesn't always
tell us the whole story
for example we saw earlier that the word
thing is not academic
but a recent study by granger and larsen
2021
showed that expert academic writers
sometimes use this word in various
phrases
such as other things being equal
or there is no such thing as or is the
same thing as
it's important in any vocabulary study
including academic vocabulary to
consider multi-word units in other words
word combinations perhaps the most
well-known list here is the academic
collocation list or acl and i've made a
couple of videos on this before so this
is a list of
2469 collocations for academic english
in other words adjective and noun
combinations verb and noun adverb and
adjective and so on for example for the
word similar which we saw earlier it's
in the academic word list we have
similar approach similar argument
similar characteristics effect issue
pattern properties result situation
broadly similar and remarkably similar
for discuss which was in the avl we have
discuss a topic discuss an issue briefly
discussed be widely discussed previously
discussed
after discussion we have brief
discussion earlier discussion fuller
preceding and previous discussion
multi-word lists also have some
subject-specific academic word list an
example is the nursing collocation list
which is 488 collocations that
frequently occur in nursing journal
articles
so for example i won't read all of these
but these are the examples for the word
health
it's interesting that actually only two
of these mental health and physical
health also occur in the acl
while none of the other collocations we
just saw with similar discuss and
discussion actually occur in the ncl
and that's of course the reason why
researchers developed these lists
because they are more useful for
specific subject areas than general
academic lists a few more lists now
which i'll introduce very briefly mainly
because i want to refer to them later
first the academic formulas list afl
which is a list of academic formulas in
other words three to five word
combinations for example in terms of at
the same time on the other hand due to
the fact that it should be noted
it's interesting that those are mostly
general words but when combined together
they form academic phrases
another is the academic idioms list
which is a list of 38 idioms for written
academic english or 170 idioms for
spoken academic english idioms of course
were a bit informal and therefore tend
to be more common in spoken academic
english examples of idioms from the
written idioms list are in light of
bear in mind and along the lines of
finally somewhere between single words
and multi-word lists is the discourse
connectors list or dcl
and this is a list of 632 discourse
connectors which are sometimes single
words sometimes multi-word units for
example however
although
for example and in addition
okay so that's word list and we had a
little digression there into vocabulary
shift
and general words with academic meaning
let's consider now why academic
vocabulary is important
now that we've seen those lists we can
better understand why academic
vocabulary is important
one reason is because it's different
from general vocabulary these are more
difficult words that learners are less
likely to know
at the same time they comprise quite a
lot of academic texts
the academic word list for example
comprises 10 percent of academic texts
while the academic vocabulary list is
about 14 percent
a third reason is because academic
vocabulary is non-technical and that's
important because technical words like
some of the ones we've seen enzyme ion
turnover assassination
these are ones which the lecturer or the
teacher are likely to explain
they are special they have special
meaning in the subject area
but this is not the case for academic
vocabulary
which because of its non-specialist
nature subject lecturers will assume
students already understand
let's look now at an example academic
text and try to understand the different
academic vocabulary that it contains
so this is an authentic academic text
it's from an economics article the
source is there
i'm going to read it through once and as
i read it maybe you can try to guess
which words or phrases you think are
particularly academic or ones which are
maybe particularly technical
it is well documented that women occupy
top executive positions in politics and
industry much less frequently than men
for example at the 2014 g20 summit only
5 out of 58 leaders were female
around the world only 17 of government
ministers and only 5.2 percent of s p
500 ceos are female while explanations
such as discrimination have been put
forward self-selection that is
differences in leadership ambition are
likely a major factor behind these
gender gaps indeed there is evidence
that women are less likely than men to
seek to be elected to political
leadership positions and that female
students are less likely to run for
student government in college
laurels and fox 2008 new 2014
kathak and woon 2015 consequently many
corporations ngos and colleges now
implement leadership training programs
targeted towards females
designed to both build women's
leadership skills and get them
interested in leadership in the first
place
so let's look at the vocabulary here
we'll start with technical vocabulary
it's often easy to spot technical
vocabulary because while it's high
frequency in subject areas it's low
frequency outside of those subject areas
so one technical phrase there is g20
summit which is an annual meeting of
leaders from the countries with the
largest and fastest growing economies
s p 500 this is short for standard and
paul's 500 which is 500 of the largest
companies in the us
ceos which you may be familiar with is
chief executive officers
ngos is non-governmental organizations
another word actually part of a phrase
which i think is rather technical is
executive executive positions executive
means relating to important people in a
company who make decisions so this is a
very common phrase in economics but
probably not so common outside of
economics so those are technical words
let's focus on academic words which is
what we're really interested in let's
start with multi-word units collocations
from the acl
well documented is one major factor is
another
and political leadership is a third
let's look at discourse connectors not
all of them but just the ones which are
multi-word
so for example
such as
and in the first place
academic formulas actually there's only
one which is used in two places
and that is less likely to
how about single academic words well
let's look at ones first which occur
both in the academic word list and the
academic vocabulary list
and there are quite a few of these
discrimination is one selection
evidence
seek
consequently which is also in the
discourse connectors list
targeted
and designed
words which are just in the academic
word list occupy
gender
corporations and implement
words which are just in the academic
vocabulary list
so the word frequently
female which is used in four places
explanations differences
likely
indeed which is also in the discourse
connectors list and both
so that's actually quite a lot of words
looking at different kinds of lists
there are collocations phrases
discourse connectors
and many single academic words
most of what's left is general
vocabulary simple words for example in
the first line it
is
that woman top and in
there's a few difficult words there
politics industry government ministers
but nothing too difficult
so that's an example text let's finish
off with some tips about learning
academic vocabulary
so i've talked quite a bit about word
list and i would suggest using word list
as a starting point
they help you to understand what
academic vocabulary looks like and help
you to make that transition from general
english to academic english i especially
recommend using an academic word list
highlighter or a profiler to see the
words in context
also don't just focus on single words
you should try to study multi-word unit
so that you can use the words in
combination
as much as possible try to use the words
productively in your speaking or your
writing
it's also a good idea to increase your
exposure by reading more academic
english or possibly non-fiction academic
english can be difficult to read but
non-fiction including subject textbooks
are generally very academic in tone
this kind of reading called extensive
reading can lead to incidental
vocabulary learning and can help you to
improve your knowledge of collocation
and also help you to understand which
words are academic and therefore help
you to make the vocabulary shift from
general to academic
building up your knowledge of words in
this way is also important because
research has shown that comfortable
reading requires knowledge of about 98
of words in text which takes around 8
000 to 9 000 word families it's
difficult to reach that number just by
intentional vocabulary learning alone
i'll actually finish with a quote this
is from an article by maxwell 2013 and i
found it in a chapter on academic
vocabulary written by avril coxed who
developed the academic word list
the quote is nobody is a native speaker
of academic english in other words even
native speakers of english need to learn
how to speak and how to write
academically
and the main way they do this is by
reading more academic english and paying
attention to the language and the
vocabulary that it contains
so that's the end of the video as always
you can find more information on this
topic on the website eapfoundation.com
you can also find full copies of many of
the word lists mentioned today
as well as vocabulary highlighters and a
vocabulary profiler
and as always there's a worksheet that
accompanies this video visit
eapfoundation.com
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