Macromolecules
Summary
TLDRThis educational video script delves into the world of biomolecules, essential for life and often referred to as macromolecules. It introduces four main types: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, each playing a critical role in our bodies and diets. The script explains that each biomolecule is composed of smaller units like monosaccharides, glycerol and fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides. It also touches on the functions of these molecules, such as energy storage, structural components, and genetic information transmission, providing a foundational understanding of biology.
Takeaways
- 𧏠Biomolecules, also known as macromolecules, are large molecules essential for life and can have multiple names.
- đ The four main types of biomolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, which are also found in food.
- đ Monosaccharides are the monomers that make up carbohydrates, glycerol and fatty acids make up lipids, amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, and nucleotides form nucleic acids.
- đââïž Carbohydrates serve as a quick energy source and are also part of the structural component in plants, like cellulose, and as storage in the form of starch and glycogen.
- đ§ Lipids are hydrophobic and diverse, including fats and oils, and play roles in cell membrane structure, long-term energy storage, insulation, and hormone production.
- 𧏠Nucleic acids, with nucleotides as their monomers, are the genetic blueprint of all living things, including DNA and RNA, which store and transmit genetic information.
- đ„ Proteins, made up of amino acids, are crucial for the body's structure, catalyzing chemical reactions, transport and communication, and defense mechanisms.
- đ Proteins have multiple functions, including being a structural component, aiding in chemical reactions, and providing immunity through antibodies.
- đż The elements that make up biomolecules are carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O), with proteins also containing nitrogen (N) and nucleic acids containing phosphorus (P).
- đ The sequence of nucleotides in DNA determines the sequence of amino acids in proteins, which dictates the protein's function.
Q & A
What are biomolecules and why are they important for life?
-Biomolecules are large molecules, also known as macromolecules, that are essential for life. They are crucial because they are the building blocks of living organisms, performing various functions necessary for growth, maintenance, and reproduction.
What are the four main types of biomolecules?
-The four main types of biomolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Each plays a distinct role in the structure, function, and regulation of living organisms.
How are lipids related to fats and how do they function in the body?
-Lipids, often referred to as fats, are hydrophobic biomolecules that are diverse and include fats, oils, triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids. In the body, they serve as structural components of cell membranes, provide long-term energy storage, offer insulation, and are involved in hormone production and chemical messaging.
What is the monomer of carbohydrates and what is its role?
-The monomer of carbohydrates is monosaccharides, which are simple sugars like glucose. They serve as a quick energy source for the body, are part of the structural component in plants, and can be stored as starch in plants and glycogen in animals.
What is the significance of nucleic acids in living organisms?
-Nucleic acids, with their monomer being nucleotides, are the genetic blueprint of living organisms. They are found in all living things and include DNA and RNA, which store and transmit genetic information and instruct cells on what to do.
How do nucleic acids contribute to the formation of proteins?
-Nucleic acids, particularly the sequence of nucleotides in DNA, contain the instructions for making proteins. The arrangement of nucleotides determines the sequence of amino acids in proteins, which in turn dictates the type and function of the protein.
What are the basic elements that make up biomolecules?
-The basic elements that make up biomolecules include carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O). Proteins also contain nitrogen (N), and nucleic acids include phosphorus (P) in addition to the other elements.
What is the role of proteins in the body and what are their monomers?
-Proteins are essential for the body as they have multiple functions including structural support, catalyzing chemical reactions, transporting and communicating information, and providing defense through antibodies. Their monomers are amino acids.
How does the term 'macros' relate to both diet and biomolecules?
-The term 'macros' is used in both dietary contexts and to describe biomolecules. In diet, 'macros' refers to macronutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats that are needed in large amounts. In the context of biomolecules, 'macromolecules' refers to large molecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
What is the significance of the term 'monomer' in the context of biomolecules?
-A monomer is the basic building block or subunit of a polymer. In the context of biomolecules, each type of biomolecule is made up of specific monomers: carbohydrates from monosaccharides, lipids from glycerol and fatty acids, proteins from amino acids, and nucleic acids from nucleotides.
Why is it important to understand the different names for biomolecules?
-Understanding the different names for biomolecules is important because it helps in recognizing the versatility and interconnectedness of scientific concepts. It also aids in communication across different scientific disciplines and in everyday contexts, such as understanding dietary recommendations.
Outlines
đŹ Introduction to Biomolecules
This paragraph introduces biomolecules, emphasizing their importance in life as large molecules also known as macromolecules. It highlights the flexibility in terminology and the four main types of biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These are connected to everyday concepts like food and fitness, with a focus on the monomers that constitute each biomolecule: monosaccharides for carbohydrates, glycerol and fatty acids for lipids, amino acids for proteins, and nucleotides for nucleic acids. The speaker encourages note-taking to reinforce learning.
đ Carbohydrates and Lipids
The second paragraph delves into the roles of carbohydrates and lipids. Carbohydrates serve as a quick energy source, exemplified by glucose found in various foods, and are essential for energy-intensive activities. Lipids, being hydrophobic, form the cell membrane structure and provide long-term energy storage, insulation, and are involved in hormone production and chemical messaging. The paragraph also clarifies the difference between the terms 'macromolecules' and 'biomolecules' and their presence in food.
𧏠Nucleic Acids and Proteins
This section introduces nucleic acids as the genetic blueprint of life, composed of nucleotides, and includes DNA and RNA. It explains their function in storing and transmitting genetic information and directing cellular activities. Proteins, made up of amino acids, are highlighted for their diverse functions, including structural support, catalyzing chemical reactions, and playing roles in transport, communication, and defense within the body. The connection between nucleic acids and proteins is established, where the sequence of nucleotides in DNA dictates the sequence of amino acids in proteins.
đż Nucleic Acids in Living Things
The fourth paragraph reinforces that nucleic acids are present in all living organisms, including the food we eat. It distinguishes between nucleic acids and proteins, despite their similar names, and provides examples of foods rich in proteins. The paragraph also discusses the elemental composition of biomolecules, focusing on the common elements carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O), with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) present in proteins and nucleic acids, respectively. The importance of understanding the structure and function of biomolecules in biological systems is emphasized.
đ Summary and Reflection
The final paragraph encourages a brief summary or reflection on new insights gained from the discussion about biomolecules. It prompts for a concise one to two-sentence summary, highlighting the importance of understanding the basics of biomolecules for further study in biology.
Mindmap
Keywords
đĄBiomolecules
đĄCarbohydrates
đĄLipids
đĄProteins
đĄNucleic Acids
đĄMonomers
đĄMacromolecules
đĄHydrophobic
đĄGenetic Blueprint
đĄAmino Acids
đĄNucleotides
Highlights
Biomolecules, also known as macromolecules, are large molecules essential for life.
There are four main types of biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Carbohydrates and proteins are often associated with food, while lipids, or fats, are also considered a type of food.
Each biomolecule is composed of smaller monomers: monosaccharides for carbohydrates, glycerol and fatty acids for lipids, amino acids for proteins, and nucleotides for nucleic acids.
Carbohydrates serve as a quick energy source and are found in foods like bread, pasta, fruits, and vegetables.
Lipids are hydrophobic and include fats, oils, triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.
Phospholipids form the cell membrane structure, known as the phospholipid bilayer.
Lipids also function as long-term energy storage, insulation, and are involved in hormone production and chemical messaging.
Nucleic acids, with nucleotides as their monomers, are the genetic blueprint of all living things, including DNA and RNA.
Proteins, made up of amino acids, are essential for the body's structure, catalyzing chemical reactions, and various other functions.
Nucleic acids contain instructions for making proteins, with the sequence of nucleotides in DNA determining the sequence of amino acids in proteins.
Proteins are found in foods like beans, meat, nuts, and eggs, and are crucial for various bodily functions.
The elements that make up biomolecules are carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O), with proteins also containing nitrogen (N) and nucleic acids also containing phosphorus (P).
The mnemonic 'Cho Cho CH Chomp' is introduced to help remember the elements in carbohydrates (CHO), lipids (CHO), proteins (CHON), and nucleic acids (CHONP).
Nucleic acids are found in all living things, meaning that any food derived from living organisms contains DNA and RNA.
Proteins have a variety of functions in the body, including structural support, catalyzing chemical reactions, and immune response.
The arrangement of nucleotides in nucleic acids dictates the arrangement of amino acids in proteins, which in turn determines the protein's function.
Transcripts
um do your best to just get familiar
with these terms and that will help you
as we're going through this entire year
so biomolecules are large molecules
needed for Life they're also known as
macro molecules which is what we called
them in our last um last little video
that we learned but they can also be
called biomolecules so get flexible with
the way you hear things um that's kind
of how our world works there's always
two names for things it seems and so
just being flexible with that and maybe
making a note to yourself that
biomolecule Macro Molecule same sort of
thing um there's four main types we
talked about carbohydrates and lipids
last time um but there's also proteins
and nucleic acids and all of these
things hopefully if you're hearing about
them they kind of start to sound a
little bit like food right um
carbohydrates and proteins particularly
lipids are also called fats so that also
you can think of as Foods as well
um and a lot of times people that are um
who like to go to the gym or really are
healthc conscious a lot of times they'll
they'll tell you that they're they're
counting their macros and so just like
in this word right here when they're
saying they're counting their macros
they're talking about
counting these types of foods that are
in their diet their macros in their diet
okay um just to make that little
connection So within each one of these
bio
molecules carbohydrates lipids proteins
nucleic acids within each of them
there's smaller things that build them
up okay so like Legos that build
together to make bigger things right um
inside each of these there's smaller
pieces to build up to make that bigger
thing so um each
biomolecule has its own type of monomer
so carbohydrates have monosaccharides
lipids most of the time it's glycerol
and fatty acids proteins are amino acids
and nucleic acids are going to be
nucleotides so let's pop over here and
take a few notes so we have make sure to
put your title okay it should say
biology a watch and take notes macro
molecules continued is the title
completely like that and then put your
name you don't have to put name in the
semicolon just go ahead and put your
name so
I'm going to first start by taking a
note
that bio
molecule is the same as
Macro
Molecule okay bio is just life right um
macro is Big so life molecules or big
molecules just kind of like the one and
the same um so these are
carbohydrates
lipids nucleic
acids and
proteins all right
and then I'm just going to put a little
note that these are found in
food this is how we get each of these
things above is through our food okay um
and each of these is made up
of I'm just going to put a little
arrow these bio molecules are made up of
macro
molecules sorry wrong word I'm reading
the thing above made up of
monomers okay so for
carbohydrates it's going to be
monosaccharides mono meaning one
saccharide has to do with
sugars we have
lipids which are made up of
glycerol and fatty acids
then we have
proteins which are made up of amino
acids some of you may have heard of when
you um when you're eating things you're
trying to get a complete amino acid so
if you just eat beans that's not a
complete protein on its own but beans
and rice together make a complete amino
acid um so you may have heard that
before if not that's okay just something
to
note and then we have nucleic acids
which are their monomer is nucleotides
okay I think we're ready to move on so
we're just going to take a quick
overview of the two we've already gone
over so we have
carbohydrates they are the energy and
the structure okay so we have the
monomer for carbohydrates is a mono is
monosaccharides so an example of this
would be glucose and glucose is a type
of sugar right uh it's found in bread
pasta fruits and vegetables and
carbohydrates are our quick energy
source they
are how we are getting energy quickly
into our body um sometimes people that
are runners or maybe on like a track
across country team they'll have
something called a carbal loading party
and they eat a bunch of pasta and bread
and foods that are high in
carbohydrates so that when they compete
in their race that next day they have a
bunch of quick energy available in their
body to help sustain their run um
carbohydrates also can be part of the
structural component of um for example
cellulose in
Plants a plant's cell walls uh so
they're providing structure they can
also be storage of energy so we have
starch in plants and glycogen in
animals then we have our lipids
which
are hydrophobic meaning that they do not
like water that's why we're going to say
they're waterers shy and they're also
very diverse because um they aren't just
going to be fat and that's it so we have
it includes fats and oils generally
hydrophobic meaning it doesn't like
water so if you've ever tried to mix oil
and water together and shaken it up
they'll mix for a moment but then if you
give it some time they'll separate right
back out so we have triglycerides
phospholipid lipids and steroids are
some types of lipids and what they do is
they help one of the things that they do
actually sorry me backup one of the
things is they are the cell
memane woo my tongue can't make the
words work right now they are the cell
membrane structure so as we are working
through in our next unit when we start
talking about cells we're going to be
talking about this phospholipid bilayer
and so what that is
is a layer around the cell that is made
up of lipids it's made up of fats okay
um it also is long-term energy storage
and it can be also insulation so in
neurons and things like um cells in our
brain that are are sending and receiving
information um there might be a they not
might there is there's a milin sheath
over part of the neuron so it's
basically like this little fat encasing
on it that helps make signals go quicker
um it's also insulation like fat on
maybe an animal's body or maybe on our
bodies right so if we have more um lipid
on us more fat on us we're actually
going to be more insulated and
warmer um it also
can be um included in hormones and
chemical messaging
messaging my tongue is not working
today all right so now we're going to go
into the two new ones and then we'll
take notes about our two new ones um if
you would like to take down some notes
because you feel like you didn't get a
lot out of um the video you did
on last week hopefully um you're welcome
to go ahead and pop over here and you
can add in a few little notes about your
carbohydrates and your lipids but I'm
going to move on to nucleic acids so we
have nucleic acids which are we're going
to call them the genetic blueprint their
monomer is a nucleotide so the thing
that makes up nucleic acids are Nu
nucleotides we're not going to go too in
depth on this because we will really
talk about nucleic acids later but they
are found in all living things and part
of nucleic acids really it's DNA and RNA
which if you've heard DNA and RNA before
those are the genetic material that
makes up all of us and um nucleic acids
their function is to store and transmit
genetic information hence the DNA and
RNA so hence this right here that's the
storing and transmitting genetic
information and they also tell cells
what to do so they're kind of like the
um the PowerHouse that's saying hey you
need to create this over here and so
these nucleic acids actually bring us to
our next piece here which is our protein
so nucleic acids help
create proteins
yes so the the nucleotides the sequence
of the nucleotides which if we go back
um the nucleotides are the mon s that
make up the nucleic acid so the sequence
of the
nucleotides in the DNA tells us what the
sequence of the amino acids will be in
proteins so
basically the nucleic acids are helping
tell what proteins to make okay proteins
are something you've probably heard of
before because it is such a common word
in our food world and so proteins are
things like beans meat nuts eggs and
they're monomer the thing that makes Pro
up proteins are amino acids and proteins
are super essential to our bodies
because they have so many different
functions so one of the functions one of
the functions of proteins is that they
are a major part of structural
components of things so like muscle
tissue and hair and collagen all require
protein um to create their structure
they also proteins also help in
catalyzing chemical reactions so they
help with um creating enzymes that help
catalyze chemical reactions so things
that are happening within our body
proteins can also
transport and communicate information in
our body so in our cell membrane
channels and different receptors in our
body and they also help in defense and
giving antibodies to
us so just thinking about back at our
beginning when we started talking of the
different
elements in our bodies once again we
have those elements coming back okay so
we have carbohy or the the way that
you're going to kind of remember this is
Cho Cho CH Chomp but Chomp with an n not
an M okay and so carbohydrates are Cho
carbon hydrogen oxygen lipids are Cho
carbon hydrogen oxygen proteins are
Chan carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen and
then nucleic acids are Chomp so they
have all of the elements above now there
might be some other elements within each
of these but the major elements are what
we have here okay so let's go ahead and
take take a few
notes about nucleic
acids so I'm going to put over here we
have nucleic
acids and I'm going to
put the monomer I know we put it right
here but I'm going to do it
again
nule tiddes sometimes I find find if I
write things multiple times it helps it
stick it in my brain even better so even
though we just wrote it writing it again
and saying it out to ourselves can just
help us make those connections so it's
monomer's nucleotides and it's found in
all living things it's meaning nucleic
acid so nucleic acids are
found in
all living
things and we're going to put
DNA and
RNA so super
important and next we're going to put
proteins and I'm going put that their
monomer is amino acids
not to be confused with nucleic acids
because they sound very similar but
they're not exactly the same
thing and found
in
beans
meat
nuts and
eggs as some examples and real quick to
jump back over to
our nucleic acids here um they found in
all living things meaning that when you
eat something that was once living it
does have DNA and RNA in it which gives
you your nucleic acids okay so um if
you're thinking like well I've never
seen nucleic acids on the back of this
food box when I'm looking at the
ingredients it doesn't tell me the
nucleic acids the nucleic acids are in
the living pieces of that food so if it
is maybe like a smoothie and the
Smoothie has some spinach in it or it
has some mango or
whatever delicious things you want to
put in your smoothie those pieces would
have nucleic acids in them okay so the
spinach or the mango or whatever was
living inside of it um has the nucleic
acids in it okay um for going back to
proteins I'm just going to put many
function
proteins
are something that is very important for
our body so the DNA and
RNA from our nucleic acids contain the
instructions for making the proteins so
I'm going to
put these two and then I'm going put a
little arrow and put contain
instructions
to
make and then I'm going to do another
arrow so contain instructions to make
proteins um so the sequence of the
nucleotides in DNA determines the
sequence of amino acids in a
protein so the
things how these nucleotides are
arranged determines
how the amino acids are arranged which
determines the type of protein okay so
the
nucleotides that then make up the
nucleic
acids tell the protein amino acids how
to be arrange which then tells the type
of protein which then tells what type of
function it's going to do okay so based
on what how the protein is made up
that's going to say what type of
function it has all right l ments in
these biomolecules so I'm going to do a
shorthand so
carbs is c h if you don't remember what
CH and o mean then make a little note
off to your off to the side for yourself
okay um then we have lipids so remember
lipids are fats we have ch we have
proteins we have c h o
n and then we have
nuate
acids c h o n and
p all right the bottom here I'm just
going to write it but you can just
respond to it
um so I want you to just do a quick
summary like one sentence
of
something new you
learned or like some aha moment you had
so only like one to two
sentences don't make it super long
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