rutas comerciales - 4

Summary

This lesson covers the commercial routes and taxes during the colonial period in Peru. Maritime routes connected Spain and Peru through ports like Veracruz, Cartagena, and Callao, while terrestrial routes distributed goods across the Viceroyalty. The lesson also explains the colonial taxes: the Alcabala (a commercial tax), the Almojarifazgo (custom duties on foreign goods), the Quinto Real (a tax on mining profits), and the Indigenous tribute, either paid in goods or money. Students are asked to reflect on these topics with questions at the end.

Takeaways

• 🚢 During the colonial period, both maritime and land routes were used for commerce, connecting the Viceroyalty of Peru with Spain and other territories.
• 🌍 Maritime routes transported goods between Peru and Spain, and only authorized routes were allowed, prohibiting trade with other European nations.
• 🗺️ The maritime route began in Seville, passed through Santo Domingo, Cuba, Veracruz in Mexico, or Cartagena in Colombia, and goods were further distributed to South America.
• ⏳ The round trip between Spain and America took about nine months, with products distributed through key ports like Acapulco, Panama, Portobelo, and Callao.
• 🚛 Land routes within the Viceroyalty of Peru connected key cities like Cusco, Puno, La Paz, Oruro, and Potosí, ensuring the internal distribution of goods.
• 💰 Four main taxes were imposed during colonial times: Alcabala, Almojarifazgo, Quinto Real, and Tributo.
• 🏷️ The Alcabala was a tax on commercial activities within the Viceroyalty, required for any internal trade.
• 📦 Almojarifazgo was a customs tax on foreign products, such as goods imported from Spain.
• ⛏️ Quinto Real was a royal tax, granting the King of Spain 20% of the mining output, particularly gold.
• 🌽 The Tributo was a mandatory tax paid by indigenous people to the Spanish Crown, either in products or money, collected monthly.

Q & A

What were the two types of commercial routes during the colonial period in the Viceroyalty?

The two types of commercial routes during the colonial period were maritime and land routes.

What was the purpose of the maritime routes in the Viceroyalty of Peru?

The maritime routes were used to transport products between the Viceroyalty of Peru and Spain.

Which cities were part of the main maritime route from Spain to the Americas?

The main maritime route started in Seville, then went to Santo Domingo, Cuba, Veracruz in Mexico, or Cartagena in Colombia.

What was the significance of the fair at Portobelo in the trade routes?

The fair at Portobelo was a key point where products were transferred and distributed, especially for transport to Callao and the rest of South America.

How long did the round trip journey between America and Spain take?

The round trip journey between America and Spain took nine months.

What were some of the South American cities involved in the distribution of products from Callao?

Cities involved in the distribution of products from Callao included Acapulco, Panama, Portobelo, Guayaquil, Arica, and Valparaiso.

What were the main internal land routes in the Viceroyalty of Peru?

The main internal land routes started in Cusco and went to Puno, La Paz, Oruro, and Potosí in Bolivia, with additional routes connecting to Arica and Arequipa.

What was the 'alcabala' tax during the colonial period?

The 'alcabala' was a tax on commercial activities within the Viceroyalty, applied to all trade and transactions.

What was the 'almoharifazgo' tax?

The 'almoharifazgo' was a customs duty applied to foreign products, meaning goods sent from Spain to the Viceroyalty were subject to an additional fee.

What was the 'quinto real' tax?

The 'quinto real' was a tax that gave the King of Spain the right to claim one-fifth of all mining output, particularly gold.

What was the 'tributo' in colonial taxation?

The 'tributo' was a monthly tax paid by indigenous people to the Spanish authorities, which could be paid in goods or money.