This is how you treat ADHD based off science, Dr Russell Barkley part of 2012 Burnett Lecture
Summary
TLDRLe script vidéo explique que la TDAH est un trouble de l'exécution plutôt qu'un trouble de l'attention. Il détaille comment la TDAH affecte les fonctions exécutives, entraînant des difficultés à mettre en œuvre les connaissances. Les interventions doivent être adaptées à l'environnement pour aider les personnes à montrer ce qu'elles savent. Le traitement inclut la médication, l'exercice physique, et des techniques pour améliorer les fonctions exécutives, mais il souligne que la plus grande difficulté est que la plupart des personnes atteintes de TDAH ne reçoivent pas de traitement.
Takeaways
- 🧠 L'ADHD est un trouble de l'exécution et non de l'attention, affectant les fonctions exécutives du cerveau.
- 🕒 Les personnes atteintes d'ADHD ont une cécité temporelle et des difficultés à orienter leur comportement vers le futur.
- 💊 L'ADHD est un trouble neurogénétique et le recours à la médication est justifié et efficace pour 80% des personnes touchées.
- 🛠️ Les interventions doivent être mises en place dans l'environnement pour aider les personnes à montrer ce qu'elles savent, en créant un soutien structurel.
- 🎯 Il est nécessaire de rendre la motivation externe et de lier les conséquences à l'action immédiate pour améliorer la fonction.
- 🧩 Les tâches longue et complexes doivent être décomposées en petites étapes ou 'baby steps' pour éviter les délais.
- 🎮 Les jeux vidéo sont un exemple de la manière dont les récompenses externes et fréquentes peuvent motiver les personnes atteintes d'ADHD.
- 🏃♂️ L'exercice physique est bénéfique pour augmenter la capacité de la bourse à l'exécution et doit être encouragé.
- 🍹 Le glucose sanguin est corrélé avec les capacités exécutives, donc maintenir un niveau élevé de sucre dans le sang peut aider.
- 🔄 Les pauses fréquentes et courtes aident à recharger les ressources cognitives et à éviter l'épuisement.
- 📈 Il existe des programmes testés qui améliorent les effets des médicaments et des interventions psychosociales pour les adultes atteints d'ADHD.
- 🚫 L'ADHD est un trouble mal compris et undertraité, mais il est le plus traitable en psychiatrie avec une grande variété de médicaments et d'interventions efficaces.
Q & A
Qu'est-ce qu'un trouble de l'hyperactivité (THA) et comment est-il lié aux fonctions exécutives?
-Le trouble de l'hyperactivité (THA) est un trouble du spectre autistique (TSA) qui affecte les fonctions exécutives du cerveau, telles que la planification, la concentration, la mémoire de travail et la capacité de suivre les instructions. Cela peut entraîner des difficultés à exécuter des tâches et à se comporter de manière adaptée dans divers contextes.
Comment le THA affecte-t-il les fonctions exécutives et les niveaux de performance?
-Le THA affecte toutes les cinq niveaux des fonctions exécutives, ce qui peut entraîner des problèmes tels que la cécité temporelle, l'incapacité à diriger son comportement vers le futur et une déficience de l'intention. Cela peut également causer des problèmes dans la gestion du when et du where, au détriment de la connaissance et de la capacité à agir.
Pourquoi les interventions basées sur l'enseignement des compétences sont-elles insuffisantes pour traiter le THA?
-Les interventions basées sur l'enseignement des compétences sont insuffisantes car elles ne prennent pas en compte les déficits exécutifs sous-jacents du THA. Les personnes atteintes de THA savent ce qu'elles doivent faire, mais elles ont des difficultés à le mettre en œuvre. Il est donc nécessaire de re-concevoir l'environnement pour les aider à montrer ce qu'elles savent.
Quel est le rôle de la médication dans le traitement du THA?
-La médication est un élément essentiel dans le traitement du THA, car elle traite les déficits neurogénétiques sous-jacents. La plupart des personnes atteintes de THA prendront du médicament à un moment de leur vie, et cela est considéré comme le plus efficace des moyens de palliation.
Comment les conséquences immédiates peuvent-elles aider les personnes atteintes de THA à gérer leur exécution?
-Les conséquences immédiates servent à renforcer la responsabilité et à améliorer la fonction exécutive. Elles permettent aux personnes atteintes de THA de voir immédiatement le résultat de leurs actions, ce qui aide à corriger leur comportement et à améliorer leur performance.
Pourquoi est-il important de rendre les informations mentales physiques pour les personnes atteintes de THA?
-Rendre les informations mentales physiques aide à externaliser les informations, ce qui est nécessaire pour contourner les déficits de la mémoire de travail. L'utilisation de cues, de signes, de charts et de rappels visuels permet aux personnes atteintes de THA de se rappeler des tâches à accomplir et d'améliorer leur performance exécutive.
Comment les petites étapes ou 'baby steps' peuvent-elles aider les personnes atteintes de THA à terminer des tâches à long terme?
-En divisant les tâches à long terme en petites étapes, ou 'baby steps', on élimine les délais qui sont difficiles à gérer pour les personnes atteintes de THA. Cela permet de rendre les tâches plus managères et de les accomplir plus facilement en créant une sensation de progression et d'accomplissement.
Comment les activités physiques et l'exercice peuvent-ils booster les fonctions exécutives des personnes atteintes de THA?
-Les activités physiques et l'exercice routinier augmentent la capacité de la tanière exécutive en boostant les niveaux de glucose sanguine dans la lobule frontal, ce qui est directement corrélé avec les capacités exécutives. Cela aide à refouler la 'réservoir de carburant' de la système exécutif et à améliorer la performance globale.
Pourquoi les pauses fréquentes sont-elles importantes pour les personnes atteintes de THA?
-Les pauses fréquentes sont essentielles pour permettre à la tanière exécutive de se recharger. L'utilisation du principe '10 et 3' (10 minutes de travail suivies de 3 minutes de pause) aide à prévenir l'épuisement du système exécutif et à maintenir un niveau de performance optimal.
Comment les récompenses et les émotions positives peuvent-elles aider les personnes atteintes de THA à améliorer leur motivation et leur performance?
-Les récompenses et les émotions positives agissent comme des renforcements qui boostent la motivation et l'engagement. Elles peuvent aider les personnes atteintes de THA à se concentrer davantage sur les tâches et à les achever, en créant une dynamique positive d'effort et de récompense.
Quels sont les programmes de formation des fonctions exécutives测试é qui ont montré des résultats positifs chez les adultes atteints de THA?
-Il existe plusieurs programmes de formation des fonctions exécutives qui ont été testés et montrent des résultats positifs chez les adultes atteints de THA, tels que les programmes de Steve Saffron, Russ Ramsey et Mary V. Seeman. Ces programmes ciblent les déficits exécutifs spécifiques et utilisent des techniques cognitives comportementales pour aider les adultes à améliorer leurs fonctions exécutives.
Outlines
🧠 Comprendre le trouble de l'attention et l'hyperactivité (TAH)
Le paragraphe explique que le TAH est un trouble de l'exécution plutôt que de l'attention. Il souligne que les personnes atteintes de TAH connaissent ce qu'elles doivent faire, mais rencontrent des difficultés à le mettre en œuvre. Le TAH affecte toutes les fonctions exécutives, ce qui entraîne des problèmes de performance et non de connaissance. L'intervention doit être axée sur la création d'une structure environnementale pour soutenir la mise en œuvre des connaissances. Le médicament est justifié dans un trouble neurogénétique et est le plus efficace moyen de traiter le TAH, bien que d'autres approches puissent être utilisées.
🕒 Gestion du temps et des tâches pour les personnes ayant un TAH
Ce paragraphe met l'accent sur les stratégies pour aider les personnes atteintes de TAH à gérer leur temps et leurs tâches. Il suggère de rendre l'information mentale physique, de diviser les tâches en petits pas, de créer une motivation externe et de rendre la résolution de problèmes manuelle. Il est également important de booster la capacité de la tank de fuel du système exécutif en utilisant des récompenses, des exercices physiques et de surveiller les niveaux de glucose sanguin.
🏥 Les programmes de formation et de traitement du TAH
Le dernier paragraphe discute des programmes de formation et de traitement du TAH qui ont été testés et montrent des résultats positifs. Il mentionne les programmes de Steve Saffron et de Russ Ramsey, ainsi que le programme de Mary Santo pour la formation des fonctions exécutives chez les adultes atteints de TAH. Ces programmes ciblent les déficiences des fonctions exécutives et utilisent des techniques pour renforcer les effets du médicament. L'orateur conclut en soulignant que le TAH est un trouble très traitable, mais que la plupart des personnes atteintes ne reçoivent pas de traitement.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡ADHD
💡fonctions exécutives
💡performance
💡scaffolding
💡comptes rendus
💡consequences
💡manipulations mentales
💡récompenses
💡exercice physique
💡médecine
💡diabète
💡thérapies
💡efficacité
Highlights
ADHD is not an attention disorder but an executive disorder affecting all aspects of daily life.
The brain's front part is for knowledge performance, while the back part is for learning.
ADHD interferes with all seven executive functions, leading to time blindness and intention deficit disorder.
Individuals with ADHD may know what to do but struggle with the 'when' and 'where' of execution, not the 'what' and 'how'.
Treatment for ADHD involves creating a supportive environment with scaffolding to help individuals perform.
Medication is a justifiable and effective part of neurogenetic therapy for ADHD.
Most people with ADHD will be on medication at some point in their lives due to its chronic nature.
Executive functions can potentially be trained, but evidence is not yet conclusive.
Accountability and external motivation are key in managing ADHD symptoms.
Breaking long-term projects into small, manageable steps can help individuals with ADHD succeed.
The executive system has a limited 'fuel tank' that needs to be refilled through various strategies.
Physical exercise and maintaining blood sugar levels are crucial for refueling the executive system.
Cognitive behavioral therapy and other programs can boost executive functioning in adults with ADHD.
ADHD is the most treatable psychiatric disorder with a variety of effective medications and psychosocial treatments.
Despite its treatability, a significant number of individuals with ADHD remain untreated.
The success of ADHD interventions relies on the willingness of others in the environment to support and adapt.
ADHD is compared to diabetes in that it is a chronic condition requiring daily management to prevent secondary issues.
The theory suggests that ADHD is the diabetes of the brain, emphasizing its chronic and manageable nature.
Individuals with ADHD need to view their condition as a chronic disorder that requires ongoing management.
Transcripts
so I want you to understand that you
have a brain the back part of it is
where you learn the front part is where
you do knowledge performance knowing
doing and ADHD splits them apart I don't
care what you know you won't use it you
can be the brightest kid in the world
not going to matter so you got a real
problem on your hands because you can
know stuff and you won't do
stuff that's a serious problem called a
performance Disorder so what we know
about ADHD is it's going to put all five
of those levels at risk because it
interferes with all seven executive
functions and you're going to have time
blindness and you won't be able to aim
your behavior toward the future to care
for yourself as effectively as other
people are able to do you have intention
deficit disorder you have a disorder of
performance not knowledge you know what
to do but can't do it you have a
disorder of the when and the where not
the what and the how your problem is not
with knowing what to do it's with doing
what you
know what does that mean it means that
all interv ventions must be out at that
place in the
environment where you're not doing what
you know to help you show what you know
I have to create scaffolding around you
to help you do this what does this mean
for treatment teaching skills is
inadequate it won't work you can sit
down with somebody with ADHD and tell
them what they need to do good luck
right it's not even going to leave your
office you act like they're stupid
they're not they know what to do they
know what you're telling them to do
right they're not going to do it when
they get out there that information has
no controlling value over their life and
it ticks you off you start to interpret
it as a motivational problem but the
only way to deal with executive deficits
is to re-engineer the environment around
them to help them show what they know
and all treatments must be out there in
their life where you have to build that
scaffolding all of this in ADHD is due
to neurogenetic deficits and that means
that medication is absolutely
justifiable after all if you have a
neurogenetic disorder then neurogenetic
therapies have a role to play in your
disorder and they do 80% of people with
ADHD will be on medication at some point
in their life and good thing it's the
most effective thing we have there are
other things we can do but that's the
most effective now you might be able to
train up some of these executive
functions we don't know that yet we
don't know whether practicing working
memory actually helped you in life
there's no evidence that it does at this
point at least convincingly but there's
a possibility what we do know is we are
not to excuse you from your mistakes
because the problem you're having is not
with consequences so why would I excuse
them the problem you're having is with
the delay to the consequence all
important social consequences are
delayed consequences and that's your
problem time so the solution to
anybody's problem with an executive
deficit is to tighten up accountability
to make you more accountable more often
to other people with more consequences
artificial as they may need to be but I
need to bring consequences very close to
you in time so I'm not going to excuse
your behavior I'm actually going to hold
you more accountable than other people
and that is why we do bod bod allows me
to sprinkle artificial consequences all
throughout the environment to improve
your functioning and that means that the
success of my intervention is based on
the willingness of other people in the
natural environment to make those
changes if they're not willing to build
ramps so to speak to build the
scaffolding it's not going to work the
stakeholders have to be involved it
means that ADHD is the diabetes of
Psychiatry it's a chronic disorder that
must be managed every day to prevent the
secondary harms it's going to cause but
there is no cure for this disorder now
about one in six people might outgrow it
maybe as many as one and three not sure
yet but the vast majority two-thirds are
going to continue to be ADHD in
adulthood and they need to view ADHD as
diabetes of the brain it's a chronic
Disorder so here are the things that my
theory tells you to do to help people
with executive deficits this is what I
told you this morning this is the
take-home cash value of Shifting your
framework from an attention disorder to
an executive disorder and the theory
tells you all six things you got to do
step one you have to make mental
information physical you must
externalize the information because
working memory is shot that means we
have to use cues signs charts reminders
doist I got to put stuff in your visual
field to remind you of what needs to be
done right here right now make it
external again the next thing I have to
do is make time physical real through
clocks timers counters watch minders
anything I can enlist that is going to
put time outside of you so that you can
see it passing and judge your
performance relative to it because you
have no clock we got to put one in in
your visual field I'm going to have to
take lengthy assignments because they
involve spans of time and get rid of
time make them small quotas little baby
steps over the bridge in time a little
bit of work done frequently over time
and will get you there but you will not
do book reports and science projects and
other things on your own you can't those
involve delays and you can't handle
delays so the best way to solve the
problem is get rid of the
delay and bring it back into the now
through Little Steps break all long-term
projects into baby steps do a baby step
a day you get there and if you don't do
that they're not doing it you have to
make motivation external they can't
create internal motivation they are
dependent on the environment for their
motivation you must put the consequences
in the now or they will not work for you
this is what video games do and what
homework does not which is why they can
play video games for hours and not do
their homework for more than a few
minutes video Gam games provide external
continuous reinforcement homework does
nothing video games do not need ex or
internal motivation whereas homework
does so you've got to create motivation
you're going to start to have to make a
deal with your kids what's in it for
them what are you putting in it for them
what are you creating what's the reward
what's the points what's the token
What's the sex the drugs and the money
whatever it is you're going to have to
negotiate a deal there has to be a
consequence or it isn't going to get
done
you have to make problem solving manual
remember they cannot do mental
manipulations like other people this is
why they can't do digit span backward
but it has nothing to do with digit span
they can't hold things in mind and move
them around as well as other people so
don't make them do it put it in their
hands if they have a math problem to
solve give them marbles a number line
and a Backus a calculator let them do
the problem manually or at least assists
the mental problem solving with manual
pieces to it it's the principle that
matters people you can come up with lots
of ideas here and then finally and this
is the most
important the executive system has a
limited fuel tank and you can spend it
out real quick every time you use an
executive function and you use it
continuously you empty the
tank and if you get to the bottom of the
tank in the next situation you will have
no self-control this is the ADHD child
after school gone and you want to do
homework you're out of your mind
so you got to refuel that tank and that
tank has a very limited capacity so how
do we refuel the tank interesting there
are lots of things we have discovered to
boost the tank the use of rewards and
positive emotions the use of self-
statements of Effectiveness I can do
this I know I can do this this is the
locker room pep talk before the game
helps to boost motivation in addition to
that you need to take 10-minute breaks
very often indeed more often you need to
break pass down into smaller units and
take frequent breaks and during those
breaks a little relaxation and
meditation helps to refuel the tank stop
using the executive system for a few
minutes and give it a chance to restore
its fuel tank this is why we talk about
the 10 and three rule with ADHD children
10 minutes of work three minute break 10
and three 10 and three but you can't do
more than 10 you're starting to empty
the tank give them a chance to refuel
the tank what does it say about keeping
Kids In For Recess when they don't get
all their homework done you just shot
yourself in the
foot and that leads me to the next thing
visualizing and talking about the future
rewards will help you boost the tank and
so does physical exercise routine
aerobic exercise boosts the tank refuels
it and creates a bigger tank everybody
with ADHD should be involved in an
exercise program because research shows
it benefits this disorder better than
any other psychiatric disorder and now
you know why it's helps to refuel that
tank and finally the fuel in the tank is
sugar in the bloodstream in the frontal
lobe blood glucose in the frontal lobe
is directly correlated with executive
abilities what does that mean if you
have an extensive task involving your
executive brain like an exam that you
have to do you better be sipping on some
lemonade or a Gatorade or a sports drink
sipping not gulping right you're going
to have to keep your blood sugar way up
so that you keep this fuel tank
partially restored so this is the
opposite of what people once thought
sugar hurts people with ADHD no it does
not and never did but it may well help
them if it's in fluid form that can get
into the brain very quickly you got to
keep that blood glucose up those are the
things you can do to boost the fuel tank
there are various approaches on the
market for adults and college students
with ADHD that incorporate these ideas
Steve's or Russ Ramsey's program which
is cognitive behavioral therapy does a
pretty good job of it I'm not going to
go through this with you Steve saffron's
program even better because it's based
on this model of executive functioning
so Steve talks about what you can do to
boost executive functioning in adults
who are on medication but they have to
be on medication and the most recent one
came out this March it is the most
heavily executive in nature it is Mary
Santo's program for training executive
functioning in adults with ADHD these
are the three tested programs that have
been shown to boost medication effects
in adults with ADHD and all of them
Target those deficits in the executive
brain as part of their models so what
have you learned today you've learned
that ADHD is not an attention disorder
you've learned that it's an executive
disorder that the executive system is a
very complex multi-level system like
driving it is not one level of cognition
and that's all it is it's multi-level
it's complex and it extends into our
daily life you know that ADHD disrupts
that system through behavioral
Innovation and wiping out all the other
executive abilities which puts you at
risk for failing in your executive
activities in your daily life people
with ADHD have problems in all
dimensions of executive functioning in
their daily life and that is going to
lead them to have great difficulty in
getting along with other people building
up friendships networks cooperatives
subordinating their interest to others
all the things in that involve executive
functioning from money management to
driving to friendships to families and
so on are at grave risk in this disorder
because they all depend on this
executive system so we are going to have
to help people with ADHD build the
scaffolding around them and use the
medication as neurogenetic therapy with
them in order to compensate for these
executive deficits we're going to have
to design prosthetic environments around
them you know the beauty of ADHD is it's
the most treatable dis disorder in
Psychiatry there is no disorder that we
treat that has as many medications and
as many psychosocial treatments that are
as effective as these are for as many
people producing more change than any
other medications and psychosocial
treatments for these individuals do you
know that 55% of people on medication
are normalized 90% of them respond do
you know that the effects of ADHD
medications are three times that of
anxiety drugs and anti-depressants that
you all give away like candy in your
practice
we have huge effective drugs on our
hands here that we can use and we also
have very effective psychosocial
interventions this is the most treatable
disorder that we Face the biggest
problem is most people don't get
treatment 40% of children and 90% of
adults with adht are not recognized or
treated for their disorder that's the
problem not that we're overtreating we
are undertreating and we're
undertreating the most treatable
disorder in Psychiatry thank you
welcome you are
welcome right on time shall I close the
fire
hydrant I know you're all going no more
no more I can't take it there's too much
information right luckily this will be
on the internet so you need to go back
and review it and you have your handouts
as well so we are going to proceed with
questions now we've collected your
questions we've sorted them into
categories we've weeded out redundancy
also these cannot be personal questions
because that's unethical so we're going
to try to keep them on the topic and not
about a person and they're going to read
them to me right so wrong pile Oh okay
wrong pile as Dr bar said
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