4. SISTEM ETIKA, NILAI, NORMA DAN MORAL
Summary
TLDRThis script explores the concept of ethics, defined as the study of moral principles guiding human conduct. It distinguishes between general and specific ethics, covering areas like family, profession, and environment. It delves into the philosophical branches of axiology, discussing the nature of values and their categorization. The script also examines norms, their formation, and their role in ensuring a proper and peaceful life as per Maslow's hierarchy of needs. It references various theories, including Hans Kelsen's legal theory, to explain the structure and purpose of laws and norms. The connection between norms and Pancasila, Indonesia's foundational principles, is highlighted, emphasizing their importance in maintaining social harmony.
Takeaways
- đ Etika, according to Suseno, is a science that discusses how and why we follow moral teachings or should adopt responsible attitudes towards various moral teachings.
- đ Etika is divided into two forms: general ethics, which contains principles applicable to every human action, and specific ethics, which includes individual ethics and social ethics.
- đ Individual ethics pertains to a person's duties towards themselves, while social ethics relates to a person's duties towards others in society.
- đ Ethics encompasses various aspects such as family ethics, professional ethics, environmental ethics, educational ethics, and sexual ethics.
- đ± Ethics is fundamentally based on human dignity and morality, always relating to the values of Susila and Asusila, as well as good and bad values.
- đ Values are abstract nouns indicating goodness or worth, and they are the qualities and characteristics of an object that are evaluated.
- đïž Values can be categorized into different levels and types, such as Max Keller's four levels of values or Walter C. Everett's eight groups of values.
- đ The connection between values and Pancasila, Indonesia's state philosophy, is that Pancasila values are a combination of various value levels, including spiritual, social, and religious values.
- đ Norma, according to Soerjono Soekanto, aims to ensure that humans can live decently by fulfilling basic needs as described by Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
- đ Norms are formed through imitation or education and are meant to guide behavior for a proper and peaceful life, ensuring the fulfillment of basic needs.
- đïž Norms have various forms, including belief norms, moral norms, etiquette norms, and legal norms, each serving different purposes in society.
Q & A
What does the term 'ethics' encompass according to Suseno?
-Ethics, as described by Suseno, is a science that discusses how and why we follow certain moral teachings or should adopt a responsible attitude when dealing with various moral teachings.
How is ethics categorized into two forms?
-Ethics is categorized into two forms: general ethics, which contains principles applicable to every human action, and specific ethics, which is further divided into individual ethics and social ethics.
What are the two subcategories of specific ethics?
-Specific ethics is divided into individual ethics, which are the duties of a person towards themselves, and social ethics, which are the duties of a person towards others in society.
What are the different areas that ethics cover?
-Ethics covers various areas including family ethics, professional ethics, environmental ethics, educational ethics, sexual ethics, and political ethics.
What are the fundamental requirements of political ethics?
-Political ethics have several fundamental requirements, one of which is based on the dignity and worth of human beings, and another on moral values and humanity.
What is the relationship between ethics and values?
-Ethics is always related to the values of Susila and non-Susila, as well as good and bad values, with the specific purpose of forming individuals who are Susila or wise.
What does the term 'values' signify in the field of philosophy?
-In philosophy, values are abstract nouns that signify goodness or worth, and verbs that mean a certain spirit in evaluating or making assessments.
How does Max Keller categorize values into different levels?
-Max Keller categorizes values into four levels: a) values of pleasure, b) values of life, c) values of the spirit, and d) values of spirituality.
What are the different types of norms according to Soerjono Soekanto?
-Soerjono Soekanto identifies different types of norms, including norm of belief, norm of good manners, norm of ethics, and norm of law, each serving specific purposes such as purity of personal life, formation of personal goodness, decency in interpersonal life, and peace in interpersonal life.
What is the role of norms in society according to Soerjono Soekanto?
-Norms, according to Soerjono Soekanto, are guidelines or principles for behavior to ensure a decent life, which can be achieved by fulfilling basic needs and behaving according to certain patterns.
How does Howard define norms?
-Howard defines norms as specific rules of conduct that are more broadly understood as concrete rules that have sanctions based on the ideas of 'ought' and 'ought not.'
What are the four types of norms based on their effectiveness in society?
-The four types of norms based on their effectiveness in society are: a) custom or usage, b) habit or convention, c) mores, and d) custom or law.
How does the concept of morality relate to the Indonesian perspective on good and bad?
-Morality in Indonesia is related to the concept of good and bad, with terms like 'akhlak' in Arabic or 'kesusilaan' in Indonesian, which contain meanings of inner order or spiritual guidance for behavior.
What is the significance of Pancasila in terms of Indonesian morality?
-Pancasila is significant in Indonesian morality as it regulates ethics, good manners, and noble character based on Pancasila values, and is referred to as Pancasila morality.
Outlines
đ Understanding Ethics and Values
This paragraph introduces the concept of ethics, explaining it as a science that discusses how and why we follow moral teachings or should adopt a responsible attitude towards various moral teachings. It distinguishes between general ethics, which contains principles applicable to all human actions, and specific ethics, which includes individual ethics (responsibility towards oneself) and social ethics (responsibility towards others in society). The paragraph also covers the various fields where ethics is applied, such as family, professional, environmental, educational, sexual, and political ethics. It emphasizes the fundamental requirements of ethics, which are based on human dignity and morality, and the connection between ethics and values of goodness and badness. The paragraph further delves into the philosophical understanding of values, discussing how values are abstract concepts representing goodness or worth and how they are perceived to satisfy human needs. It also touches on the hierarchy of values and their categorization into different groups by various philosophers.
đïž The Role of Norms in Society
Paragraph 2 focuses on the purpose of norms in ensuring that humans can live decently by fulfilling basic needs as outlined by Maslow's hierarchy. It discusses the process of norm formation according to Soerjono Soekanto, which involves acting according to a certain pattern, imitation or education, and meeting basic needs. The paragraph outlines the different forms of norms, such as belief norms, moral norms, etiquette norms, and legal norms, each serving a specific purpose in society. It also introduces the theories of Hans Kelsen, particularly the 'pure theory of law' and the 'basic norm' concept, which suggests that the basic norm of a legal system is not a positive law but a result of legal thought analysis. The paragraph concludes by explaining that norms are concrete rules that have sanctions based on ideas and are essential for maintaining peace and order in society.
đ The Significance of Morality and Norms
The final paragraph delves into the concept of morality, its origins, and its relation to ethics, akhlak (Islamic ethics), and budi pekerti (Javanese values). It explains that morality is derived from the Latin word 'mores,' meaning customs or habits, and is synonymous with terms like 'akhlak' in Arabic and 'ethos' in Greek. The paragraph discusses how morality guides inner conduct and is connected to the Pancasila, Indonesia's foundational principles, which regulate ethics, akhlak, and budi pekerti based on Pancasila values. It also mentions the importance of implementing Pancasila in society alongside religious teachings that promote ethics. The paragraph concludes by emphasizing the significance of a systematic ethical framework that consists of values, beneficial behaviors, and adherence to norms.
Mindmap
Keywords
đĄEthics
đĄMoral
đĄValues
đĄNorms
đĄPancasila
đĄMaslow's Hierarchy of Needs
đĄCustoms
đĄLaw
đĄMorality
đĄSocial Ethics
Highlights
Etika is a science that discusses how and why we follow moral teachings or should take responsible attitudes towards various moral teachings.
Etika includes general ethics containing principles applicable to every human action, such as not smoking at a gas pump.
Ethics is divided into individual ethics, which are a person's duties to themselves, and social ethics, which are duties to others in society.
Ethics encompasses family ethics, professional ethics, environmental ethics, educational ethics, and sexual ethics.
Ethical politics has several fundamental requirements, such as being based on human dignity and moral values.
Ethics is always related to the values of Susila and non-Susila, as well as good and bad values.
Values are abstract nouns indicating goodness or worth, and verbs mean a certain spirit in evaluating or making assessments.
Values are categorized into material, vital, spiritual, and religious, with each group having its highest value.
Values can be grouped into enjoyment, life, spiritual, and religious according to Max Keller's classification.
Walter C Everett classifies values into economic, occupational, social, learning, aesthetic, intellectual, and religious groups.
The connection between values and Pancasila values is that Pancasila values have worth and are a combination of various value levels.
Norma, according to Soerjono Soekanto, aims to ensure that humans can live decently by fulfilling basic needs as described by Maslow.
Norms are formed through imitation or education and are meant to guide behavior for a decent and peaceful life.
Norms have various forms, including belief norms, moral norms, etiquette norms, and legal norms, each serving a specific purpose.
Hans Kelsen's theory of law and norms suggests that law is influenced by political, sociological, and philosophical factors.
The basic norm of a legal system is not a positive law but a result of legal thought analysis.
In Indonesia, the basic norm is Pancasila, while in Germany it is the constitution, and in England, it is the royal decree.
Moral strengthening reflects the degree of human personality, shown through attitudes and behaviors.
Moral is derived from the Latin word 'mores,' which means customs or habits, and is synonymous with 'akhlak' in Arabic or 'kesusilaan' in Indonesian.
Pancasila morals are about good and bad behavior based on Pancasila values, which regulate ethics, morality, and noble character.
The system of ethics is a series of moral teachings consisting of values, beneficial behaviors, and adherence to norms.
Transcripts
Hai hey sistem etika nilai norma dan
moral a pengertian etika menurut Suseno
etika adalah suatu ilmu yang membahas
tentang bagaimana dan mengapa kita
mengikuti suatu ajaran moral atau harus
mengambil sikap yang bertanggung jawab
berhadapan dengan berbagai ajaran moral
etika termasuk filsafat praktis yang
dibagi dalam dua bentuk yaitu satu etika
umum berisi prinsip-prinsip yang berlaku
bagi setiap tindakan manusia contoh
dilarang merokok di pompa bensin 2 etika
khusus dibagi menjadi dua yaitu etika
individual adalah kewajiban manusia
terhadap diri sendiri dan etika sosial
adalah kewajiban manusia terhadap
manusia lain dalam hidup masyarakat
etika
Hai mencakup diantaranya a ketika
keluarga b etika profesi C etika
lingkungan D etika pendidikan ee3
seksual fe3 politik etika politik
memiliki beberapa syarat fundamental
satu didasarkan pada harkat dan martabat
manusia dua didasarkan pada nilai moral
dan kemanusiaan etika selalu terkait
dengan nilai Susila dan tidak Susila
serta nilai baik dan tidak baik etika
bertujuan khusus membentuk manusia yang
bersifat Susila atau bijak menurut
kattsoff etika bertujuan dengan
dasar-dasar filosofis dalam hubungan
dengan tingkah laku manusia B pengertian
nilai-nilai merupakan cabang filsafat
yaitu filsafat nilai atau aksiologi
from Kemal menyatakan bahwa istilah
nilai menunjukkan kata benda abstrak
yang berarti kebaikan atau keberhargaan
dan verba artinya suatu tindakan
kejiwaan tertentu dalam menilai atau
melakukan penilaian dalam dictionary of
sociology and related sciences bahwa
nilai adalah kemampuan yang dipercayai
yang ada pada suatu benda untuk
memuaskan manusia jadi yang dinilai
adalah kualitas dan sifat dari objek
tersebut contoh bunga itu indah bagi
yang memiliki jiwa seni serta cinta
menurut coding nilai merupakan dasolen
bukan dasein masuk bidang kerohanian
bukan kognitif kita masuk ke bidang
ideal bukan dunia Riau tetapi kedua
pasangan tersebut saling berhubungan
yaitu dassolen
Hai harus menjelma menjadi dasein
hirarki nilai-nilai memiliki tingkatan
berdasarkan sudut pandang dan titik
tolak nilai misalnya kalangan materialis
memandang nilai tertinggi adalah nilai
material sedangkan kelompok hedonisme
memandang bahwa nilai tertinggi adalah
nilai kenikmatan menurut kaelan MS ada
beberapa penggolongan mengenai nilai
yaitu satu Max Keller nilai dapat
dikelompokkan menjadi 4 tingkatan yaitu
a nilai kenikmatan B nilai kehidupan C
nilai kejiwaan D nilai kerohanian dua
Walter C evret ini menggolongkan
nilai-nilai ke dalam delapan kelompok a
nilai ekonomis B nilai kejasmanian C
nilai
Hai Dede delay sosial e-learning lewat
tak F nilai estetis G nilai intelektual
ha delay keagamaan tiga Notonegoro ada
tiga macam a nilai material B nilai
vital C nilai kerohanian meliputi satu
nilai kebenaran dua nilai keindahan tiga
nilai kebaikan dan empat nilai religius
kaitan antara nilai-nilai dengan
nilai-nilai Pancasila dan
Kewarganegaraan yaitu a bahwa
nilai-nilai Pancasila memiliki
keberhargaan atau manfaat B nilai-nilai
Pancasila merupakan gabungan dari
tingkatan nilai-nilai yang diantaranya
bisa dikategorikan sebagai nilai
kerohanian sosial religius dan lainnya
Hai C pengertian norma menurut Soerjono
Soekanto norma bertujuan agar manusia
dapat hidup pantas sedangkan hidup
pantas dapat dipenuhi bila kita dapat
memenuhi kebutuhan dasar aha Maslow
menyebutkan ada beberapa kebutuhan dasar
meliputi satu food shelter enclosing dua
safety yourself and property tiga
self-esteem 4save exfoliation dan yang
kelima love Adapun proses terjadinya
norma menurut Soerjono Soekanto dapat
disimpulkan sebagai berikut a bersikap
tindak atau berperilaku menurut suatu
pola tertentu B pola tersebut melalui
imitasi atau edukasi C dengan memenuhi
kebutuhan dasar D berperilaku sesuai
lokan atau pedoman Hei terbentuklah
normal sebagai patokan norma atau kaidah
memiliki beberapa bentuk secara umum
yaitu satu norma kepercayaan 2 North Ma
kesusilaan tiga norma kesopanan dan 4
norma hukum tujuan masing-masing norma
tersebut menurut Soerjono Soekanto
adalah satu norma kepercayaan untuk
kesucian hidup pribadi 2 North Ma
kesusilaan untuk terbentuknya kebaikan
akhlak pribadi 3 norma kesopanan untuk
kesedapan hidup antarpribadi 4 norma
hukum untuk kedamaian hidup antar
pribadi mengenai kaidah atau norma hukum
tidak dapat terlepas dari teori yang
dikemukakan oleh Hans Kelsen yaitu teori
lain reh Slayer atau teori murni dan
hukum dan teori efektivitas yaitu Teori
yang menyatakan bahwa hukum selalu
dipengaruhi oleh faktor politis
sosiologis dan filosofis menurut Kelsen
bahwa teorinya yang terkenal yaitu teori
stufenbau bahwa setiap Tata kaidah hukum
merupakan susunan dari kaidah-kaidah
dimana dipuncaknya terdapat grundnorm
atau norma dasar norma dasar dari suatu
kaidah bukan merupakan suatu kaidah
hukum positif yang dibentuk oleh suatu
tindakan lembaga legislatif manapun
tetapi hanyalah hasil analisis pemikiran
yuridis dengan demikian norma dasar dari
masing-masing negara dapat berbeda-beda
sesuai dasar filosofisnya misalnya di
Indonesia norma dasarnya Pancasila di
Jerman norma dasarnya adalah keputusan
queensland Dice
enggak rumah dasarnya adalah titah raja
dan lain sebagainya dan bila kita lihat
hukum adat maka norma dasarnya adalah
adat atau kebiasaan di Indonesia norma
hukum bila ditarik kesimpulan dari
pendapat Soerjono Soekanto dengan
merujuk pada pendapat Hans Kelsen adalah
suatu patokan atau pedoman hidup untuk
berperilaku atau bersikap tindak demi
kepantasan hidup secara menyeluruh
sepanjang menjamin kehidupan yang damai
secara bersamaan dari definisi norma
hukum ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa
unsur-unsur dari norma hukum adalah
sebagai berikut 1 suatu patokan atau
pedoman dua mengatur tingkah laku
manusia atau masyarakat 3 untuk
kepantasan dan kedamaian hidup
antarpribadi Adapun menurut Howard norma
adalah aturan tingkah laku yang khas dan
secara lebih luas lagi diartikan
ah norma adalah aturan konkret
penjabaran ide yang mempunyai sanksi
berdasarkan pendapat where dan juga
Immanuel kant norma hukum dapat
disimpulkan sebagai berikut 1 norma
hukum adalah perwujudan dari asas hukum
yang dijabarkan menjadi norma yang
konkret dua termahal hukum memiliki
ciri-ciri mengatur perbuatan lahiriah
bersifat objektif serta memiliki daya
mengikat pada masyarakat selain itu ada
empat macam norma berdasarkan kekuatan
berlakunya di masyarakat Adapun keempat
norma tersebut adalah A cara atau Usage
cara adalah bentuk kegiatan manusia yang
daya ikatnya sangat lemah norma ini
lebih menonjolkan hubungan antarindividu
pelanggaran terhadap norma ini tidak
mengakibatkan hukuman yang berat
Abby sekedar celaan contoh cara makan B
kebiasaan atau Fox Wei kebiasaan adalah
kegiatan atau perbuatan yang
diulang-ulang dalam bentuk yang sama
oleh orang banyak karena disukai norma
ini lebih kuat daya ikatnya dibandingkan
norma cara contoh kebiasaan memberi
salam C tata kelakuan atau mores tata
kelakuan adalah kebiasaan yang dianggap
sebagai norma pengatur sifat norma ini
bisa satu sisi sebagai pemaksa suatu
perbuatan tetapi disisi lain sebagai
suatu larangan contoh larangan berduaan
ditempat sepi D adat-istiadat atau
custom adat istiadat adalah tata
kelakuan yang telah menyatu kuat dalam
pola perilaku sebuah masyarakat
Hai Oleh karena itu pada umumnya
kelompok masyarakat atau Suku memiliki
Norma adat yang berbeda-beda norma ini
memiliki daya ikat yang kuat karena itu
memiliki sanksi yang berisi perintah dan
larangan contoh dilarang berzina dengan
demikian bahwa kewajiban dasar manusia
adalah menghargai hak dasar orang lain
dan serta menaati norma-norma yang
berlaku kaitan norma dengan Pancasila
yaitu merupakan patokan masyarakat
Indonesia dalam bertingkah laku sehingga
tercapai kedamaian hidup antarpribadi di
Indonesia d pengerasan moral-moral
adalah derajat kepribadian manusia yang
tercermin dari sikap dan tingkah laku
moral berasal dari bahasa latin yaitu
mores yang berarti adat kebiasaan
kata-kata mores ini mempunyai sinonimos
Morris minor mores atau minus mores
dalam bahasa Indonesia moral adalah
akhlak dalam bahasa Arab atau kesusilaan
ia mengandung makna tata tertib batin
atau tata tertib hati nurani yang
menjadi pembimbing tingkah laku batin
dalam hidup dalam bahasa Yunani bahwa
kata moral sama dengan ethos yang
berarti etika secara etimologi etika
adalah ajaran tentang baik buruk yang
diterima oleh masyarakat umum tentang
sikap perbuatan kewajiban dan sebagainya
berdasarkan pendapat diatas maka moral
dapat diartikan sama dengan etika-etika
akhlak kesusilaan dan budi pekerti nilai
moral berkaitan dengan perilaku
Indonesia tentang hal baik dan buruk
Pancasila disebut moral Pancasila karena
mengatur etika akhlak kesusilaan serta
budi pekerti yang didasarkan nilai-nilai
Pancasila menurut Inu Kencana syafiie
bahwa pelaksanaan P4 yaitu Pedoman
Penghayatan dan Pengamalan Pancasila
senantiasa digalakkan di samping
pelaksanaan agama yang menyerukan etika
moral sistem etika adalah suatu
rangkaian ajaran moral yang terdiri dari
nilai yaitu perilaku yang bermanfaat
serta dilakukan sesuai patokan atau
norma-norma
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