Science, Technology and Nation-Building (STS)

Summary

Dr. Ken Espiritosa delves into the crucial role of science and technology in Philippine nation-building across different periods. From pre-colonial innovations in agriculture and medicine to colonial-era advancements in infrastructure and education, the narrative underscores the country's rich history of scientific progress. The post-colonial era, particularly under President Marcos, saw significant strides with the establishment of research institutions and healthcare facilities, emphasizing the enduring impact of science and technology on national development.

Takeaways

• 🌱 Early Filipinos applied scientific principles in daily living, using indigenous knowledge systems for agriculture, medicine, and transportation.
• 🏛 The pre-colonial period saw the development of farming systems, such as the rice terraces, which showcased innovation in adapting to challenging environments.
• 🌾 The Philippines is currently the 8th largest rice producer globally, highlighting the significance of agricultural advancements.
• 🏰 Spanish colonization introduced modern construction techniques and formal education, including the establishment of schools and universities.
• 📚 The Spanish period marked the beginning of formal science and technology education in the Philippines, with a focus on medicine and engineering.
• 🏫 American colonization modernized various aspects of life, including agriculture, food processing, medicine, and pharmacy, and established public education and research universities.
• 🏥 Post-colonial Philippines continued to pursue science and technology programs, with varying degrees of emphasis under different administrations.
• 🔬 Former President Ferdinand Marcos played a significant role in advancing science and technology, establishing agencies and promoting laws to foster development.
• 🚇 The creation of the Light Rail Transit Authority and other infrastructure projects during Marcos's term demonstrated a commitment to technological advancement.
• 🌐 The legacy of science and technology development in the Philippines continues to impact the nation's progress and nation-building efforts.

Q & A

What are the three learning outcomes for Chapter 3 on Science, Technology, and Nation Building?

The learning outcomes are: 1) to explain how early Filipinos applied scientific principles in their daily living; 2) to present government policies on science and technology and explain their importance to the nation; and 3) to discuss the role of science and technology in nation building.

How did early Filipinos use scientific knowledge in their daily lives during the pre-colonial period?

Early Filipinos used plants as medicine, were knowledgeable about the medicinal properties of plants, and practiced farming and animal raising. They also developed modes of transportation and innovative farming systems like the rice terraces, which addressed food supply and production issues.

What significant contribution did the native Ifugao people make to agriculture in the pre-colonial period?

The native Ifugao people built the rice terraces by hand, which allowed them to cultivate crops on mountain sites in cold temperatures. They incorporated an irrigation system using water from forests and mountain tops.

How did the Spanish colonization impact the development of science and technology in the Philippines?

Spanish colonization introduced modern construction methods, formal education, and scientific institutions. They established schools and colleges, and prioritized the study of medicine and engineering, although they developed exclusive health and educational systems that were accessible mainly to the upper class.

What were the key contributions of the American occupation to the advancement of science and technology in the Philippines?

The Americans modernized agriculture, food processing, medicine, and pharmacy. They established a public educational system, improved engineering works and health conditions, and founded modern research universities and public hospitals.

Which Philippine president is noted for ushering in significant advancements in science and technology?

Former President Ferdinand Marcos is noted for his efforts in advancing science and technology, establishing and strengthening many agencies in this field during his presidency.

What was the Light Rail Transit Authority (LRTA) and who was its first chairman?

The Light Rail Transit Authority (LRTA) was created by President Ferdinand E. Marcos on July 12, 1980, as a government agency to determine policies and oversee the planning and extension of the light rail system. The first chairman was Imelda Romualdez Marcos, the first lady and governor of Metro Manila at the time.

How did the establishment of the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) contribute to the nation?

PAGASA, established under the Department of National Defense, provides environmental protection and utilizes scientific knowledge to ensure the safety of the people.

What is the significance of the National Academy of Science and Technology in the Philippines?

The National Academy of Science and Technology was improved to the Department of Science and Technology, which plays a crucial role in the development and promotion of science and technology in the country.

How does the script describe the legacy of science and technology in the Philippines after the Marcos presidency?

The script indicates that progress in science and technology continued even after Marcos' presidency, leaving a lasting legacy in the field.

Outlines

00:00

🌱 Pre-Colonial Science and Technology in the Philippines

This paragraph discusses the early Filipinos' application of scientific principles in their daily lives, highlighting their indigenous knowledge systems that sustained their communities. It mentions the use of plants for medicinal purposes, farming and animal husbandry practices, and the development of transportation methods. The paragraph also emphasizes the innovative farming system developed by the native Cordilleras, which allowed for crop cultivation in mountainous and cold regions, and the significant role of rice in the Philippines' economy, being the 8th largest rice producer globally.

05:00

🏰 Colonial Influences on Science and Technology in the Philippines

This paragraph covers the impact of Spanish colonization on the Philippines' scientific and technological development. It details the introduction of modern construction techniques, formal education, and the establishment of scientific institutions. The Spanish focus on trade and the neglect of agriculture and industrial development are also mentioned. The paragraph then contrasts the Spanish influence with that of the Americans, who modernized various aspects of life, including agriculture, food processing, medicine, and pharmacy. The美国人 also established a public educational system, improved engineering works, and health conditions, and founded modern research universities and public hospitals.

🚀 Post-Colonial Advancements in Science and Technology

The final paragraph focuses on the post-colonial period, where the Philippines continued to pursue programs in science and technology under different administrations. It highlights the significant contributions of President Ferdinand Marcos, who established and strengthened numerous agencies in science and technology. The paragraph also discusses the establishment of pioneering hospitals, the creation of the Light Rail Transit Authority, and the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration. The legacy of Marcos in promoting the development of science and technology for nation-building is emphasized.

Keywords

💡Science and Technology

Science and technology refer to the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the natural and physical world through observation and experiment, and the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes. In the video, science and technology are central to the discussion of nation-building in the Philippines, highlighting their role from pre-colonial times to the present. The script mentions how early Filipinos applied scientific principles in daily living, such as using plants for medicine, and how modern advancements have been crucial for the country's development.

💡Nation Building

Nation building encompasses the processes and efforts to establish and develop a nation's institutions, infrastructure, and identity. The video discusses how science and technology have been instrumental in the Philippines' nation-building journey, from the pre-colonial period's indigenous knowledge systems to the modern era's government policies and infrastructure development.

💡Pre-Colonial Period

The pre-colonial period refers to the era before foreign colonization, where the early inhabitants of the Philippines had their own culture, traditions, and indigenous knowledge systems. The video script illustrates this by mentioning how early Filipinos used plants as medicine, practiced farming and animal husbandry, and developed transportation methods, showcasing their scientific and technological capabilities.

💡Colonial Period

The colonial period denotes the time when the Philippines was under foreign rule, first by Spain and then by the United States. The video script discusses how the Spanish introduced formal education and infrastructure development, while the Americans modernized agriculture, medicine, and pharmacy, significantly influencing the development of science and technology in the country.

💡Indigenous Knowledge Systems

Indigenous knowledge systems refer to the traditional knowledge, practices, and beliefs developed by a community over time. The video script highlights how early Filipinos had their own indigenous knowledge systems, which included the use of plants for medicinal purposes and innovative farming techniques, contributing to their daily living and survival.

💡Albulario

Albulario refers to a Filipino term for a traditional healer or herbalist. The video script mentions albularios as individuals who were knowledgeable about the medicinal and therapeutic properties of plants and were adept at extracting medicines from herbs, playing a crucial role in healthcare during the pre-colonial period.

💡Formal Education

Formal education is the structured and institutionalized process of learning, typically occurring in schools and universities. The video script discusses how the Spanish introduced formal education to the Philippines, establishing schools and universities that taught various subjects, including science and technology, laying the foundation for the country's educational system.

💡Infrastructure

Infrastructure refers to the basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of a society or enterprise. The video script mentions how the Spanish colonization period provided the Philippines with modern means of construction, such as walls, roads, bridges, and other infrastructures, which are still visible today and contribute to the country's development.

💡Public Health

Public health is the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health through organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities, and individuals. The video script discusses how the American colonization period improved public health in the Philippines by establishing modern research universities and public hospitals, contributing to the advancement of science and technology in the field of health.

💡Post-Colonial Period

The post-colonial period refers to the time after a country has gained independence from colonial rule. The video script highlights the efforts of the Philippines in the post-colonial period to continue pursuing programs in science and technology, with different administrations having their own agendas and priorities, such as the establishment of various agencies and the promotion of scientific advancements.

💡Ferdinand Marcos

Ferdinand Marcos was a former President of the Philippines who played a significant role in the advancement of science and technology during his term. The video script mentions how Marcos established and strengthened many agencies in science and technology, built pioneering hospitals, and created the Light Rail Transit Authority, emphasizing his commitment to nation-building through science and technology.

Highlights

Early Filipinos applied scientific principles in daily living.

Government policies on science and technology are crucial for the nation.

Science and technology play a vital role in nation building.

Pre-colonial Filipinos used plants as medicine and for therapeutic purposes.

Systematic farming and animal husbandry were practiced in the pre-colonial period.

Early Filipinos developed transportation methods, including ocean-going vessels.

The rice terraces of the Philippines are a testament to indigenous innovation in farming.

The Philippines is the 8th largest rice producer globally.

Spanish colonization introduced modern construction and formal education.

Spanish rule established schools and scientific institutions in the Philippines.

American occupation modernized agriculture, food processing, and medicine in the Philippines.

The Americans established public education and improved health conditions in the Philippines.

Post-colonial Philippines continued to pursue programs in science and technology.

President Ferdinand Marcos established and strengthened agencies in science and technology.

The Light Rail Transit Authority was created during Marcos' presidency.

The Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration was established for environmental protection.

The National Academy of Science and Technology was improved under Marcos' administration.

The legacy of Marcos' presidency includes advancements in science and technology.

Transcripts

hi everyone i'm dr

ken espinosa and welcome to chapter 3

entitled science technology and nation

building

so what are the learning outcomes for

this chapter

one to explain how early filipinos

applied

scientific principle in their daily

living

two present government policies on

science and technology

and explain their importance to the

nation and lastly

discuss the role of science and

technology in nation building

so here we'll be talking about major

contributions

during pre-colonial period colonial

period

and post-colonial period in the

philippines

first let's talk about the pre-colonial

period

the history of science technology in the

philippines started way back before the

conflicting independence

from the american colonizers before the

coming of the spaniards colonizers

the early inhabitants of the archipelago

had their own culture

and traditions they have their own

belief systems

and indigenous knowledge systems that

keep

them organized and sustain their lives

and communities

for many years scientific

and technological development in the

philippines began in the pre-colonial

period

even before the spaniards came in the

philippines

the early filipinos were already

possessed their own culture and

technology

they are already using plants as

medicine and they were aware of the

medicinal and therapeutic properties of

plants

and the methods of extracting medicines

from the herbs

which addressed the problems in health

they're known as

albulario in filipino herbalaria in

spanish

and herbalists in english

during pre-colonial period system of

farming and animal racing were also

implemented

they raised chicken pigs goats carabaos

and small native ponies

they also use bow and arrow for fishing

and hunting

scientific knowledge is observed in the

way they plant their crops

that provide them food in taking care of

animals to help them in their tasks

this also addressed the problems in

terms of mass production in food supply

moreover early filipinos had also

developed different modes of

transportation

early philippines were said to be

proficient in building ocean growing

vessels which address the problems in

terms of

transportation

one of the greatest contributions of

early filipino to science and technology

was achieved by the native corteliers

when they built

the rice statuses by hand through this

the early filipinos were able to

cultivate crops on the mountain sites

in cold temperature they incorporated an

irrigation system that uses water from

the forests

and mountain tops to achieve farming

system

this addressed a problem in mass

production in terms of

food supplies this showed

that early philippines can actually

innovate a farming system

in order to survive in relation to

unfriendly environment

today the philippine is the 8th largest

rice

producer in the world accounting for 2.8

percent

of global rice production also

philippines

was also the world largest rice importer

in 2010.

now proceed to the colonial period

colonization by the spaniards provided

the philippines

with modern means of construction such

as

the walls roads bridges and other

infrastructures

that can be seen mostly in the

intramuros manila

tayaba's questions such as the malaga

long bridge and other

old catholic churches located in the

different areas in the philippines

the spanish introduced a formal

education through parish school

they brought with them their own culture

and practices

they established schools for boys and

girls

and introduced the concept of subject

and disciplines

it was the beginning of formal science

and technology in the country known as

school of science and technology

religion

reading writing arithmetic and music

were taught

scientific institutions were established

sanitation

and advanced method of agriculture were

taught to the nations

the spanish established colleges in

universities in the archipelago

the study of medicine in the philippines

was given priority

and contributed to the field of

engineering in the island

however the spanish government developed

exclusive health and educational systems

that were only enjoyed by the upper

class or principal of mass

trade is given more focus by the spanner

colonial authorities

due to the prospect of big profits

agriculture industrial development on

the other hand

are neglected but science during the

american occupation

modernized almost all aspect of life in

the philippines

this period is toward agriculture food

processing medicine

and pharmacy due to free trade policy

with the united states

which nurtures the economy towards

agriculture and trade

moreover the americans have more

influence in the development of science

and technology in the philippines

compared to spaniards they established a

public educational system

improved the engineering works and

health conditions of the people

they established modern research

university

such as the university of the

philippines philippine normal school now

philippine normal university

manila business school now polytechnic

university of the philippines

manila trade school now technological

university of the philippines

and created more public hospitals such

as philippine general hospital or pgh

lastly let's now move on to the

post-colonial period

after achieving independence from the

colonizers

the philippines under different

administration

continued to pursue programs in science

and technology

its leadership had its own science and

technology agenda

however it is important to note that

some philippine presidents

posted more development in the field

than others

one of the presidents who ushered in

advancement in science and technology

was former president ferdinand marcos

under his term many agencies in science

and technology were established and

strengthened

during ferdinand marcos two terms of

presidency

and during martial law he had enough

many laws promoting science and

technology

the advancement of science and

technology had been the priority

in the national government it was in

marcos time when pioneering

hospitals were built such as the

developing heart center

non-center of the philippines and the

national kidney and transplant institute

moreover on july 12 1980

the country's president ferdinand e

marcos

created the light rail transit authority

or

lrta as a government agency

the chairman was then the first lady and

governor of metro manila

imelda romales marcos this lrta confined

its activities to determining policies

to the regulation and fixing affairs

into the planning of the extension to

the system

the project was called metal rail and

was operated by a sister company of the

former

traumatic company morocco called metro

incorporated

he also established the philippine

atmospheric geophysical

and astronomical services administration

or pakasa under the department of

national defense

to provide environmental protection and

to utilize

scientific knowledge to ensure the

safety

of the people furthermore very

constituted

national academy of science and

technology was

improved to department of science and

technology

marcos saw the key to the nation

building is the continued development

of science and technology the progress

in science and technology

continued even after his presidency

which left a legacy

in this particular field