Diabetes Type II Pathophysiology
Summary
TLDRThis video delves into the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes, a condition characterized by insulin resistance. It explains how normally, the pancreas releases insulin to regulate blood glucose levels by facilitating glucose uptake and storage in various organs. However, in type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance prevents this process, leading to persistent high blood glucose levels. The video discusses the contributing factors, including genetics, diet, and obesity. It also highlights the consequences, such as dehydration, increased thirst and hunger, and potential renal failure, emphasizing the eventual need for insulin injections due to pancreatic beta cell atrophy.
Takeaways
- đ· Type 2 diabetes is a condition where the hormone insulin, produced by the pancreas, does not work properly.
- đ Insulin's role is to decrease blood glucose levels by facilitating glucose uptake into cells and promoting glucose storage.
- đ In type 2 diabetes, there is insulin resistance, where the cells do not respond effectively to insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels.
- 𧏠Insulin resistance can be caused by factors such as genetics, poor diet, and obesity.
- đ° High blood glucose levels can lead to glucose being excreted in the urine (glucosuria), causing dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and increased thirst (polydipsia).
- đœïž Insulin resistance can also lead to increased hunger (polyphagia) due to cells not receiving enough glucose.
- â ïž Prolonged insulin resistance can cause damage to the pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin, eventually requiring insulin injections.
- đ In an attempt to supply glucose to organs, the liver may release more glucose, exacerbating high blood glucose levels.
- đœ Persistent high blood glucose and dehydration can lead to serious complications, such as renal failure.
- đŹ Understanding the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes is crucial for effective management and treatment.
Q & A
What is the main focus of this video?
-The main focus of this video is to provide an overview of the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes.
What is the role of insulin in the body?
-Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood glucose levels. It facilitates the uptake of glucose from the bloodstream into cells and promotes glucose storage in the liver, muscle, and fat cells.
What is insulin resistance, and how does it contribute to type 2 diabetes?
-Insulin resistance is a condition where the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, leading to elevated blood glucose levels. In type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance causes the cells to be unable to effectively utilize glucose from the bloodstream, resulting in high blood glucose levels.
What are some of the factors that can contribute to insulin resistance?
-Factors that can contribute to insulin resistance include genetics, family predisposition, poor eating habits, and obesity.
What are some of the consequences of prolonged high blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes?
-Prolonged high blood glucose levels can lead to glucose spilling into the urine (glucosuria), causing osmotic diuresis, dehydration, and increased thirst (polydipsia). It can also contribute to an increased feeling of hunger (polyphagia) and, in severe cases, may lead to renal failure.
How does insulin resistance affect the liver's function in type 2 diabetes?
-In type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance can lead to the liver releasing more glucose into the bloodstream instead of storing it properly, further contributing to elevated blood glucose levels.
What happens to the pancreatic beta cells in prolonged insulin resistance?
-With prolonged insulin resistance, the pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin may atrophy or become dysfunctional, further exacerbating the condition and potentially leading to the need for insulin injections.
What is the purpose of insulin in regulating glucose storage and metabolism?
-Insulin promotes glucose storage by stimulating glycogenesis (conversion of glucose to glycogen) in the liver and facilitating the conversion of glucose to fat in adipose tissue. It also enhances glucose uptake and metabolism in skeletal muscles.
How does the body respond to high blood glucose levels in a normal, non-diabetic state?
-In a normal, non-diabetic state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the pancreas to release insulin, which then facilitates glucose uptake and storage in various tissues, effectively lowering blood glucose levels.
What is the role of insulin receptors or insulin-sensitive proteins in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes?
-Insulin receptors or insulin-sensitive proteins on the cells of various organs (such as liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle) play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. In insulin resistance, these receptors or proteins do not function properly, leading to impaired glucose uptake and metabolism.
Outlines
đŹ Diabetes Type 2: Insulin Resistance and Pathophysiology
This paragraph explains the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes, where the hormone insulin, produced by the pancreas, does not work properly due to insulin resistance. It describes the normal process of insulin binding to receptors on organs like the liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle to regulate glucose uptake, storage, and metabolism. In type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance leads to persistent high blood glucose levels, which can result in glucose spilling into urine (glucosuria), causing osmotic diuresis, dehydration, and potentially hyperosmolar state.
đš Complications of Prolonged Insulin Resistance
This paragraph discusses the complications that can arise from prolonged insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. Dehydration from excessive urination (polyuria) can stimulate increased thirst (polydipsia) and hunger (polyphagia) due to the body's attempt to compensate for the lack of glucose uptake by tissues. Prolonged dehydration can lead to renal failure. Insulin resistance also causes the liver to release more glucose, exacerbating the problem. Over time, the pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin may atrophy, leading to the need for insulin injections to manage blood glucose levels.
Mindmap
Keywords
đĄInsulin
đĄPancreas
đĄInsulin resistance
đĄBlood glucose
đĄReceptors
đĄGlycogen
đĄPolyuria
đĄPolydipsia
đĄBeta cells
đĄPathophysiology
Highlights
Diabetes type 2 is a problem where the hormone insulin, which is normally secreted by the pancreas, does not actually work properly.
High blood glucose stimulates insulin production and release from the pancreas.
Insulin targets different organs by binding to insulin receptors or insulin sensitive proteins with the purpose of decreasing blood glucose levels.
In type 2 diabetes, there is insulin resistance, meaning the receptors insulin works on do not work properly or effectively.
Insulin resistance occurs due to factors like genetics, family predisposition, bad eating habits, and obesity.
With insulin resistance, glucose cannot be taken up by organs, leading to high blood glucose levels for longer periods.
Persistent high blood glucose leads to glucose being secreted out through the kidneys (glucose urea), resulting in osmotic diuresis.
Osmotic diuresis leads to polyuria (excessive urination), dehydration, and hyperosmolar state (a medical emergency).
Dehydration stimulates the brain to increase thirst (polydipsia).
Insulin resistance can lead to polyphagia (constant hunger) due to organs not receiving enough glucose.
Prolonged dehydration can lead to renal failure due to decreased blood flow to the kidneys.
With insulin resistance, the liver may release more glucose instead of storing it properly.
Prolonged insulin resistance leads to atrophy of the pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin.
Eventually, people with diabetes may need insulin injections to compensate for the lack of adequate insulin production.
The pancreas is an organ that produces insulin and other hormones important for metabolism.
Transcripts
hello in this video we're gonna talk
about diabetes pathophysiology this is
an overview specifically focusing on
diabetes type 2 diabetes type 2 is a
problem where the hormone insulin which
is normally secreted by the pancreas
does not actually work properly the
pancreas is an organ sitting behind the
stomach and secretes many things for
digestion but also it produces and
secretes hormones which are very
important for metabolism one of these
hormones is insulin which is produced in
response to high blood glucose an
example is after we eat glucose enters
our blood and then here it will
stimulate the pancreas to produce
insulin if we're continuing on with the
pathophysiology of diabetes we actually
need to understand what normally happens
and how insulin works in a normal
scenario so again here is the
circulation here is the liver and here
is the pancreas the pancreas is the
organ that produces insulin and here is
the adipose tissue fat basically and
here is the muscle cells skeletal
muscles and on these organs on these
cells of these organs there are
receptors for insulin so again high
blood glucose will stimulate insulin
production and insulin release from the
pancreas the insulin will then target
these different organs by binding onto
insulin receptors or insulin sensitive
proteins with the sole purpose of
decreasing blood glucose levels the
binding of insulin to its receptor or
protein triggers a cascade of events
within a cell leading to the increased
uptake of glucose from circulation in -
this is done for example by producing
more glucose channels or transporters on
the
surface of cells allowing glucose to
move from the blood into the cells of
the organs insulin also promotes glucose
storage
in the liver insulin stimulates
glycolysis and glyco Genesis to store
glucose as glycogen insulin also
stimulates glucose to be stored as fat
which will be subsequently transported
to adipose tissue so going back to our
first diagram remember high blood
glucose stimulates insulin release in
type 2 diabetes there is insulin
resistance which means that the
receptors insulin works on usually does
not actually work properly or as
effectively and so insulin essentially
does not work properly on liver adipose
tissue and skeletal muscle and as a
result there will be high blood glucose
levels for longer periods of time now
insulin resistance occurs because of a
number of variety of factors including
genetics family predisposition bad
eating habits and also obesity so
because of insulin resistance glucose
cannot be taken up by all these
different organs and so you have high
blood glucose because there is high
blood glucose the pancreas is told to
secrete more insulin despite not
changing the fact that insulin
sensitivity is present with persistent
high blood glucose the glucose will
travel to the kidneys and be secreted
out this is called glucose urea glucose
urea will result in osmotic diuresis
what does that mean well glucose will
essentially drag water with it because
it is a solute and so the person will
stop peeing more polyuria with constant
polyuria you get loss of water
and you get loss of electrolytes the
loss of water and the loss of
electrolyte leads to two main things one
dehydration because of the loss of water
and two hyperosmolar state hyperosmolar
state is a medical emergency which will
not be really discussed here the
dehydration will stimulate the brain to
drink more water so we get polydipsia
insulin resistance can actually lead to
polyphagia which means the urge to eat
more or the feeling of hunger and how
does this happen well if there is high
blood glucose and it doesn't go into the
tissues that need it though the organ
will say hey I'm not receiving enough
food feed me and so you get polyphagia
prolonged dehydration in serious cases
can lead to renal failure because of the
decrease of blood flow going to the
kidneys remember that insulin has many
functions in the liver and because of
insulin resistance glucose is not stored
properly instead you can get the
opposite you can get the liver actually
releasing more glucose in the attempt to
supply the organs that need it it is
important to know that with prolonged
insulin resistance eventually the cells
in the pancreas that produces insulin
called the beta cells these beta cells
will atrophy because the body is not
responding to the insulin properly and
so this will further cause problems and
the person the person who has diabetes
will eventually need to be on insulin
injections to compensate
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