Communication Models
Summary
TLDRThis video script delves into the essence of communication, defining it as the process of making meaning through message exchange. It distinguishes between verbal and nonverbal channels and discusses face-to-face versus electronic communication. Highlighting the irreversibility of communication, the script introduces three models: the action model, the interaction model with feedback and context, and the transactional model emphasizing simultaneous feedback. The video aims to deepen understanding of communication, particularly in the context of public speaking.
Takeaways
- đŁïž Communication is the process of making meaning by sending and receiving messages through various channels, both verbal and nonverbal.
- đŁ Verbal communication involves the use of words, while nonverbal includes gestures, appearance, vocal inflection, and facial expressions.
- đ Communication can occur face-to-face, which is channel-rich, or through electronically mediated channels, which are more channel-lean.
- â ïž Communication is irreversible; once a message is sent and received, it cannot be erased or taken back.
- đ The study of communication has evolved through three models: the action model, the interaction model, and the transactional model.
- đ The action model portrays communication as a one-way process involving a sender, message, channel, receiver, and noise.
- đ The interaction model adds feedback and context to the action model, creating a two-way communication process.
- đ Feedback in the interaction model allows for a loop within the communication process, similar to a ping-pong game.
- đ Context in the interaction model refers to the physical and psychological circumstances in which communication takes place.
- đ The transactional model modifies the elements of the interaction model, recognizing that each communicator is both a sender and a receiver, and feedback is simultaneous.
- đ€ The transactional model suggests a dynamic communication process, akin to multiple ping-pong balls being played at once, reflecting the continuous exchange of messages and feedback.
Q & A
What is the definition of communication as described in the video?
-Communication is the process through which we attempt to make meaning by sending and receiving messages.
What are the two main channels of communication mentioned in the video?
-The two main channels of communication are verbal and nonverbal.
How does face-to-face communication differ from electronically mediated communication in terms of channel richness?
-Face-to-face communication is channel-rich, allowing for the use of various verbal and nonverbal cues, while electronically mediated communication is channel-lean, limiting the visibility of facial expressions and vocal tone.
Why is communication considered irreversible according to the video?
-Communication is irreversible because once something is expressed and received, it cannot be erased or taken back, regardless of apologies or corrections made afterward.
What are the five elements of the action model of communication?
-The five elements of the action model are sender, message, channel, receiver, and noise.
What does the term 'noise' refer to in the context of the action model?
-Noise refers to anything that interferes with the sending or receiving of a message, including physical, psychological, and physiological noise.
How does the interaction model of communication differ from the action model?
-The interaction model adds feedback and context to the original five elements of the action model, creating a two-way communication process.
What is the role of feedback in the interaction model of communication?
-Feedback in the interaction model is the response of the receiver to the message, which creates a loop within the communication process, allowing for a two-way exchange.
How does the transactional model modify the elements of the interaction model?
-The transactional model modifies the interaction model by recognizing that each communicator is both a sender and receiver, and by changing feedback from simple to simultaneous, reflecting the continuous exchange of messages and responses.
What is the significance of context in the interaction model of communication?
-Context refers to the physical and psychological circumstances in which communication takes place, influencing the topics, tone, volume, and appropriateness of the conversation.
How can understanding the different communication models apply to public speaking?
-Understanding communication models can help public speakers adapt their messages and responses to the audience, considering factors like channel richness, feedback, and context to enhance their communication effectiveness.
Outlines
đŁïž Fundamentals of Communication
This paragraph introduces the concept of communication as a process of making meaning through the exchange of messages, highlighting both verbal and nonverbal channels. It differentiates between face-to-face and electronically mediated communication, emphasizing the richness of channels in the former. The paragraph also touches on the irreversibility of communication, noting that once a message is sent, it cannot be retracted, with a humorous reference to courtroom scenarios where disregarding comments is impossible.
đ The Evolution of Communication Models
This section delves into the development of communication models, starting with the action model which views communication as a one-way process involving a sender, message, channel, receiver, and noise. It then transitions to the interaction model, which adds feedback and context, creating a two-way communication loop and acknowledging the environment's influence. Finally, the transactional model is introduced, modifying the previous model by recognizing simultaneous feedback and the dual role of communicators as both senders and receivers.
đ€ Applying Communication Models to Public Speaking
The final paragraph prompts viewers to consider how the discussed communication models apply to public speaking, specifically asking which model best illustrates the dynamic between a speaker and the audience. It invites reflection on the models' relevance to understanding and improving public speaking, encouraging viewers to think critically about the communication process in this context.
Mindmap
Keywords
đĄCommunication
đĄVerbal Communication
đĄNonverbal Communication
đĄFace-to-Face Communication
đĄElectronically Mediated Communication
đĄIrreversible
đĄAction Model
đĄInteraction Model
đĄTransactional Model
đĄFeedback
đĄContext
Highlights
Communication is defined as the process of making meaning by sending and receiving messages.
Communication can be verbal, using words, or nonverbal, including gestures and facial expressions.
Face-to-face communication is rich in channels, utilizing a full range of verbal and nonverbal cues.
Electronic communication is more limited, lacking visual and auditory cues present in face-to-face interactions.
Communication is irreversible; once a message is sent, it cannot be taken back.
The action model of communication is a one-way process starting with a sender and ending with a receiver.
The sender encodes a message that is sent through a channel to the receiver who decodes it.
Noise in communication can be physical, psychological, or physiological, interfering with message transmission.
The interaction model adds feedback and context to the basic elements of the action model.
Feedback in the interaction model creates a loop, making communication a two-way process.
Context influences communication, affecting topics, tone, and volume based on the setting and participants.
The transactional model modifies the sender and receiver to communicators, recognizing simultaneous feedback.
Simultaneous feedback in the transactional model reflects the dynamic nature of real-time communication.
The transactional model likens communication to multiple ping-pong balls in play, emphasizing constant interaction.
Public speaking can be viewed through these models to understand the dynamic communication with an audience.
The video invites viewers to consider which model best illustrates communication in public speaking.
The study of communication has evolved through these models, enhancing our understanding of the process.
Transcripts
in this video we'll discuss the definition of communication and a few of
the fundamental characteristics of communication will also explore it three
models of the communication process first let's address the question what is
communication
well the short answer is that communication is the process through
which we attempt to make meaning by sending and receiving messages
communication can take on a variety of forms first we use both verbal and
nonverbal channels to communicate verbal communication refers exclusively to the
words that we choose most languages are incredibly broad and diverse offering a
breadth of options in attempting to share an idea verbal communication is about
choosing the word that best communicates that idea everything else gestures
appearance vocal inflection the notion of personal space facial expressions
would all fall under the category of nonverbal communication
another important factor is whether the communication is taking place
face-to-face or via an electronically mediated channel face-to-face
communication is very channel rich meaning we can usually make use of all
kinds of verbal and nonverbal cues electronically mediated communication
like text messages email and social media however are more channel lean your
somewhat limited in that you can't see facial expressions or hear the person's
tone of voice in the way the you can in face-to-face communication one more
thing to keep in mind is that communication is irreversible once
something is expressed and received it cannot simply be erased or taken back
never had a comment slip out unintentionally or said something you
immediately wish you could take back while an apology or correction is nice
it doesn't wipe away the original comment or expression once it's out
there it's out there for good
nowhere is this principle related more absurdly than in the court of law
have you ever watched a TV show or movie where an attorney says something
prejudicial and inflammatory followed by the judge instructing the jury to
disregard the comment no such thing as possible and everyone there know
is it these explanations just begin to scratch the surface of understanding
communication will dig deeper over the course of this video and even further in
other videos over the years the study of communications developed through three
basic models of the communication process will take a look at each of
these models and see how our understanding of communication has
changed with each one the first model of communication that was developed was the
action model the action model of communication portrays communication as
a one-way process communication is something that one person does too or at
another person when the other person has a response the whole process flips
around and starts a new in the action model communication begins with the
sender quite simply the center is the person who has something they're
attempting to express the center and codes or packages a message using verbal
and or nonverbal communication to send it to a receiver the message refers to
what it is they are trying to communicate the message can be
communicated verbally non-verbally or a combination of both the message can also
be communicated intentionally or unintentionally the method through which
the message is communicated is called the channel if a message is the what
then the channel is the how
what are some channels that you use to communicate imagine you use your voice
and communicating face-to-face do you talk on the phone text post and social
media email write it on posted notes use smoke signals tap on the wall for morse
code all of these would represent a channel of communication when we
communicate we direct communication at a person or persons the person for whom
the communication is meant is called the receiver which is the fourth element in
the action model of communication
it is the responsibility of the receiver to decode the message that the center is
encoded and attempt to make sense of it
the fifth and final element in the action model is noise
noise refers to anything that interferes with the sending or receiving of a
message there are three basic categories of noise
the first is physical noise which refers to interference from the surrounding
environment physical noise could be audible such as loud or distracting
sounds that keep you from clearly hearing or paying attention to the
message physical noise could also come from other sources though such as a
room being too hot or too cold things flashing by the window and drawing your
attention elsewhere or having to sit in an uncomfortable chair another type of
noise is psychological noise those of you who are mentally making your grocery
list or thinking of other things you need to get done today instead of fully
paying attention to this lesson for example are experiencing psychological
noise
anytime that were daydreaming or mind is simply elsewhere while someone is
speaking to us we experienced psychological noise physiological noise
is the final category of noise as the name would suggest physiological noise
has to do with your body you ever have trouble paying attention when you're
hungry how about when you're sick or you have a headache
those are common sources of physiological noise hearing loss can be
another source of physiological noise so those five elements sender message
channel receiver and noise make up the action model of communication as
scholars continue to study communication in greater depth and detail however they
discovered that the action model didn't paint the full picture of what happens
during the communication process as a result they developed a new model the
interaction model the interaction model keeps all five of those original
elements center message channel receiver and noise and adds two more feedback and
context feedback as the response of the receiver to the message feedback can be
verbal or nonverbal intentional or unintentional and creates a sort of loop
within the communication process
where's the action model is a one-way street the recognition of feedback
creates a two-way process
think of it like a ping-pong game where the ball goes back and forth one player
sends the ball in this case the message across the net to the receiver the
receiver then sends the ball now in the form of feedback back across the net to
the first person the element of feedback allows all of this to happen as part of
one inclusive process the other new element in the interaction model is
context context sometimes called the environment or the situation refers to
the physical and psychological circumstances in which the communication
takes place communication does not take place in a vacuum it happens somewhere
it sometime between someone's you don't have the same conversation in the
produce section of the grocery store that you do overall mantic candlelight
dinner right
the topics are different the tone is different the volume is different
these things also very when you're having a conversation with your best
friend or someone you hardly know it all
this is the impact of context knowing what is appropriate in that situation
and with that person as you can see with the addition of feedback in context the
interaction model represents a leap forward in our understanding of the
communication process it was still really a work in progress though as
you'll see in the most current model of the communication process the
transactional model the transactional model of communication doesn't really
add or subtract any significant elements
it does however modify those elements to more accurately reflect the
communication process the first modification recognizes that there's not
just one Center and one receiver in the process rather the communicator on each
side of the process is both the sender and receiver as a result the
transactional model changes those labels from sender and receiver to communicator
a and communicator be both of whom send messages and feedback the other update
in the transactional model is the change from simple feedback to simultaneous
feedback communicators don't wait for the completion of the message to send
feed
back we signal all kinds of things while the message is still being sent
sometimes this is nonverbal such as facial expressions signaling shock anger
happiness disagreement or boredom
we also provide simultaneous verbal feedback when we interrupt someone who's
speaking or prompt them by saying things like uh huh and go on the essence of
both of these modifications changes our perception of communication
I compared the interaction model to a traditional ping-pong game where you
have one ball going back and forth so that one person is waiting for the other
to finish before sending feedback the transactional model however is more like
a ping-pong game where a hundred different ping-pong balls are going back
and forth all at once as we're constantly sending and receiving
messages so how does all of this applies specifically to public speaking
well you tell me take a moment to consider which of these models best
illustrates the communication between a speaker and his or her audience why is
that
give me your explanation go ahead I'll give you a moment
if you need more time to answer those questions feel free to pause the video
now otherwise let's continue in this video we discussed the definition of
communication and a few of the fundamental characteristics of
communication we also explored three models of the communication process
check out some of our other videos for more insight into the public speaking
process
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