BAB II | FASE A. Rangka Tubuh | XI BIOLOGI | KURIKULUM MERDEKA

ERS CHANNEL

8 Sept 202307:12

Summary

TLDRThis educational video explores the human skeletal system, focusing on its structure and functions. It delves into the axial and appendicular skeletons, highlighting the role of bones like the skull, ribs, and vertebrae in protecting vital organs and supporting body movement. The video also discusses the skeletal system's involvement in blood cell production and mineral storage, providing a comprehensive overview of its importance in the human body.

Takeaways

🦴 The human skeleton consists of approximately 270 bones that reduce to 206 as we grow and develop.
💺 The skeleton is divided into two main parts: the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, spine, and rib cage, and the appendicular skeleton, which includes the limbs and girdles.
🛡️ The skeleton serves multiple functions, such as providing shape and posture, protecting vital organs, supporting movement, producing blood cells, storing minerals and energy, and generating immune cells.
🗝️ The axial skeleton is composed of 80 bones and includes the skull, which protects the brain, and the spine, which supports the body and allows for flexibility.
👂 The skull is further divided into the cranium, facial bones, and sutures, with specific bones like the malleus, incus, and stapes playing a role in sound transmission.
🦴 The vertebral column is made up of 33 vertebrae, which are connected by intervertebral discs that allow for movement and support the body's weight.
🛡️ The rib cage, consisting of the sternum and ribs, protects the lungs and heart and is connected to the spine through cartilage.
🤲 The appendicular skeleton includes 126 bones and is responsible for the movement of the limbs, including the pectoral girdle that connects the arms to the torso.
🦵 The upper limbs consist of the humerus, radius, and ulna, with the carpal bones in the wrist and metacarpal bones in the hand, facilitating complex movements.
🦿 The lower limbs include the femur, tibia, and fibula, with the patella protecting the knee joint, and tarsal and metatarsal bones in the feet providing support and balance.
👣 Each foot has 26 bones, with the toes consisting of proximal, middle, and distal phalanges, except for the big toe which has two.

Q & A

What is the primary function of the human skeletal system?
-The primary function of the human skeletal system is to provide support and shape to the body, protect soft organs, serve as a point of attachment for muscles, support movement, play a role in hematopoiesis (the formation of blood cells), store minerals and energy, and produce immune cells in the bone marrow.
How many bones are typically found in the human body, and how does this number change with growth and development?
-There are approximately 270 bones in the human body at birth, but this number decreases to 206 bones as the body grows and matures.
What are the two main divisions of the human skeletal system?
-The two main divisions of the human skeletal system are the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
What is the role of the axial skeleton in the body?
-The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the body and consists of 80 bones, including the skull, the vertebral column, and the rib cage, and it plays a crucial role in protecting vital organs such as the brain, heart, and lungs.
What are the three main parts of the skull, and what do they protect?
-The three main parts of the skull are the cranium, which protects the brain; the facial bones, which form the structures of the face; and the sutures, which are the immovable joints that hold the skull bones together.
What is the function of the inner ear bones in the human body?
-The inner ear bones, known as the malleus, incus, and stapes, function to receive and transmit sound impulses.
How many pairs of ribs are there in the human body, and what is their main function?
-There are 12 pairs of ribs in the human body, and their main function is to protect the lungs and heart and to support the thoracic cage.
What is the function of the spine in the human body?
-The spine, also known as the vertebral column, provides structural support, allows for flexibility and movement, and protects the spinal cord.
What is the appendicular skeleton, and how many pairs of bones does it consist of?
-The appendicular skeleton consists of the limbs and the girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton, and it comprises 126 pairs of bones.
What are the main components of the upper limb girdle, and what is their function?
-The upper limb girdle consists of the clavicle and the scapula, which connect the arm to the trunk and provide attachment points for muscles of the neck, thorax, and arm.
What is the role of the pelvis in the human body, and what does it protect?
-The pelvis supports the weight of the upper body, protects the internal organs within the pelvic cavity, including the reproductive and urinary organs, and plays a role in the support and movement of the lower limbs.

Outlines

00:00

🦴 Human Skeletal System Overview

This paragraph introduces the study of the human skeletal system, focusing on its role in movement and support. The skeleton, composed of approximately 270 bones in humans, is categorized into the axial and appendicular skeletons. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebrae, and ribs, serving to protect vital organs such as the brain, ears, and eyes. The appendicular skeleton consists of the limbs and their connection to the axial skeleton, with joints playing a crucial role in movement. Bones also have additional functions such as blood cell production, mineral storage, and energy regulation. The paragraph delves into the specifics of the skull's composition, the function of the inner ear bones in sound transmission, and the structure of the spine and ribcage.

05:00

🤲 Detailed Anatomy of the Appendicular Skeleton

The second paragraph provides an in-depth look at the appendicular skeleton, which includes the upper and lower limbs. It discusses the shoulder joint, composed of the scapula and clavicle, and its connection to the arm via the humerus, radius, and ulna. The hand's structure is explored, highlighting the carpal bones, metacarpals, and phalanges. The paragraph then moves to the pelvic girdle, explaining its role in supporting body weight and protecting internal organs. It describes the composition of the lower limb, including the femur, tibia, and fibula, and their functions in body support and movement. The foot's anatomy is also covered, detailing the tarsal, metatarsal, and phalanges bones, and their importance in balance and locomotion.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Skeletal System

The skeletal system, also known as the skeleton, is the body's framework that supports the soft tissues and provides attachment points for muscles. In the video, it is described as an endoskeleton for vertebrates, including humans, which is covered by muscles and skin. The human skeleton consists of around 270 bones that reduce to 206 as one grows, playing a crucial role in movement and protection of internal organs.

💡Axial Skeleton

The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the body and includes the skull, spine, and ribcage. It is composed of 80 bones and serves to protect vital organs such as the brain, heart, and lungs. In the script, the axial skeleton is detailed to include the skull bones that protect the brain and the auditory and visual organs.

💡Appendicular Skeleton

The appendicular skeleton consists of the limbs and their girdles, totaling 126 bones. It is responsible for the body's movement and includes the pectoral and pelvic girdles, upper limbs, and lower limbs. The script mentions that the appendicular skeleton supports the body's weight and protects the pelvic cavity, which contains important organs.

💡Vertebrae

Vertebrae are the individual bones that make up the spine, and they are crucial for supporting the body and protecting the spinal cord. The script specifies that there are 12 pairs of thoracic vertebrae that connect with the ribs and play a role in determining the body's posture.

💡Sternum

The sternum, also known as the breastbone, is a flat bone located in the center of the chest. It protects the heart and lungs and articulates with the ribs to form the thoracic cage. The script describes the sternum as having three parts: the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.

💡Humerus

The humerus is the long bone in the upper arm that extends from the shoulder to the elbow. It has a head that articulates with the shoulder joint and is responsible for the movement of the arm. The script mentions the humerus in the context of the upper limb's structure.

💡Femur

The femur, or thigh bone, is the longest and strongest bone in the human body. It supports the body's weight and is involved in walking and other movements. The script describes the femur's role in the lower limb and its features like the head, condyles, and patella.

💡Talus

The talus is a bone in the ankle that articulates with the tibia and fibula above and the bones of the foot below. It plays a key role in the foot's ability to move and bear weight. The script identifies the talus as part of the tarsal bones.

💡Metacarpals

Metacarpals are the long bones of the hand that connect the wrist (carpal bones) to the fingers. There are five metacarpals, one for each finger, and they facilitate hand movements. The script refers to the metacarpals as part of the hand's structure.

💡Phalanges

Phalanges are the bones of the fingers and toes. Each finger typically has three phalanges, except for the thumb, which has two. The script mentions phalanges in the context of the hand and foot's composition.

💡Hematopoiesis

Hematopoiesis is the process of blood cell formation, which primarily occurs in the bone marrow. The script mentions that the skeletal system plays a role in hematopoiesis, highlighting its importance beyond just structural support.

Highlights

The human skeleton, also known as the endoskeleton, is a passive movement apparatus composed of approximately 270 bones.

The number of bones decreases to 206 as the body grows and develops.

The skeleton is divided into the axial and appendicular skeleton, serving various functions including support and protection.

The axial skeleton consists of 80 bones, including the skull, vertebrae, and ribs, protecting vital organs such as the brain and heart.

The skull is divided into the cranial, facial, and suture bones, with specific functions in head shape and protection of sensory organs.

The inner ear bones, malleus, incus, and stapes, are crucial for sound reception and transmission.

The hyoid bone, shaped like the letter U, supports the muscles of the mouth and tongue, aiding in swallowing.

The vertebral column is composed of 20 bones connected by fibrocartilage, supporting the head and body posture.

The thoracic cage, made of the sternum and ribs, protects the lungs and heart and supports respiratory movements.

The appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones, including the upper and lower limbs, facilitating movement.

The pectoral girdle, comprising the clavicle and scapula, connects the arm to the trunk and supports arm movement.

The upper limb includes the humerus, radius, and ulna, with specific roles in arm and forearm structure and movement.

The carpal bones, arranged in two rows, contribute to the wrist's flexibility and complexity.

The pelvic girdle, consisting of the hip bones, supports body weight and protects the pelvic cavity's internal organs.

The lower limb includes the femur, tibia, and fibula, which are essential for body support and movement.

The patella, a triangular sesamoid bone, covers the knee joint and protects it.

The tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges make up the foot, with specific bones contributing to its structure and function.

Each toe has three phalanges except the big toe, which has two, contributing to the foot's dexterity.