Plant Tissues One Shot Class 9 Biology: Definition & Cellular Organization | CBSE Class 9 Science
Summary
TLDRThis educational video by Baiju's introduces students to the concept of plant tissues, emphasizing their importance for exams. The teacher, Ankita, covers meristematic and permanent tissues, explaining their types, characteristics, and functions. She also discusses the protective role of epidermis and the conductive roles of xylem and phloem, highlighting the differences between living and non-living cells within these tissues. The session aims to help students master the topic for their examinations, with additional resources available on the channel.
Takeaways
- 📘 The lesson focuses on plant tissues, emphasizing their importance for exams and providing definitions and characteristics.
- 🌿 Tissues are categorized into two broad types: plant and animal, with the class concentrating on plant tissues, specifically meristematic and permanent tissues.
- 📝 Meristematic tissues are responsible for plant growth in specific regions, characterized by active cell division, dense cytoplasm, prominent nuclei, thin cell walls, and lack of vacuoles.
- 🌱 Meristematic tissues are further divided into apical, lateral, and intercalary, each with distinct locations and functions in plant growth and development.
- 🌳 Permanent tissues result from the differentiation of meristematic tissues and are non-dividing. They are divided into simple and complex permanent tissues.
- 🍃 Simple permanent tissues consist of similar cell types, including parenchyma, chlorenchyma, and aerenchyma, each with unique functions and characteristics.
- 💪 Complex permanent tissues, such as xylem and phloem, are made up of different cell types and are responsible for the transport of water, minerals, and nutrients within the plant.
- 🔄 Xylem is unidirectional, transporting water and minerals upwards, and consists of tracheids, vessels, parenchyma, and fibers, with most components being dead cells.
- 🔄 Phloem exhibits bidirectional flow, moving nutrients and sugars, and includes sieve tubes, companion cells, parenchyma, and fibers, with most components being living cells.
- 🌼 Protective tissues, such as epidermis and cork cells, serve to shield the plant from water loss, mechanical damage, and parasites, with stomata facilitating gas exchange.
- 📚 The script encourages students to take notes, participate in the Baiju's Scholarship Test for a chance to meet Indian cricket champions, and join the Telegram group for additional resources.
Q & A
What is the main focus of the class taught by Ankita?
-The main focus of the class is on plant tissues, discussing their types, characteristics, and functions, which is important from an exam perspective.
What are the two broad categories of tissues mentioned in the script?
-The two broad categories of tissues mentioned are plant tissues and animal tissues.
What are the key characteristics of meristematic tissues?
-Meristematic tissues are active, keep dividing, have a dense set of cytoplasm, a prominent nucleus, thin cell walls, and lack vacuoles.
What are the different types of meristematic tissues and their respective locations?
-The different types of meristematic tissues include apical meristems located at the tips of shoots and roots, lateral meristems in the stems and roots, and intercalary meristems in the nodes and internodes.
What is the primary function of apical meristems?
-Apical meristems help in the extension of shoots and roots, contributing to the plant's growth in a horizontal direction.
What is the difference between simple and complex permanent tissues?
-Simple permanent tissues consist of similar types of cells, such as parenchyma, chlorenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Complex permanent tissues are made up of different types of cells and include xylem and phloem.
What is the role of parenchyma cells in plants?
-Parenchyma cells provide structural support and play a crucial role in the storage of materials within the plant.
How does chlorenchyma contribute to a plant's ability to perform photosynthesis?
-Chlorenchyma cells contain chloroplasts with chlorophyll, which aids in the process of photosynthesis by capturing light energy.
What is the function of the sclerenchyma in plants?
-Sclerenchyma provides mechanical strength to the plant, contributes to the hardness of seed coats, and gives a woody appearance to the plant.
What is the primary function of the xylem in plants?
-The xylem is responsible for the transport of water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant in a unidirectional flow.
How is the flow of substances in the phloem different from that in the xylem?
-In the phloem, the flow of substances is bidirectional, allowing for the movement of molecules both upwards and downwards, unlike the unidirectional flow in the xylem.
What is the significance of the cuticle layer in the epidermis of leaves?
-The cuticle layer serves as a protective barrier to prevent water loss, mechanical damage, and the invasion of parasites, while also facilitating gas exchange and transpiration.
Outlines
🌿 Introduction to Plant Tissues
The script begins with a welcome to Baiju's educational channel, where the teacher, Ankita, introduces the topic of plant tissues. She emphasizes the importance of this subject for exams and outlines the plan for the class. The focus will be on understanding the key concepts, questions, and how to answer them effectively in an examination. Ankita invites students to take notes and encourages new viewers to subscribe to the channel. The main concepts to be covered are the definition of tissues, their classification into plant and animal tissues, and the two main categories within plant tissues: meristematic and permanent tissues.
📚 Meristematic Tissues and Their Types
This paragraph delves into the details of meristematic tissues, which are characterized by their ability to divide and contribute to plant growth. Ankita discusses the key features of these tissues, such as their active nature, thin cell walls, and lack of vacuoles. The types of meristematic tissues are explored, including apical, lateral, and intercalary meristems, each with their specific locations and functions within the plant. The importance of understanding these tissues for exam purposes is highlighted, with a note on the potential exam questions and the significance of the characteristic features of meristematic tissues.
🏆 Scholarship Test and Permanent Tissues
The script introduces a scholarship test opportunity for students, with the chance to meet Indian cricket champions and watch the T20 Men's World Cup live in Australia. After this announcement, the lesson continues with the discussion of permanent tissues, which are differentiated from meristematic tissues by their non-dividing nature. Permanent tissues are further divided into simple and complex types. Simple permanent tissues consist of similar cell types, such as parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma, each with their distinct characteristics and functions. The importance of understanding the differentiation process and the types of cells in permanent tissues is underscored.
🌱 Characteristics of Simple Permanent Tissues
The paragraph focuses on the characteristics of simple permanent tissues, specifically parenchyma, chlorenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Parenchyma cells are described as having thin cell walls and playing a role in storage and structural support. Chlorenchyma cells, associated with chlorophyll, are involved in photosynthesis. Sclerenchyma cells are identified as dead cells with thick lignified walls, providing mechanical strength to the plant, such as in seed coats and vascular bundles. The differences between living and dead tissues within the simple permanent tissues are highlighted, along with their respective roles in the plant's structure and function.
🌳 Protective and Complex Permanent Tissues
This section discusses protective tissues, which include leaf epidermis, root epidermis, and cork cells. Their roles in preventing water loss, mechanical damage, and parasite invasion are explained. The leaf epidermis is highlighted for its gas exchange function through stomata. Root epidermis and root hairs are described for their contribution to water absorption. Cork cells are explained as a protective layer in older plants, with the chemical suberin making them impervious to water and gas. The paragraph concludes with an introduction to complex permanent tissues, specifically xylem and phloem, which are conducting tissues with unidirectional and bidirectional flow, respectively. The components of xylem and their functions in water and mineral transport are outlined.
🚰 Phloem Tissue and Transport of Food
The final paragraph of the script focuses on the phloem, the tissue responsible for the transport of food in plants. It describes the bidirectional flow of molecules in phloem, which is unique compared to the unidirectional flow in xylem. The components of phloem are detailed, including sieve tubes for sugar and nutrient transport, companion cells that control sieve tube activity, and parenchyma for food storage. The presence of fibers for mechanical support is also noted. The living and non-living components of phloem are contrasted with those of xylem, and the importance of understanding these differences for exams is emphasized. The session ends with an invitation to join the channel's Telegram group for additional resources and updates.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Tissues
💡Meristematic Tissue
💡Permanent Tissue
💡Parenchyma
💡Chlorenchyma
💡Collenchyma
💡Sclerenchyma
💡Xylem
💡Phloem
💡Epidermis
💡Cork Cells
Highlights
Introduction to plant tissues and their importance in exams.
Definition and explanation of tissues as groups of similar cells with specific functions.
Categorization of tissues into plant and animal tissues, with further division into meristematic and permanent tissues in plants.
Characteristic features of meristematic tissues, including their active cell division and role in plant growth.
Types of meristematic tissues: apical, lateral, and intercalary meristems, with their respective locations and functions.
Explanation of permanent tissues as non-dividing, differentiated cells with specific functions.
Differentiation between simple and complex permanent tissues, with examples of each type.
Description of parenchyma cells, their characteristics, and functions in structural support and storage.
Chlorenchyma cells' role in photosynthesis due to their high chloroplast content.
Aerenchyma's function in buoyancy and air spaces, particularly in aquatic plants.
Collenchyma cells' characteristics, providing flexibility and support in climbers.
Sclerenchyma cells as dead cells with thick lignified walls, offering mechanical strength.
Protective function of leaf epidermis, preventing water loss and providing gas exchange through stomata.
Role of root epidermis and root hairs in water absorption and protection.
Cork cells' function in mature plants to reduce water loss and prevent injury.
Introduction to complex permanent tissues, xylem and phloem, as conducting tissues.
Xylem's role in unidirectional transport of water and minerals, with its components like tracheids and vessels.
Phloem's function in bidirectional transport of food, with components like sieve tubes and companion cells.
Involvement of parenchyma in both xylem and phloem for storage and short-distance transport.
Highlight of the differences between xylem and phloem in terms of living and non-living components.
Promotion of BYJU'S mini learning program and its benefits for students.
Conclusion of the session with an invitation to join BYJU'S Telegram group for additional resources.
Transcripts
[Music]
so
[Music]
hi students welcome to baiju's this is
9th and 10th channel of it and you all
are achievers and i'm your teacher
ankita in today's class we'll be
discussing about the plant tissue or i
would say that we'll be mastering the
plant issue in one shot we know that
this is really very important from the
exam point of view so we'll be looking
into the chapter
right of course this particular topic we
will be discussing about the important
key words important questions and how
you can write the answer in the
examination right so this is really very
very important before we start our
discussion i would request you to have
your notebook and your pen so that you
can note on all the important points
that we'll be discussing and on that
note let's get started but just one
minute one more important thing that i
need to tell you if you're watching this
video for a very first time or if you're
new to our channel take a moment and hit
on the subscribe button to actually help
us in growing our family apart from that
it will be great for you so that you can
get the quality education and with that
let's get started we're talking about
tissues now what are tissues now tissues
are nothing but a group of cells right
which have which have a similar shape
and function and they act together to
perform a very specific function and we
call them as the tissues so over here we
have one mark's definition for the
tissues it's really very important so of
course you can quickly take a screen
shot of it when we talk about the
tissues right
we have divided them into two broad
categories we have plant tissues and the
animal tissue in plant tissues we have
meristematic tissue and permanent tissue
and in animals we have the epithelial
connective tissue muscular and the
nervous tissue in today's class we will
be discussing about the plant tissue
let's focus on that
now when we talk about the plant issue
as we have just discussed we can broadly
divide them in the two different
categories for estematic tissue and the
permanent tissue first we'll be focusing
on the meristematic tissue
let's get started with it so again this
is a really very important information
we have over here you can take the
screenshot of the slides that we have
right basically these can act as your
notes so that you can quickly revise
during your examination we have all the
important information which is needed
over here we go now maurice demonic
tissues are really very special type of
tissues right they keep on dividing
that's why we call them as the dividing
tissues of the plant also apart from
that they are responsible
for the growth of a plant in a specific
region very very important point about
the meristematic tissues
we will talk about the important
characteristic features they are active
they keep on dividing cells
they have dense set of cytoplasm they
have a prominent nucleus thin cell ball
and they lack the vacuole these are the
important characteristic features of
these monostromatic tissue
now let's move ahead and let's talk
about the different types of
meristematic tissues we have we have
epical lateral and the infra calorie
let's quickly discuss about each one of
these individually the first one we are
discussing is the apical meristem now
when we talk about the location of it
they are present in the shoot and the
root effects at the tip of the shoot
right if the plant is growing in this
particular direction they will be there
at the tip of the plant so that they can
grow grow actually in the uh you know
horizontal direction moving towards the
up and of course in the roots also
they're present at the tip of it
then the important function of that they
actually help in the extension of the
shoots and the roots that's really very
important function of them when we have
the lateral meristem
now they're present in the lateral
in the stems and the roots right and
they actually help in increasing the
grit of the plant in this particular
direction right over here horizontally
actually help in increasing the grid
that's really very important
over here so this very important uh
important thing for us to remember when
we're discussing about the tissues is
that we should remember their location
as well as their function so that's done
moving to the third type we have the
intel carolee charismatic right the
location of course present in the nodes
and the internodes so over here we have
the nodes right
over here we have right and of course uh
on from here we'll see the growth of the
new branches new leaves all together so
that's they are present there and of
course the uh the important function of
them is to help in the vertical
elongation of the plant so we hear what
we have is a very quick summary of the
meristematic tissue and in the
examination this comes for three marks
now what uh the question can be describe
about the monostematic tissue or write
the important types of meristematic
tissues along with their function so
here you have the answer so i hope that
you have noted this down right if you do
this question you will be the champion
in the examination right because now
you're kind of uh you know you you kind
of aware about each and everything about
this particular question
talking about the champions right i have
a very interesting information for you
we have buy juice scholarship test
now this particular examination
will give you a chance to meet the
champions right of our indian cricket
team yes so we know that t20 men's world
cup is their aid australia and if you
participate in baiju scholarship test
you could get a chance to go to
australia and watch the world cup live
so interesting right what you have to do
you just have to register yourself
there's a test which is absolutely free
you can write this test and of course
you could win a chance so that's really
really amazing apart from that you you
will get a chance to go to australia
there are other rewards also so what are
you waiting for right there's a link in
the description box below so you can
click on that link and of course you can
register yourself for the examination so
keep that right in your notes
now that you're done with this
going back to our learning so many
somatic issues is done and now we will
be discussing about the permanent issue
i'm sure you are kind of aware about
what is the meaning of permanent right
now the permanent issue are those when
not these are the ones that not be
dividing
no dividing we can say
right
they will not be dividing
this is important no dividing right and
the meristematic tissue
will undergo the
differentiation
and then only will have the permanent
tissue so barista meristematic tissues
are there right they will be
differentiating they'll be taking up a
very specific functions and once they
take up their specific functions to
perform they will be losing their
ability to divide and then only will
have the permanent issue that's we are
clear right differentiation is again a
very important
one marks question so please make a note
of it
so now we have the permanent issue now
the permanent issue again can be broadly
divided into two different types we have
simple permanent tissue and complex
permanent tissue in simple permanent
tissue will have similar types of cells
this is important
we'll have the
similar
types of cells
in that we have three types we have
parenchyma colon chyma and sclerenchyma
in complex permanent tissue we will have
different
types of
cells
different types of cells will be coming
together and they will be forming the
complex permanent tissue in that we have
two categories we can say two types we
have xylem and we have phloem now that
we are clear with this let's quickly
discuss about the simple permanent issue
in that for the first one we are
discussing is the parenchyma our
important characteristic features of the
parenchyma that they are oval or they
could be round also
they have a very thin cell wall very
thin cell wall right
they have the small but dense nuclear
this is important then of course they
have a living protoplasm right they have
living protoplasm
retroplasm will have the living
component which have which includes the
nucleus and the cytoplasm and of course
they have a lot of large intracellular
species so this is really very important
in terms of the parenchyma so this is
very important
that's the important characteristic
features now let's talk about the
location
now they are present throughout the
plants so everywhere in different
different parts of the plant we will
find the parenchyma
now the function they perform the
function and they provide the structural
support that's a very important function
and they plays a very important role in
the storage of the materials so what we
have over here is the quick summary of
the
parenchyma so quickly take a screenshot
of it moving ahead we'll be discussing
about two types we have chlorine chyma
and we have erin kaima so let's talk
about the chlorine chimera first i'm
sure there's a lot of similarities with
the word chlorophyll right
now let's talk about the characteristic
features of them they could be oval or
round shape with the very thin cell wall
they have a dense but small nucleus very
similar to the parenchyma right they
have a dense protoplasm
and of course they have a good amount of
chloroplast we know that chloroplast is
called as a kitchen of the cell and
chloroplasts have chlorophyll that
actually help the plants to perform the
photo synthesis
that's by the name
lauren kaima that's a very important
note
then let's talk about the erin kaima as
the word air is there it is related to
something with the floating of it we
talk about the characteristic features
they are oval round shape have a similar
very thin cell wall dense but small
nuclears they contain large air cavity
and because there's a lot of larger
cavity
they actually help the plants to float
especially the water plants like water
lily right they actually can easily
float on the water and of course we have
the iron chymer tissue over there so
this is really very important again
what is the difference between these two
that could be of two marks question that
can be asked in the examination so
please keep a note of this
moving ahead to the next
simple permanent issue what we have we
have the colon chimera
now let's quickly discuss about the
characteristic features of them
they are long and the living cells this
is really important they're a little bit
longer right and of course they're the
living cells they have a thick wall big
cell wall right they have in regular
thickening at the walls we can see
at the corners they have a little bit of
thickening right they have less
intracellular spaces and of course they
have large intracellular space over here
so of course when we talk about it now
we will not be considering this point
there are very less intracellular spaces
this is really really very important
over here as we can see
now the location they're usually found
in the climbers right now one of
climbers over here we have an example
those plant they'll climb that they're
that take a support of any structure and
of course they climb they found over
there and they are really very special
in providing the flexibility to the
plants i'm sure you must have seen right
during the straw you must have seen the
plants moving like this they'll just not
fly away right that's really very
important kolankayama gives the
flexibility to the plants and of course
it provides a mechanical support also
specifically if you're talking about it
provides the flexibility to the tendril
this is important you could quickly note
this down so that's about the colon
chyma so parenchyma and colon chimera
both are living tissues
now when i say that they're both are
living tissues do we have something kind
of dead tissue also let's find out right
the next we have in the simple permanent
tissue we have the sclerenchyma
now the characteristic features of them
are that they are long
and narrow dead cells yes
ah tissues can be dead also so in simple
permanent tissue we have two we have
parenchyme and colon gum which are
living tissue sclero on the other side
is a dead cells right they have
basically the dead cells they're long
and narrow and they're dead cells now
they have a very thick covering of a
chemical right of course that they have
the lignin this is important
right to their walls are being covered
with the lignin and that's why we call
them as thick lignified cell walls this
is very very important or a very
important characteristic feature of this
clarion chimera
and they have a very narrow human
the location we talk about they're
present in the hard coat of the
seeds right i'm sure you must have seeds
seen the seeds right
of course we have this current crime
over there then of course they're
present in the vascular
bundles also so of course when we talk
about the uh vascular bundles we'll be
quickly discussing in a minute so it's
present there also
the function comes that provides a
mechanical strength right they make the
seed coat hard and of course
give the woody appearance this is really
important when we talk about the seeds
right when we talk about the walnut
covering the coconut husk like the
covering of the coconut that's made of
the sphere and kaima right so you can
find more examples of it and you can
write in the comment section below when
we talk about the spiren karma there are
two different types we have the fibers
and we have these sclerites so of course
fibers of course we have it in the
coconut husk right and of course we have
in the vascular vascular bundles also
and we have sclerites
let's keep different types right of
course the one example that i could uh
now think of is they're present in the
uh
guava fruit right so you can do a little
bit more research on that and you'll be
so fascinated with this in interesting
and super amazing information so with
that we are kind of done with a simple
permanent tissue it has three types
parenchyma colon kaiman's clarion chyma
and we are done with it now what are we
moving ahead to the next important topic
that is protective issue now this
particular topic is a little bit
confusing
right uh so i would request you to focus
really right very closely and we'll be
focusing on we'll be learning this so we
have protective tissue and it has three
uh broad categories we have leaf
epidermis root epidermis and the core so
let's discuss about the leaf epidermis
so leaf epidermis when we talk about
what is the function of course the
outermost layer over here we can see
right so they're present on the
epidermis right of course on the leaves
very thin layer that is on top of it
actually make sure it protects the
leaves right of course we'll be looking
into the functions of it so of course
it's the outermost layer prevent the
water loss
prevent the mechanical damage and of
course prevent the invasion of the
parasites and of course it have the
so once the stomatas are present over
here they actually help in the exchange
of the gases right and of course it
actually help in the transpiration
process also
then when we talk about this stromat
over here
right over here from from here to here
they actually help in the gaseous
exchange and they regulate the water
loss also there are two important points
about the protective tissue especially
the lip epidermis over here the
functions where it is present over here
and then of course about the stromata so
please take a note of it
all on this also we have a very
very waxy coating layer which is called
as a cuticle so you can note that also
moving ahead to the root epidermis now
of course when you talk about the roots
they also have the epidermis and
basically they also contain these small
pure
right root hairs these very thin root
hairs now they actually help in
increasing the surface area for the
water absorption now the important role
of these roots here is to help in the
absorption of the water from the soil
right and then when they absorb the
water we're moving to the different
parts so this is really very important
over here we have the epidermis again it
provides re as it is a protective tissue
it is the outermost layer and it
provides the protection to the plants
right uh the species the other tissues
and the other cells that we have inside
apart from that so that's a role of the
root epidermis moving to the third type
which is kind of very confusing and
again a two marks question comes on this
particular topic is the cork cells
now they are found in the woody stem and
the old plants right old plants
now of course they're made up of the
protective tissue they reduce the water
loss and prevents the mechanical injury
so what happens the in the inside we
have the newer tissues right and of
course they get good amount of water and
food but as they keep on growing right
what happens they are being pushed away
from the center and they move to the
outside and as they move outside what
happens
of course they'll not be getting enough
water in the food and eventually these
cells will become dead and of course if
they form the very you know very very
rough and tough covering so over here
this is important apart from that a very
important one marks question that we
have over here is a chemical
that of course is this fibrin
right in this basically make the cork
cells impervious to water and gas
basically there will be no loss of water
again a very important point please take
a note of this so with this we are kind
of done with the protective tissues also
now we'll be moving ahead to the complex
permanent tissue but before that i want
you to try this by joe's mini learning
program that we have now with this
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check them out after the class not now
but after the class for sure
now let's move ahead to the
last permanent tissue right which
permanent tissue the complex permanent
tissue we have now the complex permanent
tissue will have different types of
cells coming together and they'll be
forming a tissue so we have tissues that
are made up of more than one type of
cells occur as a complex permanent
tissue and of course they are the
conducting tissues of the plant we have
two we have phloem and the xylem let's
talk about each one of them
we're starting with the xylem so xylem
is a very special conducting tissue
right and it is very very special
because it actually help in carrying the
water and
minerals right from the roots to the
different parts of the plant
the flow in the xylem is in only in one
particular direction that is from the
bottom to the top we call it as a
uni-directional this is important please
note this down
unidirectional right over here like this
you can write
now
let's talk about the different
components of it the first component we
have is a tracheed right
they have a very large dead cells over
here we can see the end of the placement
of the cells provide the continuous
channel of course through these of
course there's a continuous channel that
we have and of course these walls are
lignified and provide the mechanical
support very interesting right then the
next component we have is a vessel water
will be flowing through these right and
of course it's important so of course
water and minerals will flow through
these
cells are placed end to end they also
have a lignified cell walls right and of
course they make sure to have the proper
flow
then we have parenchyma now as the
parenchyma is there it will be storing
the stars in the fat right and it asses
for a small transportation distance
library if there's a small distance it
might help in the transportation and in
the end we have the fiber remember the
fiber from this clearance ima here we
have
now they're involved with the water
transport and they are the one that
provides the mechanical support so the
four important components of xylem are
trekkies vessels parenchyma and the
fiber out of these four
three are dead
yes eats vessel and fibers are dead
whereas only parenchyma is living so
this is a very important information
this is living right rest all are dead
now let's talk about the phloem here we
have now phloem plays a very important
role in the
transport of food the other one that
actually help in the transport of food
or the translocation of food and the
special thing about phloem is that
we will see
that the molecules will move in both the
direction from top to bottom and from
bottom to the top and that's why in
phloem we'll see the
bi-directional flow this is important
right in that we see the bi-directional
flow now this is a very important
information about it now let's talk
about the chloem components
here we have first we'll talk about the
sieve tubes now they are the elongated
cells right they're placed end-to-end
and of course they make a tubular
structure we can see over here now they
have these sieves in between through
which the molecules will move and they
are the ones that actually help in the
transportation of sugar and the nutrient
then we have the companion cells which
is very next to the sieve tubes they're
closely associated with the sieve tubes
and they control the activities also of
the sieve tubes then we have parenchyma
as of course it plays a very important
role in the storage of the food like
starch and of course we have the fibers
that provide the mechanical support now
over here in the phloem we have sieve
tubes companion cells and parenchyma
these three are living whereas fiber is
non-living
kind of opposite to the xylem right so
we have discussed about the xylem and of
course about the phloem with that i
think we can conclude our plant tissue
both the xylem and the phloem are really
very important and in the examination a
question can come on the difference
between the xylem and the lawyer so
please take a note of it with this i
would say we are at the end and before
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