SIKLUS SEL DAN TAHAPAN MITOSIS

Summary

This script delves into the cell cycle, explaining how cells divide through mitosis to enable growth and healing. It covers the stages of the cell cycle, including interphase with its G1, S, and G2 phases, where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. The script then details the mitosis phase, consisting of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, concluding with cytokinesis. The explanation is designed to clarify the process that allows organisms to develop and repair, emphasizing the continuous cycle of cell division until the organism dies.

Takeaways

• 🌱 The video discusses the cell cycle and its importance in growth and development, highlighting mitosis as a key process.
• 📚 It's recommended to watch the introductory video on mitosis for a better understanding of the current video's content.
• 🤰 The script explains how a baby grows in the womb and how the body heals wounds through cell division, illustrating the continuous production of new cells.
• 🔄 The cell cycle consists of two main phases: interphase, which is longer, and mitosis, which is shorter.
• 🌀 Interphase is further divided into three stages: G1 (gap one), S (synthesis), and G2 (gap two), where the cell grows and prepares for division.
• 🧬 During the S phase, the cell replicates its DNA, ensuring each new cell will have a complete set of genetic information.
• 🔬 In G2 phase, the nucleus is enveloped, and the centrosomes duplicate, preparing for the separation of chromosomes during mitosis.
• 🌐 Mitosis is divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, each with specific cellular activities.
• 🧬 Anaphase is the shortest stage of mitosis, where sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite ends of the cell.
• 🕊️ Telophase sees the formation of two new nuclei, and the chromosomes decondense, marking the end of mitosis.
• 💧 Cytokinesis, the final step of the cell cycle, involves the division of the cytoplasm and the formation of two separate daughter cells.

Q & A

What is the main topic of the video script?

The main topic of the video script is the cell cycle, specifically focusing on the process of mitosis and its stages.

What is mitosis and why is it important for the growth and development of an organism?

Mitosis is the process of cell division where a single parent cell divides into two identical daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes. It is important for growth, development, and repair of tissues in an organism.

What are the two main phases of the cell cycle mentioned in the script?

The two main phases of the cell cycle mentioned are Interphase and Mitosis.

What happens during Interphase in the cell cycle?

During Interphase, the cell grows and prepares for division by producing proteins and organelles, synthesizing DNA, and duplicating centrosomes.

What are the three stages of Interphase and what occurs in each stage?

The three stages of Interphase are G1 (Gap 1), S (Synthesis), and G2 (Gap 2). In G1, the cell grows and organizes its molecular structure. In S phase, the cell duplicates its DNA. In G2, the nucleus is enveloped, and the cell prepares for mitosis.

What is the role of centrosomes in cell division?

Centrosomes play a crucial role in cell division by organizing the spindle fibers that help separate the chromosomes during mitosis.

What are the five stages of mitosis?

The five stages of mitosis are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

What occurs during prophase of mitosis?

During prophase, the nucleolus disappears, chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, and spindle fibers begin to form.

What is the significance of the kinetochore in mitosis?

The kinetochore is a protein structure on the centromere of a chromosome that attaches to spindle fibers, allowing the chromosomes to be pulled apart during cell division.

What happens during anaphase of mitosis?

In anaphase, the sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell, guided by the spindle fibers.

What is cytokinesis and when does it occur in the cell cycle?

Cytokinesis is the process of cytoplasmic division that occurs after mitosis, resulting in two separate daughter cells. It typically happens at the end of telophase.

How does the cell cycle relate to the healing of wounds in the body?

The cell cycle is crucial for wound healing as it allows for the production of new cells to replace damaged or lost tissue, thus facilitating the healing process.

What is the outcome of the cell cycle for the organism as a whole?

The outcome of the cell cycle is the continuous production of new cells for growth, repair, and maintenance of the organism, which continues until the organism reaches senescence or death.

Outlines

00:00

🌱 Introduction to the Cell Cycle and Mitosis

This paragraph introduces the concept of the cell cycle and mitosis. It begins by referencing a previous video on mitosis and encourages viewers to watch it for a better understanding. The script explains that cells continuously produce new cells through division, which is essential for growth and healing. It outlines the cell cycle, which includes the mitotic phase and the interphase, and mentions that mitosis is the shortest part of the cycle. The paragraph also touches on the purpose of the cell cycle, which is for the development and growth of cells themselves.

05:01

🔬 Detailed Explanation of the Cell Cycle Phases

This paragraph delves into the specifics of the cell cycle, including the stages of interphase and mitosis. Interphase is described as the growth phase of the cell where it prepares to divide by producing proteins and organelles. It is further divided into three stages: G1, S, and G2. The S phase is highlighted as the time when DNA replication occurs. The paragraph then transitions to the mitotic phase, detailing the five stages of mitosis: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. It explains the process of chromosome condensation, the formation of the mitotic spindle, and the eventual separation of sister chromatids. The paragraph concludes with cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm, and the formation of two new cells, which then begin their own cell cycles.

Keywords

💡Mitosis

Mitosis is a type of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells, each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus. In the context of the video, mitosis is a key process in the cell cycle, allowing for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction. The script mentions mitosis as part of the cell cycle, highlighting its importance in the growth of a baby from conception and in healing wounds.

💡Cell Cycle

The cell cycle refers to the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication. It is central to the video's theme, as it explains how cells continuously produce new cells through division. The script describes the cell cycle as having two main phases: interphase and mitosis, with interphase being longer and mitosis being shorter.

💡Interphase

Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle during which the cell grows and duplicates its DNA in preparation for division. It is mentioned in the script as the longer phase of the cell cycle, consisting of three sub-phases (G1, S, and G2), where the cell actively grows and prepares for mitosis by producing proteins and organelles.

💡DNA Replication

DNA replication is the process by which a cell duplicates its DNA before cell division, ensuring that each daughter cell receives a complete set of genetic information. In the script, DNA replication is described as occurring during the S phase of interphase, a critical step in preparing for mitosis.

💡Chromosomes

Chromosomes are thread-like structures made of DNA and proteins that carry genetic information. They condense and become visible during cell division, as described in the script during the process of mitosis, where they are separated into identical sets for each daughter cell.

💡Centromere

The centromere is the region of a chromosome where the sister chromatids are joined together and where the spindle fibers attach during cell division. The script refers to the centromere as the point at which the duplicated chromosomes are connected and later separated during mitosis.

💡Spindle Fibers

Spindle fibers are protein structures that form during cell division and help to separate the chromosomes by attaching to the kinetochores of the sister chromatids. In the script, spindle fibers are mentioned as they play a crucial role in the alignment and separation of chromosomes during mitosis.

💡Kinetochore

The kinetochore is a protein structure on the centromere of a chromosome, to which spindle fibers attach to pull the sister chromatids apart during cell division. The script describes kinetochores as the structures that the spindle fibers attach to, facilitating the movement of chromosomes during mitosis.

💡Prophase

Prophase is the first stage of mitosis, during which the chromosomes condense and become visible, and the nuclear envelope breaks down. The script mentions prophase as the stage where the chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope disintegrates, preparing for the separation of sister chromatids.

💡Metaphase

Metaphase is the stage of mitosis where chromosomes line up at the cell's equator, known as the metaphase plate, with their kinetochores attached to spindle fibers from opposite poles. The script describes metaphase as the longest stage of mitosis, where the chromosomes are aligned and ready for separation.

💡Anaphase

Anaphase is the stage of mitosis following metaphase, during which the sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell. The script refers to anaphase as the shortest stage, where the chromatids are pulled apart by the spindle fibers, becoming individual chromosomes.

💡Telophase

Telophase is the final stage of mitosis, during which the chromosomes decondense, and the nuclear envelope reforms around the separated sets of chromosomes. The script describes telophase as the stage where two new nuclei form, and the chromosomes decondense, marking the end of mitosis.

💡Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis is the physical division of the cytoplasm to form two daughter cells, occurring after the completion of mitosis. The script mentions cytokinesis as the process that follows mitosis, where the cytoplasm divides, resulting in two separate cells.

Highlights

Introduction to the concept of cell division through mitosis, a process previously discussed in a prior video.

The importance of watching the introductory mitosis video for a better understanding of the current content.

Exploration of the cell cycle and its relation to mitosis, suggesting a connection between the two processes.

The cell cycle's role in the growth and development of organisms, from fetus to healing wounds.

Description of the cell cycle's purpose for the development and growth of cells themselves.

Explanation of the cell cycle's phases, including mitosis and interphase.

Interphase being the longest phase of the cell cycle, preceding mitosis.

Division of interphase into three stages: G1, S, and G2, each with specific cellular activities.

G1 phase as a period of cell growth and preparation for DNA replication.

The S phase where DNA synthesis occurs, duplicating genetic material.

G2 phase as the final growth phase before mitosis, with the nucleus and centrosomes preparing for cell division.

Mitosis is divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Description of prophase, where chromatin condenses into chromosomes and the nuclear envelope breaks down.

Prometaphase involves the formation of the mitotic spindle and attachment to kinetochores.

Metaphase as the longest stage of mitosis, where chromosomes align at the metaphase plate.

Anaphase, the shortest stage, where sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles.

Telophase, where two new nuclei form and chromosomes decondense, followed by cytokinesis.

Cytokinesis as the final step of the cell cycle, dividing the cytoplasm and creating two daughter cells.

The daughter cells beginning a new cell cycle, continuing the cycle of growth and division.

The cell cycle's continuous nature until the organism experiences death.

Transcripts

halo biologers di video sebelumnya kita sudah  mengenal tentang pembelahan secara mitosis  

yang terjadi pada sel tubuh sudah ditontonkan?  olive saranin kamu nonton dulu video pengenalan  

mitosisnya agar pemahaman kamu lebih mantap saat  nonton video ini. pada video kali ini kita akan  

membahas tentang siklus sel Apa hubungannya ya  sama mitosis penasarankan stay tune! teman-teman  

pernah kepikiran nggak sih Bagaimana bayi dari  ketika masih dalam kandungan bisa terus tumbuh  

dan mengalami perubahan sampai menjadi bentuk  manusia sempurna atau pada saat tubuh kita luka  

Bagaimana sel-sel bekerja sehingga dapat menutupi  luka tersebut peristiwa tersebut ternyata dapat  

terjadi karena sel-sel terus memproduksi sel baru  dengan cara membelah dirinya nah proses pembelahan  

sel induk dan diakhiri dengan terbentuknya  sel anak inilah yang dinamakan dengan siklus  

sel sederhananya siklus sel ini bertujuan untuk  perkembangan dan pertumbuhan sel itu sendiri oke  

kita kan udah tahu nih Apa itu siklus sel kita  akan membahas tentang tahapan-tahapan siklus  

sel Tadi kan udah Olive bilang ya kalau salah satu  tahap siklus sel itu adalah proses pembelahan sel  

atau mitosis faktanya mitosis yang diakhiri dengan  sitokinesis itu merupakan bagian terpendek dari  

siklus sel lho mitosis bergantian dengan tahap  yang lebih panjang yang disebut interfase Jadi  

intinya siklus hal ini mengalami pergantian  dua tahap inti yaitu interfase dan mitosis  

apa itu interfase sebelum dijelasin Olive mau  cerita dulu nih sebelum siklus sel dimulai  

ternyata sel tersebut harus tumbuh dulu untuk  menyalin DNA sehingga dapat membelah dirinya  

menjadi dua Nah fase tumbuh inilah yang  dinamakan dengan interfase untuk lebih  

jelasnya mengenai tahapan ini yuk kita simak  penjelasan selanjutnya interfase dapat dibagi  

menjadi tiga fase fase G1 atau gap satu fase S  atau sintesis dan fase G2 atau Gap 2 selama ketiga  

fase interfase tersebut sebenarnya sel aktif  tumbuh dengan memproduksi protein sitoplasma  

termasuk organel seperti mitokondria dan retikulum  endoplasma pada fase G1 atau bab 1 sel tumbuh dan  

membentuk dinding molekuler pada fase sintesis  sel mensintesis salinan DNA dalam nukleusnya  

pada fase G2 atau G2 nukleus sudah dibungkus  oleh selaput nukleus atau nuclear envelope  

nukleus mengandung satu atau lebih nukleolus  dua sentrosom telah dibentuk oleh duplikasi  

sentrosom tunggal setiap sentrosom mengandung  dua sentriol yang berfungsi untuk memisahkan  

DNA selama fase mitosis Nah pada fase ini  kromosom belum terlihat secara individual  

karena belum terkondensasi Oke setelah fase G2  sel siap untuk memasuki fase M atau fase mitosis  

mitosis sendiri terbagi ke dalam lima fase yaitu  profase prometafase metafase anafase dan telofase  

kemudian diakhiri dengan pembelahan sitoplasma  yaitu sitokinensis tahapan mitosis yang pertama  

adalah profase pada tahap ini nukleolus  menghilang benang-benang kromatin sudah  

terkondensasi menjadi kromosom dan dapat dilihat  oleh mikroskop cahaya setiap kromosom terduplikasi  

menjadi dua kromatid identik yang tersambung  pada sentromernya dan sepanjang lengannya oleh  

kohesin gelendong yang terdiri atas sentrosom  dan mikrotubulus mulai terbentuk sentrosom  

sentrosom bergerak saling menjauh karena didorong  oleh mikrotubulus yang memanjang diantaranya  

selanjutnya adalah prometafase pada fase ini  selaput nukleus terfragmentasi dan mikrotubulus  

yang menjulur dari sentrosom dapat memasuki  wilayah nukleus kromosom semakin terkondensasi  

dan masing-masing kromatid kini memiliki  kinetokor yaitu struktur protein yang terletak  

pada sentromer beberapa mikrotubulus ada yang  melekat pada kinetokor ini disebut mikrotubulus  

kinetokor inilah yang menarik kromosom sedangkan  mikrotubulus non kinetokor dapat berinteraksi  

dengan sejenisnya dari kutub yang berseberangan  jadi semua mikrotubulus nya dapat pasangan ya  

gak ada yang jomblo kayak kamu Ups nah next ada  metafase yaitu fase mitosis yang paling lama  

berlangsung sekitar 20 menit open Hai pada fase  ini sentrosom berada pada kutub berseberangan  

kromosom berjajar pada lempeng metafase jadi  di tengah-tengah gitu guys setiap kromosom  

kinetokor kromatid saudara melekat ke mikrotubulus  kinetokor dari kutub berseberangan lanjut yaitu  

tahapan anafase ini tahapan paling pendek guys  cuma beberapa menit aja anafase dimulai ketika  

protein kohesin terbelah dan membuat Kedua  kromatid saudara berpisah secara tiba-tiba  

setiap kromatid memadat menjadi satu kromosom utuh  kedua kromosom anakan mulai bergerak ke arah ujung  

sel yang berlawanan saat mikrotubulus kinetokor  memendek karena mikrotubulus melekat ke sentromer  

kromosom bergerak ke arah sentromer terlebih  dahulu sel akan memanjang saat mikrotubulus  

non kinetokor memanjang pada akhir anafase kedua  ujung sel memiliki koleksi kromosom yang sama dan  

lengkap Nah akhirnya tahapan terakhir pada mitosis  yaitu tahapan telofase pada tahap ini dua nukleus  

anakan terbentuk dalam sel selaput nukleus  muncul dari fragmen-fragmen selaput nukleus  

sel induk nukleolus muncul kembali dan kromosom  menjadi kurang terkondensasi akhirnya guys yang  

terakhir di siklus sel yaitu sitokinesis yaitu  pembelahan sitoplasma biasanya berlangsung pada  

saat akhir telofase sehingga kedua sel anak  muncul tak lama setelah mitosis berakhir pada  

sel hewan sitokinesis melibatkan pembentukan  lekukan penyibakan yang membagi sel menjadi  

dua Nah guys fetelah semua proses berakhir sel  anakan yang baru terbentuk tadi akan memulai  

hidup baru eh maksudnya akan memulai siklus  baru nya sendiri yaitu siklus yang sama yang  

dialami oleh induknya Terharu ya guys dan  begitu seterusnya siklus sel akan terjadi  

sampai makhluk hidup yang bersangkutan mengalami  kematian Jadi gimana guys udah paham kan Jika  

ada yang masih bingung atau ada penjelasan  Olive yang kurang dimengerti boleh ditulis  

di kolom komentar ya udah ada segitu penjelasan  dari Olive tentang siklus sel semoga bermanfaat