Conversando con Sir Roger Scruton - Pilar del conservadurismo y el pensamiento conservador

Miklos Lukacs
24 Feb 201914:53

Summary

TLDREn esta entrevista, se explora el significado del conservadurismo y su relación con el cambio, la cultura y las tradiciones. Se argumenta que los conservadores no rechazan el cambio, sino que buscan una evolución gradual y cuidadosa en lugar de cambios radicales que podrían llevar a caos. Se discute la importancia de preservar valores tradicionales y la influencia de la religión en el conservadurismo, destacando la diferencia entre el conservadurismo secular y el religioso. Además, se menciona la posibilidad de una alianza conservadora hemisférica y la necesidad de enfrentar amenazas comunes mientras se respetan las diferencias locales.

Takeaways

  • 😀 Conservadurismo se considera como un deseo natural de preservar lo que amamos y a lo que estamos acostumbrados.
  • 🤔 El conservadurismo no es contrario al cambio, sino que busca una adaptación y mejora gradual en lugar de cambios totales y radicales.
  • 🌏 La crítica de que los conservadores rechazan el cambio es una percepción errónea, ya que el verdadero conservadurismo reconoce la necesidad de cambios moderados.
  • 📚 El conservadurismo se basa en la experiencia y en la observación de lo que funciona, en lugar de en teorías abstractas.
  • 🏛 La represión de la cultura y los valores tradicionales, como el cristianismo, puede ser vista como una reacción a la carga de heredar tradiciones.
  • 👶 La juventud a menudo muestra una tendencia a rechazar las tradiciones, pero con el tiempo suele aceptar la importancia de estas para la vida familiar y social.
  • 🔄 Aunque las sociedades pueden perder aspectos de su cultura y estructura social, es posible recuperarlos, aunque en una forma diferente.
  • 🎭 La identificación del conservadurismo con la religión varía según la cultura; en países católicos, está más estrechamente vinculado a la fe.
  • 🌐 La separación del conservadurismo político y del conservadurismo religioso permite una mayor inclusión y diversidad de opiniones.
  • 🌍 La posibilidad de una alianza conservadora hemisférica se basa en la idea de que, a pesar de las diferencias locales, hay amenazas y logros compartidos.
  • 💡 El conservadurismo es un enfoque desde abajo hacia arriba, basado en la experiencia y la observación directa de lo que es beneficioso para la comunidad.
  • 🏦 El conservadurismo generalmente acepta la economía de mercado liberal, pero con la precaución de que no resuelva todas las cuestiones sociales y humanas.
  • 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 La familia es una institución fundamental para el conservadurismo, ya que va más allá de la economía y se relaciona con la perpetuación de la humanidad.

Q & A

  • ¿Qué significa el conservadurismo según el entrevistado?

    -El conservadurismo es la transcripción del deseo natural de conservar lo que amamos y a lo que estamos acostumbrados a una forma coherente de política, lo que nos lleva a considerar cambios y adaptaciones en lugar de avanzar hacia metas desconocidas sin pensar en las consecuencias.

  • ¿Por qué el entrevistado considera que todos los seres humanos son conservadores por naturaleza?

    -Cree que todos tenemos un deseo natural de conservar lo que nos rodea, lo que nos es familiar y lo que sabemos manejar, lo cual es una parte integral de nuestra naturaleza y de cómo interactuamos con el mundo.

  • ¿Cómo responde el entrevistado a la crítica de que los conservadores se oponen al cambio?

    -Afirma que el cambio es parte de la naturaleza humana y que los conservadores no se oponen al cambio en sí, sino a cambios radicales y totales que pueden llevar al caos, mientras que prefieren un enfoque de cambio gradual y controlado.

  • ¿Qué relación hay entre el conservadurismo y el cristianismo según el entrevistado?

    -En países católicos, el conservadurismo a menudo está asociado con la religión, especialmente con la Iglesia Católica, mientras que en países anglosajones, el conservadurismo ha evolucionado para separar la política de la religión y enfocarse en la cultura nacional.

  • ¿Cómo ve el entrevistado la posibilidad de recuperar valores tradicionales después de una pérdida significativa?

    -Cree que, aunque las cosas pueden perderse, eventualmente se pueden recuperar, aunque a menudo en una forma diferente. Cita el ejemplo de Francia después de 1789, donde perdió mucho pero eventualmente se reestableció un orden social y legal.

  • ¿Qué diferencia encuentra el entrevistado entre el conservadurismo secular y el conservadurismo religioso?

    -El conservadurismo secular se enfoca más en la cultura nacional y en la política, mientras que el conservadurismo religioso está más arraigado en las creencias religiosas y en la práctica de la fe.

  • ¿Por qué cree el entrevistado que los países de habla inglesa son más propensos a declararse conservadores?

    -Piensa que los países de habla inglesa han desarrollado una tradición conservadora reconocida en términos intelectuales y culturales, lo que no ocurre en la misma medida en países católicos donde a menudo se los considera reaccionarios.

  • ¿Qué papel cree el entrevistado que puede desempeñar una alianza conservadora hemisférica?

    -Cree que es posible y beneficioso formar una alianza de fuerzas conservadoras entre diferentes países, reconociendo amenazas y logros compartidos, pero también respetando las diferencias locales y culturales.

  • ¿Cómo ve el entrevistado el conservadurismo en relación con la economía de mercado y la economía liberal?

    -Los conservadores generalmente aceptan alguna versión de la economía liberal porque creen que el conocimiento necesario para una interacción económica exitosa no se puede contener en un plan, sino que solo existe a través de un intercambio libre.

  • ¿Qué importancia da el entrevistado a la familia en el conservadurismo?

    -La familia es vista como fundamental para la perpetuación de la humanidad y la transmisión de valores, y no solo como una respuesta a una cuestión económica, sino a una cuestión más profunda sobre la continuidad cultural y social.

  • ¿Qué mensaje tiene el entrevistado para América Latina y el resto del mundo?

    -El entrevistado saluda a América Latina y el mundo, expresando su aprecio por la existencia de un continente con recursos naturales, literatura y música de gran calidad, y una cultura que se reconoce y valora.

Outlines

00:00

😀 Conservadurismo como deseo natural de preservar

El primer párrafo aborda la esencia del conservadurismo, considerándolo como una traducción política del deseo natural de conservar lo que amamos y a lo que estamos acostumbrados. El entrevistado argumenta que todos los seres humanos, por naturaleza, son conservadores y que el conservadurismo es una actitud prudente frente al cambio, buscando adaptar y mejorar en lugar de destruir y crear caos. Además, desmiente la idea de que los conservadores se oponen al cambio, señalando que el cambio es parte de la naturaleza humana y que lo que se opone es a cambios radicales y totalitarios que pueden llevar a la destrucción y no a una mejora real.

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🌏 Conservadurismo secular frente a conservadurismo religioso

En el segundo párrafo, se analiza la relación entre el conservadurismo y la religión. Se destaca la identificación del conservadurismo con la religión en países católicos, especialmente con la Iglesia Católica, y cómo en contraste, el conservadurismo en países anglosajones ha evolucionado para separar el conservadurismo político de la religión, permitiendo una mayor diversidad de pensamiento. Se menciona la importancia de la experiencia y el escepticismo en el conservadurismo anglosajón y cómo ha llevado a una tradición conservadora reconocida en áreas intelectuales y culturales, a diferencia de lo que ocurre en países católicos donde a menudo se considera reaccionario.

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🤝 Posibilidad de una alianza conservadora hemisférica

El tercer párrafo explora la posibilidad de una alianza conservadora entre diferentes países, enfatizando la importancia de la experiencia compartida y el reconocimiento de amenazas y logros comunes. Se menciona la historia de la Unión Atlántica como un ejemplo de cómo la unión frente a una fuerza destructiva puede ser fundamental para la supervivencia cultural. Además, se discute la naturaleza inductiva del conservadurismo, basada en la experiencia y el empirismo, en contraste con la visión deductiva de liberalismo y marxismo. Se argumenta que el conservadurismo debe trabajar en alianzas que respeten las diferencias locales pero que también se enfrenten a amenazas globales.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Conservadurismo

El conservadurismo es una ideología política que prioriza la preservación de las tradiciones y las instituciones existentes. En el video, se define como la transcripción del deseo natural de conservar lo que amamos y a lo que estamos acostumbrados en una forma coherente de política. Se menciona que no se opone al cambio, sino a los cambios radicales y totales que pueden llevar al caos.

💡Cambio

El cambio es un concepto clave en el discurso, ya que se reconoce como una parte inherente de la naturaleza humana y del avance hacia la muerte. Sin embargo, se argumenta que los conservadores no rechazan el cambio, sino que prefieren un enfoque evolutivo y adaptativo en lugar de cambios revolucionarios que podrían ser destructivos.

💡Reacción

La reacción se refiere a la actitud de rechazo hacia las tradiciones heredadas, comparando este comportamiento con la rebeldía adolescente que eventualmente madura para asumir responsabilidades. En el script, se sugiere que la cultura de la repudiación puede llevar a la pérdida de valores y al desastre si no se supera.

💡Ilusión de seguridad

Esta frase describe un estado en el que las personas pueden vivir confortablemente rechazando sus tradiciones y valores, sin darse cuenta de que están exponiéndose a riesgos y desastres. En el video, se sugiere que esta ilusión puede ser peligrosa y llevar a consecuencias negativas.

💡Totalidad

El término 'totalidad' se utiliza para describir el enfoque de cambios radicales y revolucionarios que buscan una transformación completa de la sociedad. Se argumenta que los conservadores prefieren un enfoque más gradual y conservador que respete las instituciones y tradiciones existentes.

💡Alianza Atlántica

La Alianza Atlántica se menciona como un ejemplo de unión frente a una amenaza común, en este caso, el expansionismo soviético. En el contexto del video, se destaca la importancia de las alianzas para enfrentar fuerzas destructivas y mantener la cultura y los valores europeos.

💡Nihilismo

El nihilismo se refiere a la actitud que rechaza o desatiende los valores y las creencias tradicionales. En el video, se sugiere que el comunismo soviético y otros movimientos similares son formas de nihilismo que los conservadores deben combatir.

💡Economía de mercado

La economía de mercado es un sistema económico en el que la oferta y la demanda determinan los precios de bienes y servicios. En el script, se menciona que los conservadores tienden a apoyar esta forma de economía, ya que promueve el intercambio libre y la creación de conocimiento, que es fundamental para una economía exitosa.

💡Familia

La familia se presenta como una institución fundamental para la perpetuación de la humanidad y la transmisión de valores. En el video, se enfatiza que la familia va más allá de una cuestión económica y es esencial para la supervivencia y el bienestar social.

💡Identidad cultural

La identidad cultural es la sensación de pertenencia y compartición de valores, tradiciones y lenguaje dentro de un grupo. En el script, se celebra la diversidad y la riqueza cultural de América Latina, que a pesar de sus dificultades, mantiene una conexión con las tradiciones y lenguas europeas.

💡Escepticismo

El escepticismo se refiere a la actitud de cuestionamiento y no aceptación ciega de las ideas o creencias. En el contexto del conservadurismo en el Reino Unido, se menciona que la identificación con el conservadurismo ha estado vinculada a un tipo de escepticismo religioso que permite la separación entre política y religión.

Highlights

Conservatism is the natural desire to conserve the things we love and are accustomed to.

All normal people are considered conservatives in their instinct to preserve what they know and value.

Conservatism translates the natural desire for preservation into a coherent political form.

Conservatives approach political questions with caution and a respect for the status quo.

Change is a part of human nature, but conservatives oppose radical, total change that leads to chaos.

Marxist critics misunderstand conservatism, believing it to be against all change.

The suppression of Christianity and traditional values may stem from a culture of repudiation.

People may initially reject traditional burdens but later realize their importance as they mature.

Modern society allows for a prolonged repudiation of traditional values without immediate consequences.

Losing traditional values can lead to disaster, but societies have recovered in different forms throughout history.

Secular conservatism differs from religious conservatism, especially in its approach to politics and religion.

In English-speaking countries, conservatism is more likely to be identified with a political and cultural tradition rather than a religious one.

A conservative hemispheric alliance is possible, sharing common values and facing shared threats.

The Atlantic Alliance was crucial for the survival of European culture against Soviet expansionism.

Conservatism is an inductive, bottom-up approach, contrasting with the deductive, top-down approach of liberalism and Marxism.

Conservatives generally accept some form of liberal economics, valuing free exchange and opposing excessive interference.

Economics is not everything; conservatives recognize that not all questions are economic and that the most important ones often aren't.

The family is a crucial institution for the perpetuation of mankind, transcending economic considerations.

A final message to Latin America and the world, expressing appreciation for the shared European language and culture.

Transcripts

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see Reuters thank you very much for

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accepting this interview it's it's an

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honor for me I have to say this thank

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you anyway

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so let's get straight to the to the

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matter what does conservatism mean who

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is that conservative well my instinct is

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to is to suggest that all normal people

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are conservatives I believe that we have

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a natural desire to conserve the things

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that we love and the things that we're

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adapted to and the things that we're

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used to things that we know how to deal

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with and that's all that conservatism is

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is transcribing that natural desire into

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a coherent form of politics and so that

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when when one has a political question

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instead of immediately charging forward

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to some goal beyond anything we've

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already known and sweeping reality aside

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one hesitates and one looks at what one

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has and one says well this is good but

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it needs changing a bit this is good it

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needs adapting that approach to politics

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to me is natural and I think it's

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natural to all human beings because we

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all know that it's easier to destroy

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things than to create them we are the

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heirs to extraordinary benefits

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stability law ordinary markets ordinary

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homes families etc we don't want to

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jeopardize those things so you mentioned

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a word that is that seems to be in a

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position to conservatism which is change

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mm-hmm

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especially let's say liberal critics

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Marxist critics claim that conservatives

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are opposed to changes they abort change

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but that's actually not true no it's not

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true

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yeah I mean change is part of human

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nature we're all changing we're all

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advancing towards the ultimate change

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which is death and we're too we take

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provisions in order to postpone that

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ultimate change and that involves

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changing things and it's absurd all that

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the Marxists mean by by their criticism

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of conservatism is that the

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Conservatives don't want radical total

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change and they buxus believe that only

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total change is a real change and that's

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where they are so destructive a total

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change is actually not a real change in

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the existing things

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it's an abolition of existing things and

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an opening of the world to chaos what do

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you think is a motivation behind the

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suppression of Christianity and our

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traditional values it's a very difficult

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question this I believe that that when

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at a certain point when people would

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come a little tired of inheriting things

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they'd suddenly turn round against those

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things and adopt what I call a culture

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of repudiation say that that's not me

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guess take it away I want to be free of

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that burden and that's a natural

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instinct in adolescence but when

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adolescents grow up they realize that

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they have to adopt that burden if

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they're to have children of their own

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and if they have to honor their parents

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and so on so it tends to go away but in

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the world in which we live it doesn't go

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away so easily because people are too

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comfortable they can live with this

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repudiation they don't have don't need

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others as much as they used to at least

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not for the time being so they live in a

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kind of illusion a dream of security

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which enables them to experiment with

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throwing everything away but of course

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they are opening themselves to disaster

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and once those those things are lost is

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it possible to recover them or you think

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it's just a

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well things do get lost and they do get

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recovered but they get recovered in a

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different form you know France in the

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1789 lost everything they lost this

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entire social order lost its law lost

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all the traditional occupations of

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people it lost its religion everything

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and everything was scattered and there

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was chaos two million people lost their

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lives but you know eventually a Napoleon

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stepped in okay it was a violent way of

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stepping in and it wasn't the ideal but

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by degrees it was restored and 19th

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century France had law again it had a

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social structure it had occupations it

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had its religion so you know let's not

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despair it's impossible to be

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conservative from a secular perspective

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what what do you think are the

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difference between secular conservatism

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and religious conservatism well in in

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Catholic countries conservatism has on

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the whole being identified with religion

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in particular with obviously with the

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Catholic Church but also with a often

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with quite strict and backward-looking

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forms of religion as with the ultra

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montana's in France but whereas in

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Britain conservatism which emerged in

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the 17th 18th centuries has always been

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part of the of the natives skepticism

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yeah you know of course we've been a

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Christian country but our kind of

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Christianity is much more skeptical than

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the Roman Catholic kind it's a mixture

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of Catholicism and and Protestantism and

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it's um it's not been imposed on the

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people for the last hundred and fifty

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years so I think that so we we've got

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used to living in another way and also

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to separating politics and

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and as far as we can partly because in

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the 17th century there was so much

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destruction religious conflict so and

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and I believe that actually our model of

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conservatism is the right one

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it's one which separates political

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conservatism from religious conservatism

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and opens itself to people who are

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skeptical of that religion but simply

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share the national culture here and

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actually is what is interesting is that

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that it's the English language countries

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that have been the most likely to

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declare themselves conservative we have

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we have parties which call themselves

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conservative parties we have a record

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especially in America a recognized

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conservative tradition intellectually

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and culturally and whereas in Catholic

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countries there isn't such a thing and

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often it's dismissed as reactionary or

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something's acting well in Spain doors

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are traditional stream and it's a

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conservative political thought yes in

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Spain of course in all countries there

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is conservative thinking among ordinary

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people and that is as I say it's natural

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but it is interesting that the attempt

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to articulate the conservative position

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in Spain has been undertaken to quite

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and considerably sent by people who have

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an admiration for England and the

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British tradition like Ortega yeah yes

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who was of course a parliamentarian in

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the English sense too is it possible to

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bring up to grow up and let's say a

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conservative hemispheric alliance figure

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things in common that we can I think it

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is possible to have a such a thing an

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alliance of conservative forces across

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different countries which I think it's

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part of your screw-top yeah yeah I've

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always believed in this but I you know I

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grew up

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anyway in the post-war period where the

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Atlantic Alliance was fundamental to the

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survival of Europe and the survival of

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European culture in the face of Soviet

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expansionism and the Soviet Union had

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one positive feature which is that it

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United us against it we recognized that

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we were faced with a very destructive

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force and if we did not combined we will

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be overwhelmed by it attacking and I

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think that destructive force is changed

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but it's still there it's it's the kind

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of you know Soviet Communism was simply

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one form of a nihilistic response to the

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world which is there in all of us which

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is a kind of diabolical thing which we

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have to overcome and in this political

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in the international sphere I think that

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means we really must work on having

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alliances influencing each other

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allowing of course the local differences

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the local variations because

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conservatism is about locality it's

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about what you love not about abstract

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ideas so but still that we should

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recognize that we have shared their

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shared threats and shared achievements

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and I would say that both liberal

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liberalism and Marxism start from a and

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intopia so it's a deductive thinking

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whereas conservatism is inductive it's

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empirically based it's experience based

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do you think that appreciation is

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accurate or would you know I think I

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think that is true that conservatism

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what I'm I would put it as a bottom-up

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accessor rather than a top-down

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procedure and this of course is

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reflected especially in our case and the

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American case in our systems of law

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which are not top-down that then our law

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is not dictated by Parliament and then

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imposed on the people it's there in the

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law courts

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and then it's Parliament extracts the

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law from that so I guess that would put

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you in a very

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very contrasting position with what

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people in Brussels think yes I mean the

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the unhappiness with the European Union

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of the British people comes at least in

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part from the fact that they they don't

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recognize the validity of brussels law

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because its law imposed by unelected

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people who don't know the local

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situation that they're legislating for

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because we have been talking about a

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liberal economics market economics is is

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there anything such as conservative

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economics on the whole historically

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conservatives have from accepted some

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version of liberal economics because on

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the grounds that i think are most

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articulately expressed by Hayek and the

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Austrian school namely that the

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knowledge needed for a successful

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economic interaction between people is

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not a knowledge that can be contained in

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a plan it's only exists through free

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exchange so if you start interfering too

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much the free exchange you destroy the

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knowledge on which any economy should be

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based and modern history is a proof of

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that the whole history of the Soviet and

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of Chinese experience but so to that

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extent conservatives and conservatives

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will all always or tech and mostly tend

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to endorse some form of liberal

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economics but they will also be very

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adamant that economics isn't everything

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and that you can't solve all questions

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by economic means because not all

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questions are economic questions and the

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most important ones are not economic

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ones maybe the most important ones like

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for example oh and what institutions do

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we need in order to pass on to the next

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generation fact what we example

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inherited yeah the family the family is

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not an answer to an economic question

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it's the answer to a much deeper

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question

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question of the perpetuation of mankind

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Sochi Royer thank you very much out in

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just a final comment to our Latin

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American friends and of course friends

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from all over the world that will watch

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this interview but especially to Latin

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America any kind of comment message just

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say hello hello it's in Latin America

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but I'm glad that Latin America exists

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because you know it's a fantastic I

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don't I've never visited it but it

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doesn't most welcome me yes is a

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fantastic thought that that great

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continent with all its wonderful Natural

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Resources is speaking European languages

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and producing fantastic literature and

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music and you know and of a culture that

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we all recognize and has a an air of

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cheerfulness about it despite all its

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difficulties well thank you very much

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sir well you're my pleasure and mine too

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thank you

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