World War I Battlefields: Crash Course European History #33
Summary
TLDRВ этом видео-скрипте рассматривается история ведения Первой мировой войны, начиная с обещания Германии поддержки Австро-Венгрии и ультиматума Сербии, до масштабного мобилизационного плана Шлиффена и вступления Британии в войну. Обсуждается развитие войны на восточном и западном фронтах, влияние колониальных армий и инноваций, а также геноцид армян и морской войне. В заключение подчёркивается огромная человеческая цена, заплаченная за эту войну, с оценкой потерь в 40 миллионов жизней.
Takeaways
- 🇩🇪 Германия обещала поддержку Австро-Венгрии в любой войне, что стало основой для ультиматума Австро-Венгрии Сербии.
- 👑 Несмотря на то что Германский кейзер Вильгельм II заявил, что 'Военная причина исчезла', Центральные державы все равно начали мобилизацию против Сербии.
- 🔄 Россия и Франция мобилизовались в поддержку своих союзников, а Великобритания вступила в войну после нарушения Германией нейтралитета Бельгии.
- 🚂 Военная мобилизация происходила быстро благодаря железным дорогам и автомобилям, что ускорило перемещение войск и поддержки.
- 🇫🇷 План Шлиффена предполагал быстрое окружение Парижа и перемещение войск на восток, но на первый этап не удастся пройти через Бельгию без сопротивления.
- 👊 Генералы всех сторон верили, что решающим фактором победы будет ожесточенность солдат и их дух в битве, а не хорошая оборона.
- 💣 Битвы Вердун и Сомме привели к огромному числу жертв, но не решили войны и привели к тупику.
- 🌐 Война привлекла солдат из колоний, которые участвовали в боях и страдали от жестокости, особенно на западном фронте.
- 🌳 Военные действия привели к расселению и убийству гражданских населений на восточно-европейском и центральноевропейском фронтах.
- 🌍 Война распространилась на Средний Восток, Африку и Восточную Азию, включая участие более 2 миллионов азиатов и сотни тысяч африканцев.
- 🔄 Начало 1915 года увидело начало геноцида армян в Османской империи, приведшего к смерти от 600 000 до 1 миллиона человек.
- ⏳ Начало 1917 года увидело возобновление немецкими подводными лодками атак на корабли союзников, что в итоге привело к вступлению США в войну на стороне союзников.
- 🇺🇸 Американские силы не были военно эффективны до 1918 года из-за необходимости производства оружия и подготовки рекрутов.
- 🔄 По мере усталости от войны возникали мятежные движения среди граждан и дезертиры в рядах солдат, что приводило к коллапсу.
- 📜 Президент Вильсон предложил четырнадцать точек, которые должны были стать основой для мирного урегулирования, но власти отвергли компромиссы.
- 📉 По мере продолжения войны и увеличения потерь среди населения, правители начали искать конец войны, что привело к подписанию перемирия 11 ноября 1918 года.
- 🏳️🌈 Война привела к распадению многонациональных империй, таким как Австро-Венгерская и Османская, и к объявлению независимости различных национальностей.
- 💀 Потери человеческой жизни во время Первой мировой войны оцениваются в 40 миллионов человек, что превышает население некоторых стран.
Q & A
Чем обеспечена поддержка Германии Австро-Венгрией перед Первой мировой войной?
-Германия обещала поддержку Австро-Венгрии в любой войне, будь то наступательная или оборонительная, что называемо 'пустым чеком' поддержки.
Почему Австро-Венгрия выслала ультиматум Сербии?
-Австро-Венгрия выслала ультиматум Сербии, обвинив ее в убийстве своего эрцгерцога.
Какой страны присоединились к Центральным силам после начала Первой мировой войны?
-Османская империя присоединилась к Центральным силам в октябре 1914 года.
Какой страны присоединились к альянсу после того, как Германия нарушила нейтралитет Бельгии?
-Великобритания присоединилась к Франции и России после того, как Германия нарушила нейтралитет Бельгии, образовав так называемые 'Альянсники' войны.
Какой план был использован Германией для быстрого поражения Франции?
-Германия использовала План Шлиффена, который предполагал проход через нейтральную Бельгию и окружение Парижа с запада.
Какой событие привело к тому, что Германия начала использовать яды на поле битвы?
-В 1915 году солдаты начали страдать от осетровых, фосгеновых, хлористых и других ядовитых газов, разработанных в растущей химической промышленности.
Какой событий присоединение Италии к альянсу в 1915 году?
-Италия присоединилась к альянсу после обещания крупных территориальных выигрышей при победе.
Какой событий привел к тому, что солдаты начали обмениваться подарками и играли в футбол во время Рождественского перемирия 1914 года?
-Во время Рождественского перемирия 1914 года солдаты с обеих сторон на Западном фронте покинули свои траншеи и встретились на 'Ничейной земле', обмениваясь подарками и играя в футбол.
Чем была отмечена смерть эрцгерцога Австро-Венгрии и как это повлияло на начало Первой мировой войны?
-Смерть эрцгерцога Австро-Венгрии была отмечена его убийством, что привело к ультиматуму Сербиии и, в итоге, к началу Первой мировой войны.
Какой была основная причина массовых потерь на западном фронте?
-Основная причина массовых потерь на западном фронте была стойкая война, где солдаты были вынуждены выходить 'наверх из траншей' и подвергаться обстрелу пулеметного огня.
Какой событий привел к тому, что Германия начала использовать подводные лодки для атак на судноходность альянса?
-В 1917 году немецкий генштаб возобновил атаки подводными лодками на судноходность альянса после того, как прекратил эту практику из страха перед вступлением Соединенных Штатов на сторону альянса.
Чем закончилась Первая мировая война?
-Первая мировая война закончилась подписанием перемирия 11 ноября 1918 года, после того, как Германия начала переговоры о перемирии из-за массового дезертирования солдат и гражданских восстаний.
Outlines
🌍 Вступление в Второй мировой войны
В параграфе описывается обстановка, предшествующая Великой Войне, включая поддержку Германии Австро-Венгрии, ультиматум Сербии и последующее мобилизацию стран Центральных сил против Сербии. Также упоминается ожидание, что война будет ограниченной, что не сбылось. В параграфе также рассматривается взаимодействие России, Франции и Великобритании, а также введение в обсуждение плана Шлиффена и его последствий.
🏰 Битвы и войны на восточном фронте
Второй параграф посвящён войне на восточном фронте, где армии Германии и России встречаются. Рассматриваются начальники и планы Германии, их неудачные атаки и отступление. Также упоминается о том, что война привела к страданиям не только солдат, но и мирных жителей, а также о том, что на западном фронте война превратилась в половинчатую войну с огромными потерями без значительного продвижения фронта.
🎖 Жестокость войны и вовлечение колоний
Третий параграф освещает жестокость Великой Войны, в том числе использование ядовитых газов и воздушных атак. Рассказчик делится о том, что война вовлекла колониальные армии, где многие солдаты из колоний были отправлены на передовые позиции, подвергаясь первому обстрелу. Также упоминается о взаимодействии солдат из разных стран и культур, а также о том, что война привела к распространению этнической чистки и геноцида, особенно упомянув общаясь о геноциде армян в Османской империи.
🔧 Конец войны и последствия
В заключительном параграфе описывается коллапс и окончание Великой Войны. Рассматривается вовлечение Соединённых Штатов, а также последующие военные и политические события, включая вступление Германии в атаку и последующее отступление. Также упоминается о том, что война закончилась не с миром, а с развалом империй и национальными движениями. В заключении подчёркивается огромная стоимость человеческой жизни, потерю которой невозможно точно измерить, но которая оценивается в 40 миллионов человек.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Первый мировой война
💡Поддержка 'пустой чеком'
💡Центральные державы
💡Шлиффенский план
💡Восточный фронт
💡Траншейное военное дело
💡Хорошо обороняться
💡Вердун и Сомма
💡Химические вещества
💡Авиация
💡Геноцид армян
💡Военная инновация
💡Усталость от войны
💡Армия Соединенных Штатов
💡Армистец
Highlights
Germany's promise to support Austria-Hungary in any war, known as the 'blank check', led to an ultimatum against Serbia.
Serbia accepted most of Austria-Hungary's harsh conditions, except for participation in the investigation of the Archduke's murder.
Despite the Kaiser's belief that 'All reason for war is gone', Austria-Hungary and Germany mobilized against Serbia.
Russia, France, and eventually Britain mobilized in defense of their allies, leading to a widespread conflict.
The assassination of French pacifist Jean Jaures symbolized the rise of violent nationalism.
Germany's Schlieffen Plan aimed to quickly defeat France by encircling Paris and then moving to the eastern front.
The violation of Belgium's neutrality by Germany led to Britain joining the Allied forces.
Russian mobilization was faster than expected, leading to early victories against Germany in East Prussia.
The eastern front saw armies moving back and forth, causing civilian suffering and turmoil.
Western front trench warfare resulted in little movement and massive casualties due to heavy weaponry.
Generals believed in the 'cult of the offensive', leading to massive but often futile attacks.
The battles of Verdun and the Somme resulted in millions of casualties with little territorial gain.
Colonial soldiers experienced diverse life in the trenches and learned about their colonizers' technologies and barbarism.
The Christmas Truce of 1914 saw soldiers from both sides fraternizing in No Man's Land.
New technologies like poisonous gas and airplanes increased the death toll during the war.
Ethnic cleansing
Transcripts
Hi I’m John Green and this is Crash Course European History.
So, leading up to World War I, Germany had promised to back Austria-Hungary in any war,
whether offensive or defensive, and armed with this so-called “blank check” of support,
the Austro-Hungarian Habsburgs issued an ultimatum to Serbia, which the Habsburgs blamed for
the assassination of their Archduke.
Serbia accepted the harsh conditions except one--that Austria-Hungary would be allowed
to participate in the investigation of the murder.
“All reason for war is gone,” German Kaiser William II said.
And yet Austria-Hungary and Germany—the Central Powers--both mobilized against Serbia
by the end of July, eager to crush the pesky Serbs and believing that the war would be
a local and contained one.
It didn’t go that way.
[Intro] In a swirl of military activity, Austria and
Germany mobilized their armies while virtually simultaneously Russia came to the defense
of its ally, Serbia.
France mobilized to aid its ally Russia.
The wild card was Britain, which Germany thought would not come to the aid of Britain’s frequent
historical enemy France.
And indeed, Britain did not immediately declare war, which was a good thing for the anglophile
German Kaiser, who did not want to declare war on his cousin George, King of England,
although he didn’t mind declaring war on his cousin Nicholas, czar of Russia.
Oh what a tangled web we weave when first we practice hereditary succession.
As discussed in our last episode, Europe was primed for all out war.
By this time millions of young men had been trained in the conscription efforts of the
past decades.
And on the eve of full mobilization, a French nationalist assassinated Jean Jaures, who
was a powerful socialist and pacifist working for peace--a potent example of the rise of
violent nationalism.
Already established plans for military mobilization were rolled out: Russia ordered full mobilization
on July 29, 1914, just one day after Kaiser William said “All reason for war is gone.”
In point of fact, the German General Staff had also quickly mobilized for war; these
things could happen very fast now that military leaders had railroads and automobiles to quickly
move troops, supplies, and auxiliary personnel.
Let’s go to the Thought Bubble.
[[TV-GERMANS IN FRANCE]]
1.
Germany declared war on France on August 2,
2. following the Schlieffen Plan.
3.
According to the plan, the main German military units would proceed through neutral Belgium
4. and descend through northern France to encircle Paris from the west.
5.
Then, after quickly defeating France,
6.
troops would be moved to the lightly defended eastern front
7. where the slow-to-mobilize Russian army would be quickly knocked out.
8.
The war would be over by Christmas.
9.
But the very first stage of that plan involved marching through Belgium unopposed,
10. which did not happen.
11.
Indeed, millions of people would die on the western front in Belgium and France.
12.
The Central Powers’ plan was complicated when the British joined France and Russia
after Germany broke Belgium’s neutrality to get to France,
13.
thus forming the so-called “Allied” partners of the war.
14.
Also, the Russians mobilized much faster than many expected,
15.
moving swiftly to assist their French ally
16. and as a result scored notable early victories against the Germans in East Prussia.
17.
However, their generals were less able than their German counterparts
18. and did not follow up on those victories,
19.
allowing the Germans to strike back effectively.
20.
The Germans regrouped under Generals Hindenburg and Ludendorff, who demanded troops from the
western front be brought to the eastern one.
Thanks, Thought Bubble So, the war in the east became a nightmare
not just for soldiers but also for civilians.
Armies moved back and forth across east-central and central Europe, driving out, abusing,
and killing civilian populations in the turmoil of conflict.
On the western front, conditions were less mobile, settling into a grim pattern of trench
warfare in which there was little movement and massive casualties.
Because combatants all had access to heavy weaponry, including long-range artillery and
machine guns, generals felt that the decisive factor in achieving victory was soldiers’
zeal and confident spirit in battle.
They believed flashing sabers and lively marching, along with the “cult of the offensive”
would carry their forces to victory.
Basically, generals on all sides believed that a vigorous attack, rather than a good
defense, would win the war.
This meant that on the western front the leadership regularly prepared and executed massive attacks
on enemy forces, which were extremely well-defended.
During the battles of Verdun and the Somme, literally millions of shells were fired, making
for millions of casualties and resulting only in stalemate.
Soldiers were ordered out of their trenches to go “over the top” only to be mowed
down by intense machine gun fire.
Both the battles of the Verdun and Somme were intended as these dramatic and overwhelming
efforts to definitively knock out the enemy, and both failed.
In the trenches, British soldiers began to sing, “We’re here because we’re here
because we’re here because we’re here,” to express their confusion and despair over
not knowing why they were fighting or why they were being asked to go over the top.
But still the generals ordered more attacks, which led to more casualties and little ground
won or lost.
The supply of young men to use in this way seemed limitless.
The Central Powers benefited when the Ottoman Empire joined its side in October 1914, while
Italy joined the Allies in 1915 after being promised major territorial gains upon victory.
And combatants also enlisted soldiers from colonies and conscripted hundreds of thousands
more to do menial labor.
The French, for example, forced some 100,000 southeast Asians into the ranks of soldiers
and menial workers, while approximately 1.5 million Indians served Britain, with 74,000
killed in battle.
Many people in colonial armies on the western front were put into the very front ranks,
meaning they would take the first machine gun fire.
More than 2 million Asians and hundreds of thousands of Africans, in addition to Australians
and New Zealanders fought on the many battlefields of World War I as the war moved into the Middle
East, Africa, and East Asia.
And this meant that life within these armies was often very diverse, with people from different
villages, and nations, and even continents sharing life in the trenches.
By encountering lots of different people, soldiers learned about other ways of living
than had reached them in their mostly rural lives.
This included many soldiers from colonies, who learned much about their colonizers’
technologies, and also about their barbarism.
And some soldiers recreated domestic life in the trenches, observing teatime and attending
to healing wounded or sick comrades.
Early in the war especially, they also sometimes fraternized with the enemy--in the famous
Christmas Truce of 1914, soldiers from both sides on the Western Front left their trenches
and met in No Man’s Land, playing soccer, exchanging mementos, and serenading each other.
“The Germans don’t want to fight any more than we do,” said one seasoned British soldier.
But despite the fraternization, the trenches were largely hellish pits of corpses, filth
and excrement.
Forced marches passed not over solid roads but over pathways composed of dead bodies.
New technology unfolded during the war, which added to the death count.
Beginning in 1915 soldiers suffered blinding attacks from mustard, phosgene, chlorine,
and other poisonous gases, developed in the rising chemical industry.
Airplanes, picked up by the Europeans faster than the Americans, fought one another at
close range with guns and began dropping bombs on cities.
The fire power wielded by armies was so destructive that journalists were not allowed to photograph
battlefield scenes, where mutilated and rotting corpses were strewn for miles and where limbs
and other body parts hung, stuck in trees.
But artists such as German soldier Otto Dix did seek to capture the soldier’s horror
at the battlefield experience.
We have a long history of romanticizing war in our culture, but World War I was horrible.
The art historian Robert Hughes has written of the peculiarly modernist hell of repetition,
and by that measure, and so many others, World War I was hell.
Amidst the chaos and brutality of the war, ethnic cleansing flourished across eastern
Europe as armies targeted Jews and Poles, to name just two groups.
In the Ottoman Empire, Russians and their Armenian allies slaughtered entire Muslim
villages, while the Central Powers slaughtered Armenians in a deadly back and forth.
And then, in the spring of 1915, the Ottoman government ordered their troops to eradicate
Armenians more systematically, leading to the torture and death of an estimated 600,000
to 1 million people.
This wasn’t a response to a specific uprising of the Armenians; it was a genocide that deliberately
aimed to eliminate as much of the Armenian population as possible.
War at sea was also at a deadly stalemate--including the deployment of battleships and submarines
on both sides.
In 1917, the German general staff resumed submarine attacks on Allied shipping, after
having stopped the practice for fear that the United States might enter the war on behalf
of the Allied powers.
And then that spring, the United States responded by entering the war on behalf of the Allied
powers.
But their participation was not militarily effective until 1918 because weapons needed
to be manufactured and recruits needed to be called up, and trained, and transported
to Europe.
In the meantime, Europeans were innovating militarily, especially by developing a tactic
of concentrated attack at a single point.
This puncturing would allow the attacker to move behind enemy lines.
But war-weariness was simultaneously bringing civilian uprisings, especially in Russia,
mutinies, especially among the French; and even starvation in cities like Vienna.
Spanish influenza, a variety of flu that often struck the young and healthy, was also beginning
to attack troops.
And yet amid all of this collapse, rulers firmly rejected peacemaking or even compromise.
In 1915, a group of activist women visited heads of state with a peace plan, which was
dismissed--but it did reappear in altered form as U.S. President Wilson’s Fourteen
Points.
But instead of peace, Kaiser William raged “Only in the ruins of London will I forgive
Georgy.”
(Georgy being his cousin King George V.)
And political leader Georges Clemenceau of France called for a “war to the death.”
When Habsburg Emperor Francis Joseph died in November 1916, his subjects were too weakened
to mourn.
But his successor Emperor Karl did eventually began to seek the war’s end, as did the
German Reichstag in the summer of 1917.
I know it’s not the time for a joke, but...Emperor Karl?
Sometimes, even in the darkest days, history just offers up the most magnificent names
All right, back to the war.
Even as the politicians began to waver, military leadership remained determined.
The Germans tried to puncture Allied lines in a spring 1918 offensive,but victory eluded
them as the Allies brought out airplanes and tanks.
And then, in the summer of 1918 the Allies, assisted now by American forces, drove the
Central Powers eastward toward Germany.
Casualties for the six months of German offensives reached two million as their army disintegrated.
By January 1918 President Wilson had issued his aforementioned Fourteen Points, a set
of principles on which peace should be based.
As the war continued taking its grim toll, its end began to look plausible to many in
the civilian leadership because Wilson called for a rational settlement rather than a revenge-driven
surrender.
By the autumn of 1918, not only were soldiers deserting the Central Powers, civilians across
Germany were also in rebellion.
And so eventually the leadership of Germany negotiated an armistice.
On November 9, Kaiser William fled his empire, and on November 11 an armistice was signed.
The war was over sorta.
In the Habsburg Empire, the various ethnicities were declaring their independence, and Russians
were mired in their revolution, which had broken out the previous spring.
And the Ottoman Empire was still fighting and would continue to do so as Britain hoped
to take over Constantinople with the help of its Greek, American and other allies.
So the end of the War to End All Wars did not actually feature an end even to that war.
The extent of the loss of human life in World War I is unknowable.
But as historians dig into the evidence, it’s clear that deaths were far greater than initially
calculated.
Only now are historians paying enough attention to the war on the eastern front in large part
because the victors wrote the first histories and did the first counting.
Wartime deaths, including civilians, are loosely calculated at 40 million people.
Joseph Stalin probably never said the line often attributed to him, that the death of
one person is a tragedy and the death of a million people is a statistic.
But it’s too often true.
It’s hard to think of what 40 million deaths means--but here’s one way of trying to conceive
of it: More people probably died in World War I than currently live in Canada.
Thanks for watching.
We’ll see you next time.
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Ирина Савельева - Границы исторической науки
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