PutraMOOC | PRT2008M Topic 5 Sustainable Agriculture (Part 2/3)
Summary
TLDRこのビデオスクリプトでは、農場における多様性向上のためのツールについて解説しています。多様性は生態系の強靭性を高め、害虫問題を軽減する効果があります。主なツールとしては、交差作、作物ローテーション、被覆作物、多種家畜放牧が挙げられます。交差作は異なる作物を隣接して栽培し、害虫の宿主を認識させる能力を低下させることで害虫数を減らす効果があります。作物ローテーションは杂草や害虫の生活サイクルを乱し、作物間の肥料補完を提供します。被覆作物は土壌構造を維持し、侵食を防ぎ、温度を調節し、水分を土壌に長期間保持します。堆肥は自然な有機肥料として土壌肥力を高め、農場内から材料を収集し、3〜6か月で腐敗させて完成させます。
Takeaways
- 🌱 農場の多様性を高めるためのツールは、作物間作、作物轮作、被覆作物、多種家畜放牧などがあります。
- 🌿 作物間作とは、異なる種類の植物を隣り合わせに栽培することで、太陽光の利用効率を高め、害虫の発生を抑えることができます。
- 🐛 害虫が主株を見つけることが困難になるため、作物間作は自然敵の群れを増やし、害虫の認識能力を低下させます。
- 🔄 作物轮作は、杂草や害虫の生活サイクルを断ち、作物間の肥料の相補性を提供します。
- 🌾 作物轮作では、同じ場所に同じ作物を続けて栽培しません。例えば、トウモロコシの後には豆類作物を栽培し、害虫の発生を抑えることができます。
- 🌼 被覆作物は、土壌構造を維持し、侵蚀を防ぎ、土壌の温度を調節し、水分を保持するのに役立ちます。
- 🌱 被覆作物は、主作物の生育後期に栽培され、次の栽培シーズンを待っている間、土地の荒廃を防ぎます。
- ♻️ コンポストは、自然な有機肥料であり、農場内にある作物残留物や動物の排泄物を原材料として使用できます。
- 💨 コンポストの成熟過程で放出されるアメイジングガスは、農業の再生可能エネルギー源として利用できます。
- 🌾 完了したコンポストは、細かく繊維質で水分吸収力が高く、徐々に栄養素を放出するため、遅効性肥料として使用されます。
- 🔄 作物間作、作物轮作、被覆作物の違いは、異なる作物を同時に栽培する間作と、主作物の生育後期に被覆作物を栽培するという点にあります。
Q & A
農業における多様性増加にどのようなツールを使うと効果的ですか?
-多様性増加には交作、作物轮作、被覆作物、多種家畜放牧などのツールが使えます。これにより生態系の機能を高め、害虫問題を軽減することができます。
交作とはどのような農法ですか?
-交作とは異なる種類の作物を隣り合わせに栽培することで、太陽光のエネルギーをより効率的に利用し、害虫の侵入を防ぐことができます。
交作による害虫防除の仕組みを教えてください。
-交作は害虫が宿主を見つけることが困難になるため、害虫の認識能力を低下させ、害虫の数を自然に減らす効果があります。
作物轮作の利点は何ですか?
-作物轮作は雑草や害虫の生命周期を断ち切るだけでなく、作物間の肥料の相補効果ももたらします。
作物轮作によって土壌の質をどのように改善できますか?
-作物轮作は土壌の栄養バランスを改善し、土壌の腐殖質を増加させることで土壌の質を向上させます。
被覆作物とは何で、どのような役割を果たしますか?
-被覆作物とは土壌を覆う作物で、土壌構造を維持し、侵食を防ぎ、土壌中の水分を保持する効果があります。
堆肥の利点とは何ですか?
-堆肥は自然な有機肥料であり、土壌の肥沃さを高めるのに役立ちます。また、堆肥は徐々に栄養素を放出するため、持続可能な植物成長を促進します。
交作、作物轮作、被覆作物の違いは何ですか?
-交作は異なる作物を同時に栽培する方法です。作物轮作は同じ場所に同じ作物を続けて栽培しない方法です。被覆作物は主作物の成長後、その場所に栽培される作物で、土壌を保護します。
堆肥の原材料として使用できるものとは何ですか?
-堆肥の原材料として作物の残骸や家畜の排泄物などが使用できます。これらを混ぜ合せると数ヶ月後に堆肥として完成します。
堆肥を使った農業の利点は何ですか?
-堆肥を使用することで、農場内から得られる有機物資源を有効利用し、環境に優しい農業を実践することができます。
作物轮作における栄養素の相補効果とは何を意味しますか?
-作物轮作における栄養素の相補効果とは、異なる作物を栽培することで、土壌中の栄養バランスを改善し、持続可能な農業を促進することを意味します。
Outlines
🌱 異種作物栽培とその利点
異種作物栽培(インタークロッピング)は、異なる種類の植物を隣接して栽培する方法です。この手法により、自然の天敵の数が増え、害虫の宿主認識能力が低下し、害虫問題が減少します。例えば、クルシフェル作物(アブラナ科植物)と塊茎植物を交互に植えることで、害虫が宿主を見つけにくくなります。異種作物栽培は、エネルギー利用や日光捕獲の効率を高め、農場の多様性を向上させます。
🌾 作物の輪作とその利点
輪作(クロップローテーション)は、同じ場所で異なる種類の作物を連続して栽培する方法です。この手法は、雑草や害虫のライフサイクルを断ち切り、作物間での肥料補完を促進します。例えば、トウモロコシの前に窒素固定植物(マメ科作物)を栽培することで、害虫の発生を抑え、土壌の質を向上させます。また、輪作は土壌侵食を防ぎ、土壌構造を改善します。
🌿 被覆作物とその利点
被覆作物(カバークロップ)は、土壌構造を維持し、侵食を防ぎ、土壌温度を調節するために使用されます。被覆作物は水分保持力を高め、蒸発を減少させます。例えば、トウモロコシの収穫後にターニップを植えることで、土壌が有効に利用され、次の栽培期までの土壌の利用が促進されます。被覆作物は、土壌の通気性を向上させることもできます。
Mindmap
Keywords
💡多様性
💡間作
💡輪作
💡被覆作物
💡コンポスト
💡天然の天敵
💡土壌の構造
💡窒素固定
💡エネルギーの利用
💡侵食防止
Highlights
Intercropping involves planting different types of plants side by side to increase energy use and sunlight capture.
Intercropping can increase natural enemy populations and reduce pest insect recognition of their host plants.
Planting cruciferous plants like Brassica next to tuberous plants can confuse pests like the diamondback moth.
Intercropping with banana and vegetables can disrupt pests' ability to find their host due to the presence of different plants.
Crop rotation can break weed and pest life cycles and provide complementary fertilization among crops.
Planting legume crops before corn can reduce pests and weeds specific to corn.
Crop rotation reduces soil erosion and improves soil quality by not planting the same crop in the same area consecutively.
Cover crops help maintain soil structure, prevent erosion, and moderate soil temperature.
Cover crops also enhance soil aeration and water retention, improving overall soil health.
The difference between intercropping and cover crops is that cover crops are planted after the main crop has reached its end stage.
Compost is a natural organic fertilizer that can be made from farm waste and animal residues.
Composting takes three to six months and releases gases like ammonia, carbon dioxide, and methane.
Finished compost is a fine, nutrient-rich material with good water absorption capacity.
Compost acts as a slow-release fertilizer, releasing nutrients more gradually than compound fertilizers.
Small-scale farms can manage compost activities without the need for large-scale biogas collection.
Composting is an essential practice for increasing soil fertility and supporting sustainable farming.
Transcripts
the table is to show you what other
tools that can be used to increase the
biodiversity in the farm as I mentioned
before higher diversity in the farm
would cause the highest ability within
the from eco system and if reduced the
pest problem and always pass always a
problem in a farm where it can reduce
the year okay what are the tool that can
be used to increase the diversity the
first one is a intercropping crop
rotation cover crop and multi-species
grazing okay let's go and talk about
what is the intercropping well is a
inter crop I mean we plan different type
of plant beside each other okay I mean
we cultivate more than one crop at the
time in an area if you remember when one
of the way to increase the use of the
energy or sunlight and the energy is to
cover cover crop that intercropping also
can be part of the cover crop because it
increased the sunlight capture with the
intercropping the benefits the benefits
of winter crappie we can increase the
natural enemy population and it's also
reduced the ability of the pest insect
recognizing a host in the intercropping
each of the insects have their own host
for example we may plant
cruciferous plants such as Brassica and
where the host is the lepidopteran such
as diamondback moth and
roll we can plant the tuberous plan and
the roll next up the death tuberous plan
we can transfer the cruciferous plan so
in the middle of this crucial forest
plan we will have this tuberous well
plants with these activities
intercropping the holes from the
cruciferous plants and as nettles cannot
cannot find the other area for the
cruciferous because in the middle there
is already different types of plants
though the insect cannot recognize it
don't have ability to recognize their
host daddy are the rules of the plants
so this is the advantage order
intercropping and naturally is going to
reduce the number of the pests
this is just for examples to show the
intercrop between the banana and
vegetable like you say they have banana
vegetable and banana so this is the
vegetables crop path if you plant
another rose after banana is another
vegetables I mean leafy vegetables so
basically the insect have problem to
recognize the horse
because they have the banana in between
and also another type of people can
intercrop with coffee with pepper the
second way is to increase the diversity
of the farm is the crop rotation what's
the advantage of the crop rotations it
can break the weeds and pests life
cycles and also provide complementary
fertilization among the crops because in
the crop rotation we plant at the same
area we don't plan the
same type of crop for the next season
the example can do here is you can
cultivate nitrogen fits in legume crops
before the corn and these activities
also can reduce the view of pests and in
some insect pests and also weeds of the
area is this because if you plant the
corn the insect for the corn
if you plant the corn in the first
season and the next season we at the
same area we plant the legume crops the
insect for the corn and the legging
crops basically are a different types
therefore the insect don't have time to
bring out a high population at the area
and also this crop rotation activities
can reduce the soil erosion and increase
the soil quality these are to show you
at the one area we came the first year
we can at the center we can plant the
leafy area the second year we plant the
fruits and the third year we plant roots
and we just rotate the type of plants at
the same area never plants the same
plants at the same area at the two
season in a row we're going to show
different examples of the crop rotations
okay and then come to the cover crops
compost and fertilizer yeah so cover
crops boom as we mentioned before what
is the cover crops yeah in the energy
flows just now okay it can maintain the
soil structures and prevent erosion and
since the cover crop will cover the
so therefore it reduce the temperature
of the size of the area okay it's a
moderate the temperature and also
because it's covered when Israel the
water can be keep in the soil at a
longer period the if a transformation
process will reduce yeah and also it
handsome enhance the soil erosion it
enhance the soil aeration in the farm
okay this is to show their cover crops
of radishes and Syria right again and
then what is the difference between the
crop rotation intercropping and cover
crop you might from the picture you
might say oh this is a intercropping
yeah with the difference with the inter
crappie and cover crop is with the cover
crop in the cropping you may plan this
different type of crop at the same time
however for the cover crop what usually
practice is they will plan the main crop
first start the first like that there
you have the bottom side there they have
a corn the main crop at that area is
corn when the con reaching the end stage
of the development then we'll start
planting the cover crop such a here is
the tourney when the time for harvest
the corn Dan the techniques grow have a
more sunlight can use more Stanga and it
grow faster and it can be under land
areas is not being wasted while waiting
for the next planting season for the
corner so this is the cover crop the
next one is composed as mentioned before
compost is good
to increase the soil fertility and this
is a type of a natural organic
fertilizer in the compost we can get all
the material from the farm environment
within the firm itself as an example if
the farm in the form is you have a crop
I'm gonna have animals such as cattle
goat or chicken so the crop residues can
be put in the compost for a pal and the
residues from the animal also can be
used put into the compost pile about and
all these can become this raw material
will mix it together and we did it takes
a few months three to six months to
process within that time a few gases the
ammonia carbon dioxide methane are going
to be released to the air and in the end
going to have a compost product during
the composting period yes you can see
they're going to have a meeting of that
release many of the farms such a kettle
big cattle farm in united states where
they have producing the bio or renewable
energy from this material they will
collected the cow down yeah and
processes men become the compost and
then during that process that collected
the meat n gas and the cell this gets to
the industry however this process not
necessary in the B scale if you have a
small farm and you kondeh have a loss
always do the compost activities
can always collect the Mateen and use it
for them from activities for the firm's
energy yeah okay let's see how the
finished compost look like so if can if
you can imagine all the full crop
residues yeah they have been chopped
into small pieces and put in the compost
pile pile at the same time also we have
all these organic methods visas from the
animal and put it also in the compost
pile it doesn't look nice but when the
good compost system if the process of
composting done correctly this is how is
the finished product new plant is very
fine and have contained many morgen ISM
and nutrient and it's also have a good
capacity for absorb water yeah and
compost also has been known to be I can
be used as a slow-release fertilizers
because it releases the nutrients slowly
compared to the this compound fertilizer
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