PATOFISIOLOGI TB PARU

Summary

The transcript describes the case of a 40-year-old male construction worker with multiple risk factors for tuberculosis (TB), including a long history of smoking, poor living conditions, and inadequate nutrition. The pathophysiology of TB is outlined, detailing how *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* infects the lungs, evading immune defenses and causing granuloma formation. This results in tissue damage, respiratory symptoms, and systemic effects like fever, fatigue, and anemia. The script emphasizes the severe impact of TB on health, with complications ranging from respiratory failure to weight loss, highlighting the importance of addressing environmental and lifestyle factors in TB prevention.

Takeaways

• 😀 Poor socioeconomic conditions, such as low income and heavy physical labor, increase the risk of developing tuberculosis (TB).
• 😀 Smoking from a young age contributes to damage to the respiratory epithelium, reducing the body's ability to defend against TB pathogens.
• 😀 Crowded living environments with poor sanitation and inadequate sunlight exposure are key risk factors for TB infection.
• 😀 Tuberculosis is caused by *Mycobacterium tuberculosis*, which is inhaled through airborne droplets from an infected person.
• 😀 The bacteria *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* are trapped in the mucosa of the respiratory tract, and if small enough, they can reach the alveoli in the lungs.
• 😀 Once inside the lungs, the bacteria are engulfed by macrophages, which normally destroy pathogens but fail against *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* due to the bacteria’s survival mechanisms.
• 😀 *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* can release proteins that allow it to replicate within macrophages, evading destruction by the immune system.
• 😀 Immune cells form granulomas around infected macrophages in an attempt to contain the bacteria, but if unsuccessful, necrosis and tissue damage can occur.
• 😀 TB symptoms include chronic coughing, mucus production, weight loss, fatigue, fever, and night sweats, all resulting from the body’s immune response to the infection.
• 😀 Damage to lung tissue caused by TB can impair gas exchange, leading to symptoms like shortness of breath, fatigue, and a general sense of weakness due to reduced oxygenation.

Q & A

What is the age and occupation of the patient discussed in the transcript?

The patient is 40 years old and works as a construction worker.

What are the key risk factors for tuberculosis (TB) in this case?

The key risk factors include being a construction worker, smoking since the age of 17, living in a densely populated environment with poor sanitation, and having a low socioeconomic status which affects the patient's nutrition and immune system.

How does smoking contribute to the risk of tuberculosis?

Smoking causes changes in the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, turning them from a protective ciliated epithelium to a non-ciliated squamous epithelium, making the lungs more vulnerable to infections like tuberculosis.

What role does the patient's living environment play in their TB risk?

The patient's densely populated living environment with poor sanitation and inadequate sunlight exposure increases the likelihood of contracting infections, including tuberculosis.

How does Mycobacterium tuberculosis infect the body?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB, enters the body via inhalation of airborne particles. These particles are usually smaller than 5 micrometers and can reach the alveoli in the lungs where they are engulfed by macrophages.

What happens when Mycobacterium tuberculosis is engulfed by macrophages?

When Mycobacterium tuberculosis is engulfed by macrophages, it releases proteins like Rab7 and Xx1, which help the bacteria evade the immune system, allowing it to replicate within the macrophage and continue spreading.

What is granuloma formation, and how does it relate to tuberculosis?

Granuloma formation occurs when immune cells surround the infected macrophages to contain the infection. In tuberculosis, this leads to the formation of a primary complex and can progress to a necrotic center, promoting tissue degeneration and bacterial spread.

What does the term 'liquefaction necrosis' mean in the context of tuberculosis?

Liquefaction necrosis refers to the process where infected tissue becomes liquefied and can lead to the formation of cavities in the lung, often observed in tuberculosis infections.

What are the clinical signs of tuberculosis based on the transcript?

Clinical signs include persistent cough, production of yellow or green sputum, low-grade fever, weight loss, fatigue, and shortness of breath. There may also be abnormal lung sounds such as crackles during expiration.

How does tuberculosis affect the body’s metabolism?

Tuberculosis causes changes in the body's metabolism, including an increase in the production of inflammatory mediators like prostaglandins and cytokines. This results in symptoms like fever, anorexia (loss of appetite), weight loss, and fatigue. Additionally, there is often a decrease in red blood cells, leading to anemia.