Sejarah Kesultanan Mamluk Mesir, dari Budak jadi Sultan

Summary

The Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, founded in 1250 after the fall of the Ayyubid Dynasty, ruled until its defeat by the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Initially military slaves, the Mamluks rose to power and became influential rulers. They repelled Crusaders and Mongols, most notably at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260. The Sultanate was divided into two dynasties: the Mamluk Bahri (1250-1381) and the Mamluk Burji (1382-1517). Despite military successes, internal conflicts and weakening leadership led to its collapse, with the last Sultan, Tumanbay, executed by the Ottomans, ending the Mamluk rule.

Takeaways

• 😀 The Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt was established after the fall of the Ayyubid dynasty in 1250 CE and lasted until 1517 CE when it was conquered by the Ottoman Turks.
• 😀 The term 'Mamluk' means slave in Arabic, referring to the origin of the rulers who were initially slaves bought by the Ayyubid rulers and later trained as soldiers.
• 😀 The Mamluks played a significant role in halting the Mongol expansion into Syria and Palestine, as well as in stopping the Crusader forces in the region.
• 😀 The Mamluk Sultanate was divided into two main phases: the Bahri Mamluks (1250-1381) and the Burji Mamluks (1382-1517).
• 😀 The first Mamluk Sultan, Aibak, established the Bahri Mamluk dynasty after overthrowing the Ayyubid ruler Turanshah in 1250.
• 😀 Aibak's death led to a brief power struggle, and his successor, Kutuz, along with Baibars, defeated the Mongol forces at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260, marking a crucial Muslim victory over the Mongols.
• 😀 Baibars strengthened the Mamluks, defeating Crusaders in the Levant and establishing Kairo as a central hub for trade and Islamic scholarship.
• 😀 Under Baibars, the Mamluks built notable Islamic structures such as the Rifa'i Mosque and the Sultan Hassan Mosque in Cairo, leaving lasting legacies in architecture.
• 😀 In the later years of the Mamluk period, weak leadership and internal conflicts weakened the sultanate, leading to a decline in military and political power.
• 😀 The Mamluks faced increasing challenges from the Ottoman Empire, culminating in the defeat of the last Mamluk Sultan, Tuman Bay, in 1517, which marked the end of Mamluk rule.

Q & A

What was the Mamluk Sultanate, and when was it established?

The Mamluk Sultanate, or the Mamluk Dynasty, was a state established after the fall of the Ayyubid Dynasty in 1250 CE. It lasted until the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517 CE.

What is the meaning of the word 'Mamluk' in Arabic?

In Arabic, 'Mamluk' means 'slave,' referring to individuals who were captured and trained, but unlike traditional slaves, they were not separated from their families.

How did the Mamluks come to power in Egypt?

The Mamluks gained power after the death of Ayyubid Sultan Al-Malik al-Salih in 1249. Under their leader Aibak, they killed his successor, Turanshah, and took control of Egypt.

Who is considered the first ruler of the Mamluk Sultanate?

Aibak is generally considered the first Sultan of the Mamluk Sultanate, ruling from 1250 to 1257 CE. Some historians, however, credit others for the founding of the Bahri Mamluk Dynasty.

What were the two main phases of the Mamluk Sultanate?

The Mamluk Sultanate is divided into two main phases: the Bahri Mamluks, who ruled from 1250 to 1381 CE, and the Burji Mamluks, who ruled from 1382 to 1517 CE.

What was the significance of the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260?

The Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260 was a significant victory for the Mamluks, as they successfully defeated the Mongols, breaking the myth of their invincibility and preventing their advance into Egypt and Syria.

How did the Mamluks contribute to the Islamic world during their reign?

The Mamluks contributed significantly to the Islamic world by defending against the Crusaders and Mongols, promoting the development of science and knowledge, and making Cairo a vital hub for trade and culture.

What was the role of Beibars in the Mamluk Sultanate?

Beibars was a key leader of the Mamluks, known for his military successes, including defeating Crusader forces in the Levant. He was also instrumental in strengthening the Mamluk Sultanate during his reign from 1260 to 1277 CE.

What led to the weakening of the Mamluk Sultanate by the 16th century?

By the 16th century, internal conflicts, military strife, and ineffective leadership led to the weakening of the Mamluk Sultanate. Political instability and conflict with the Ottoman Empire further contributed to its decline.

What was the fate of the last Sultan of the Mamluk Sultanate, Tumanbay?

The last Sultan of the Mamluk Sultanate, Tumanbay, was captured by the Ottoman Turks in 1517 and executed, marking the end of the Mamluk rule in Egypt.