Late Medieval Britain (4/11)
Summary
TLDREn 1066, el rey Harold II de Inglaterra enfrenta la invasión normanda de Guillermo el Bastardo, cambiando el rumbo de la historia con la conquista normanda y la coronación de Guillermo como rey. La resistencia inglesa se prolonga y William utiliza métodos brutales para someter a la población, creando el 'Libro de los Jueces' para evaluar y gravar Inglaterra. La arquitectura normanda y el sistema feudal se consolidan, pero enfrentan desafíos como la rebelión de los barones y la influencia de la Iglesia. La Magna Carta de 1215 y la Declaración de Arbroath fortalecen la identidad y soberanía de Escocia. La guerra de los Cien Años y las alianzas entre Francia y Escocia definen las relaciones entre estas naciones, mientras la vida de los campesinos y la expansión de la población muestran el contraste social de la época.
Takeaways
- 🏰 La conquista de Inglaterra por Guillermo de Normandía en 1066 marcó el inicio de un nuevo período en la historia de Gran Bretaña.
- 👑 Guillermo fue coronado rey de Inglaterra el Día de Navidad de 1066, lo que cambió la línea de realeza y el enfoque cultural hacia Francia y el occidente europeo.
- 🚶♂️ El ejército de Harold II, cansado y reducido, tuvo que marchar 240 millas en menos de dos semanas para enfrentarse a Guillermo en la Batalla de Hastings.
- 📚 El 'Libro de los Jueces' (Doomsday Book) fue creado para valorar y tasar todo en Inglaterra, lo que reveló su riqueza y la transformó en el reino más rico del norte de Europa.
- 🛡️ Los normandos introdujeron un nuevo estilo arquitectónico para castillos y iglesias, y refinaron el sistema feudal, donde la tierra era medida de riqueza y repartida a los leales del rey.
- ⚔️ La lucha de Inglaterra contra la dominación normanda no terminó en 1066 y tomó nueve años más para que Guillermo estuviera seguro en su trono, enfrentando y reprimiendo constantes rebeliones.
- 👥 A pesar de que el 90% de la población medieval era de campesinos, la historia se centra principalmente en la nobleza y monarcas.
- 🏛️ La rebelión de los barones en 1215 resultó en la Magna Carta, que estableció principios fundamentales como el juicio justo y la aprobación de impuestos por representantes elegidos.
- 🇬🇧 La identidad escocesa se definió con el Acta de Declaración de 1320, que defendía la independencia de Escocia y sirvió como inspiración para la Declaración de Independencia de los Estados Unidos.
- 🤝 La alianza natural entre Francia y Escocia durante la Guerra de los Cien Años polarizó aún más las relaciones entre ingleses y escoceses.
- 📉 La población de Gran Bretaña experimentó un drástico descenso en la década de 1340 debido a la Peste Negra, lo que cambió la dinámica del trabajo y la vida de los campesinos.
Q & A
¿Qué evento significativo ocurrió en septiembre de 1066 que afectó a la celebración de un triunfo de Harold II de Inglaterra?
-En septiembre de 1066, Harold II estaba celebrando una victoria definitiva sobre una invasión vikinga cuando llegó la noticia de que otro invasor había desembarcado en el otro extremo del país.
¿Cuál fue la duración de la Batalla de Hastings y qué consecuencia significativa tuvo para los anglosajones?
-La Batalla de Hastings duró inusualmente ocho horas de duro combate, y la pérdida de los anglosajones quedó sellada cuando Harold fue asesinado hacia el final del día.
¿Quién fue coronado rey de Inglaterra el día de Navidad de 1066 y cómo cambió esto el conteo de los reyes de Inglaterra?
-El duque de Normandía, Guillermo el Bástico, fue coronado rey de Inglaterra el día de Navidad de 1066, y desde entonces los historiadores suelen comenzar a contar los reyes de Inglaterra a partir de él.
¿Cómo se consolidó el poder de Guillermo I después de la conquista normanda en 1066?
-Inglaterra no estuvo completamente segura para Guillermo I hasta nueve años después de la conquista, ya que tuvieron que enfrentarse a más rebeliones y utilizaron métodos más brutales para someterlas, como la destrucción de animales y cultivos en el norte de Inglaterra en 1069.
¿Qué fue el 'Libro de los Días de la Tierra' y por qué se le dio ese nombre?
-El 'Libro de los Días de la Tierra' fue una encuesta creada por Guillermo I para valorar y tasar todo en Inglaterra, llamándolo así porque se suponía que duraría para siempre hasta el Día del Juicio Final.
¿Cómo ayudó la unificación de Inglaterra poco más de un siglo antes de 1066 a la rápida conquista por parte de los normandos?
-La unificación de Inglaterra como un solo país permitió una conquista más rápida en comparación con si hubieran sido muchos reinos más pequeños, lo que habría hecho más difícil para los normandos.
¿Qué problemas inherentes tenía el sistema feudal y cómo afectaron a los barones y al reino?
-El sistema feudal tenía tres problemas principales: el equilibrio de poder, la influencia de la iglesia y el problema de ser un rey ineficaz. Los barones, siendo miembros altos de la nobleza, a veces actuaban como reyes y durante una guerra civil en la década de 1130, cambiaron de bando según les convenía.
¿Qué evento significativo ocurrió en 1170 relacionado con la iglesia y cómo afectó a Enrique II?
-En 1170, el arzobispo de Canterbury, Tomás Becket, murió como resultado de los intentos de Enrique II de ejercer mayor control sobre la iglesia, lo que llevó a Enrique a someterse a una fusta como penitencia por su involucramiento.
¿Cómo cambió la percepción de los habitantes de la Gran Bretaña durante la Edad Media a lo largo de este período?
-Al principio de la Edad Media, las personas no se consideraban pertenecientes a una nación, sino a su familia, pueblo o señor. Sin embargo, el movimiento independentista en Escocia y la victoria de Robert el Bruce en 1314 ayudaron a definir la identidad escocesa y a que la gente comenzara a sentirse parte de una nación.
¿Qué impacto tuvo la Peste Negra en la población de Gran Bretaña y cómo cambió la vida de los campesinos sobrevivientes?
-La Peste Negra, que llegó a Gran Bretaña en la década de 1340, redujo la población en posiblemente hasta el 50%. Sin embargo, los campesinos sobrevivientes se encontraron en una posición ventajosa, ya que había demasiado pocos trabajadores para las tierras de sus señores, lo que les permitió cobrar más por sus servicios o encontrar otro señor dispuesto a pagar más.
¿Cuál fue el resultado final de la Guerra de las Rosas y cómo cambió la dinastía en Inglaterra?
-La Guerra de las Rosas, una serie de guerras civiles en Inglaterra, terminó con la establecimiento de una nueva dinastía, los Tudor, que marcó el fin de este período histórico.
Outlines
🏰 La Conquista Normanda y sus Consecuencias
El año 1066 marcó el inicio de una nueva era en la historia de Inglaterra con la llegada de Guillermo el Bastardo, quien se coronó rey en Navidad de ese año. La batalla de Hastings fue crucial, y la muerte de Harold II sentó las bases para el cambio de dinastía. La resistencia anglosajona no cesó, y Guillermo empleó métodos brutales para consolidar su poder, como la destrucción de bienes en el norte de Inglaterra que causó grandes pérdidas humanas. La creación del 'Libro de los Días', una valiosa encuesta de todo lo que se poseía en Inglaterra, refleja el alcance de la conquista normanda y su impacto en la estructura feudal de la época.
👑 La Evolución del Feudalismo y sus Problemas
El feudalismo se consolidó como sistema de gobernanza, pero presentó desafíos inherentes. La balanza de poder entre los barones y el rey, la influencia de la Iglesia y la calidad del liderazgo real eran factores clave. La rebelión de los barones en la década de 1130 y la coronación de Enrique II pusieron de manifiesto estos problemas. La figura del arzobispo de Canterbury, Tomás Becket, y su conflicto con Enrique II subrayan la lucha por el poder entre la monarquía y la Iglesia. La crisis de la dinastía Plantagenet y el reinado de Juan sin Terreno, marcado por la pérdida de territorios en Francia y la rebelión de los barones, llevó a la creación de la Magna Carta, un documento pionero en la protección de derechos y el surgimiento del parlamento.
🌟 La Identidad Nacional y las Transformaciones Sociales
A lo largo de la Edad Media, la identidad nacional comenzó a tomar forma, especialmente en Escocia, con la victoria de Roberto el Bruce en 1314 y la lucha por la independencia. Los líderes como Guillermo Wallace y Owain Glyndŵr inspiraron un sentido de nación y resistencia. La rivalidad entre Inglaterra y Francia, y la alianza natural con Escocia, polarizaron las relaciones entre estas naciones. La vida de los campesinos, que representaban el 90% de la población, era dura y se centraba en la agricultura y la cría de ovejas, fundamentales para la economía de la lana de Inglaterra. La llegada de la Peste Negra en 1348 y el levantamiento de los campesinos en 1381 transformaron la sociedad, permitiendo a muchos campesinos obtener libertad y mejores condiciones de vida.
🌹 Guerra de las Rosas y el Nacimiento de los Tudor
El período final de la Edad Media en Gran Bretaña estuvo marcado por la Guerra de las Rosas, un conflicto civil que resultó en el establecimiento de la dinastía Tudor. Este conflicto arrancó la atención de los nobles y real de las luchas por territorios en Francia, donde Inglaterra había perdido la mayoría de sus posesiones, y se centró en la consolidación del poder dentro de las islas británicas. La unificación de Inglaterra y la eventual conquista de Gales, así como la afirmación de la independencia de Escocia, sentaron las bases para el desarrollo de las naciones como las conocemos hoy en día.
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Keywords
💡Harold II
💡Batalla de Hastings
💡Guillermo el Conquistador
💡Conquista Normanda
💡Feudalismo
💡Liga de los Barones
💡Magna Carta
💡Declaración de Arbroath
💡Guerra de los Cien Años
💡Peste Negra
💡Leyes de Sumptuary
Highlights
Late September 1066 marked the end of King Harold II's reign with his death at the Battle of Hastings, leading to the Norman Conquest of England.
William the Bastard, Duke of Normandy, was crowned King of England on Christmas Day, 1066, initiating a new era in British history.
The Norman Conquest influenced the shift in British outlook towards Western Europe, impacting cultural and political developments.
William I faced continuous rebellions, employing brutal methods to secure his throne, including the destruction of northern England's resources in 1069.
The Domesday Book, a comprehensive survey of England, valued the kingdom at 73,000 pounds, making it the richest in Northern Europe.
Feudalism was refined by the Normans, with land ownership being central to wealth and loyalty to the king.
Barons, as high-ranking nobility, posed challenges to the balance of power during civil wars and periods of unrest.
The power of the Church often conflicted with royal authority, as seen in the case of Archbishop Thomas Becket's death.
King John's reign was marked by military failures and the loss of ancestral lands in France, leading to increased taxation and discontent.
The Magna Carta of 1215 established principles that are still relevant today, including the right to a fair trial and representation in taxation.
The Declaration of Arbroath in 1320 defended Scottish independence and contributed to the formation of a Scottish identity.
Nationalism grew in England following victories against the French, such as at the battles of Cressy, Poitiers, and Agincourt.
The Hundred Years' War highlighted the enmity between England and France and the alliance between France and Scotland.
The Black Death of 1348-1350 significantly reduced the British population, leading to social changes and the Peasants' Revolt of 1381.
The War of the Roses concluded this period with the establishment of the Tudor dynasty, marking a significant shift in English history.
Peasant life in medieval Britain was centered around small villages, with women playing a crucial role in domestic and agricultural tasks.
The wool trade became Britain's main export, with wool and cloth symbolizing wealth and power, as evidenced by the Lord Chancellor's woolsack.
The population growth in Britain led to the need for surnames and the adoption of French first names, reflecting cultural shifts.
The Black Death paradoxically improved the position of surviving peasants, who could command higher wages or choose their lords.
The rise of universities, such as Oxford and Cambridge, and the publication of Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, marked the cultural advancements of the period.
Transcripts
late september 1066
king harold ii of england was in
mid-feast celebrating a definitive
victory over a viking invasion
when the news arrived that a second
invader had landed at the other end of
the country
with his typical energy harold marched
his exhausted army over 240 miles in
less than two weeks to hastings on the
south coast
the battle was unusually long a
gruelling eight hours of hard fighting
but the anglo-saxon loss was sealed when
towards the end of the day
harold was killed later that year on
christmas day
the bastard duke of normandy was crowned
william king of england
sadly for the likes of ethelstan knut
and harold william tends to be the
monarch where we start counting the
kings of england from as unfair as this
perhaps is
historians didn't choose 1066
arbitrarily a new phase in british
history began with the norman conquest
the late middle ages saw a change in
outlook away from scandinavia towards
france western europe and beyond
english resistance did not end in 1066
it was another nine years before william
was secure on his throne
as more rebellions kept cropping up more
savage methods were used to put them
down
in 1069 he ordered the destruction of
all animals and crops in northern
england
leading to as many as 150 000
deaths when england was more safely
subdued william set about valuing and
taxing it
a survey of everything was created the
doomsday book
so called because it was supposed to
last forever until the day of doom
it valued the whole of england at 73 000
pounds
which made it the richest kingdom in
northern europe the fact that england
had been unified as a country only a
century earlier allowed for a quicker
conquest than had there been many
smaller kingdoms but neither wales nor
scotland were a single political unit
and their terrain was hilly making
conquest more difficult at times through
this period welsh and scottish kings
acknowledged the overlordship of english
kings but this was not always sustained
the normans brought a new architectural
style when building their castles and
churches in britain and if they didn't
introduce feudalism they certainly
refined it
wealth was measured in the amount of
land owned and through the feudal system
land was given to the king's supporters
in return for loyalty it could be an
effective system of governing but there
were three inherent problems with
feudalism the problem of the balance the
problem of the church
and the problem of being a bad king
barons were high-ranking members of the
nobility
some were almost like kings themselves
during a civil war in the 1130s barons
built castles
kept their own soldiers and supported
rival claimants to the throne switching
sides as it suited them
it wasn't until after the coronation of
a new king henry ii
that royal authority was restored henry
ii also suffered under feudalism's
second inherent problem the power of the
church
religion played a huge role in medieval
people's lives
it was present at all major life
occasions from baptism through to the
grave
the church was the focal point of
community life and churchmen answered
not to the king in england but the pope
in rome
henry's attempts to exercise greater
control led to the death of the
archbishop of canterbury thomas beckett
in 1170.
as penance for his involvement henry ii
one of the most powerful men in western
europe
agreed to be flogged despite this henry
ii was an effective king he did not
experience the third inherent problem
with feudalism
his son john however did vilified for
his part in the mythical stories of
robin hood
king john has had a rough time of it
historically and whilst he may have had
victories in battle against the irish he
was unable to conduct the wars in france
with any success
he lost nearly all his ancestral lands
there and at great cost to the english
taxpayer a system of government that
relies on loyalty becomes redundant if
the king is unable to inspire it
in the 1130s and the 1400s rebel barons
had supported rival claimants to the
throne but in 1215 there were no
credible
alternative candidates to focus their
support on so the barons were forced to
devise a different kind of focus
a program of reform instead of swearing
allegiance to an alternative ruler they
could swear to abide by the terms of the
magna carta
two items in the magna carta are still
important today we cannot be punished
without a fair trial and we cannot be
taxed without our representatives
agreeing to it
it was not in fact the intention of the
barons to demand greater power for the
people
only to protect the hundred or so of
them from being overtaxed
however over the centuries the magna
carta grew in importance and allowed for
the birth and growth of parliament
creating a consultative king not a
feudal overlord
drawing up a document of reform became
the new standard procedure for any
opposition
such as the declaration of our growth in
1320 until then the land that was to
become
scotland had been ethnically
geographically economically and
culturally diverse
and included scots picks britons and
angles
but this document which defended
scottish independence from the kingdom
of england
also helped define scottish identity it
was later used as an inspiration for the
american declaration of independence
at the time of the norman conquest
people didn't think of themselves as
belonging to a nation they felt they
belonged to their family a village
or their lord even kings thought of
their land simply as their own estates
to do with as they pleased but the
independence movement in scotland saw
english influence end with robert the
bruce's victory at granite burn in 1314.
popular resistance leaders like william
wallace and in wales owen glindir
inspired people to believe their country
was special and separate
for the english nationalist sentiment
grew in the aftermath of staggering
victories against the french in battles
like cressi poitier
and agincourt the attention of english
kings during this period swung back and
forth between conquering and maintaining
their lands in britain and their lands
in france when william
the first had invaded england he had
already been the duke of normandy
over the next few centuries the lands
english kings controlled swelled and
shrank
at times they ruled more of france than
the french king in fact for many of the
early norman and plantagenet kings
england wasn't even their most important
possession the first monarch after 1066
to speak english as his first language
wasn't until
1327. during this period british knights
were involved in conflicts in a wide
range of localities including the middle
east
english attempts to subdue ireland had
mixed results but wales was eventually
conquered
the main enemy for england at this time
was of course france
most famously with the hundred years war
this cross-channel enmity created a
natural friendship between france and
scotland the old
alliance which further polarized english
and scottish relations
but despite at one time having both the
king of france and the king of scotland
prisoner
by 1453 all french territory beyond
calais was lost and in 1603 a scottish
king sat on the throne
of england whilst the noblemen get much
of the attention
ninety percent of the population of
medieval britain were peasants
most lived in small villages in houses
sharing their living space with the
animals they raised
the floor was made of beaten earth with
an open fire on a stone slab in the
middle there was no chimney
so the cottage was often filled with
smoke of course fifty percent of the
population were women but sadly they did
not get mentioned much in the history
books
noble women often had the choice of
arranged marriages or becoming nuns
for peasant women they had more choice
of husband but with life expectancy
around 40 women would be expected to
marry again if their husbands died
their lord might even command it as it
made more sense for houses to be
occupied by families rather than
individuals
and there was always plenty of work to
be done men often worked the land
whilst women raised the children looked
after the livestock
ground the grain baked the bread cooked
the food cleaned the house
did the washing collected the water cut
the wood brewed the beer and if needed
which they often
were helped with farming in the south
and east of britain where the land was
relatively flat and best for farming
peasants work strips of land in rotation
one field in four would be left fallow
to replenish its nutrients
further west and north into cornwall
wales and scotland where the land was
hilliar an
infield outfield system was in place
which devoted much more time to sheep
herding and britain was an island full
of sheep
wool and later spun cloth was britain's
main export
woolsacks became symbols of wealth and
power today the lord chancellor sits on
a wall sack in the house of lords
as trade links grew with more parts of
europe so too did the number of
merchants
more people could read and write the
universities of oxford and cambridge
were founded and in the late 1300s one
of the first great poems to be written
in english geoffrey chaucer's canterbury
tales was published in 1086 the
population was perhaps one and a half
million
only 20 towns had more than a thousand
inhabitants by 1336 britain's population
had risen to four and a half million
there were so many people surnames were
needed to better identify each other
french first names also became popular
no longer did parents call their
children alfreda and ethelred they used
names like alice and william however the
population of britain took a sharp fall
in the late 1340s when a plague the
black death
reached her shores the population fell
by possibly as much as
50 percent whilst this was a horrific
experience at the time the surviving
peasants found themselves in an
advantageous position there were now too
few of them to work their lord's lands
and as a result they could charge more
for their services or find another lord
who was willing to do so
in the southeast of england the nobility
together with their ten-year-old king
richard ii were faced with rebellion
when they attempted to halt these
changes
whilst the rebellion failed in its
short-term goals more and more peasants
became free from the bonds of serfdom
that would linger in some european
countries for hundreds more years to
come
this period begins with william of
normandy's conquest of england in 1066.
the norman set about great changes to
england through the doomsday book
the harrying of the north and the use of
the feudal system still the new english
nobility went to war with itself in the
1130s 12 10s and 1400s
one consequence of this was the magna
carta of 1215
another was the kingdom of scotland
managing to assert its complete
independence from england after the
battle of granickburn in 1314.
wales by contrast was incorporated into
england the arrival of the black death
in 1348 had a huge impact on britain and
led to the peasants revolt in 1381.
during this time england was often at
war with and scotland allied to
france the final civil war of this
period the war of the roses led to the
establishment of a new dynasty
the tudors
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