Transfer of Learning in Motor Control and Learning
Summary
TLDRThis video delves into the concept of transfer of learning, where motor skills acquired in one environment are applied in another, such as from practice to competition. It explores positive and negative transfer, the identical elements theory, and transfer appropriate processing theory. The video also discusses the sequence of learning skills, the impact of previous experiences, and bilateral transfer, including debates on symmetric vs. asymmetric transfer and cognitive versus motor control explanations for inter-manual skill transfer.
Takeaways
- 📚 Transfer of learning is the concept of applying motor skills learned in one environment to another, such as from practice to competition.
- 🔄 Previous skills can positively facilitate, negatively interfere with, or have no effect on learning a new skill, known as positive, negative, and zero transfer respectively.
- 🧠 Two main hypotheses for positive transfer are the Identical Elements Theory, which focuses on the similarity of component parts or characteristics, and the Transfer Appropriate Processing Theory, which emphasizes similar cognitive processing required between two skills.
- 🎾 Negative transfer occurs when past skills interfere with learning a new one, such as the difference in wrist movement between tennis and badminton.
- ⏳ Negative transfer is usually temporary and occurs mainly in the early stages of learning, and can be overcome with practice.
- 🚗 Negative transfer is likely when there's a change in spatial locations or timing structure of the movement, like driving a car with a different layout or dancing to a new rhythm.
- 🤔 Three reasons for negative transfer include memory representation, cognitive confusion, and intrinsic dynamics, which involve the transfer of task-specific coordination tendencies.
- 🤹♂️ Bilateral transfer refers to learning a skill with one hand and having it positively affect learning the same skill with the other hand, also known as inter-manual transfer or cross-education.
- 🔄 The debate between symmetric and asymmetric bilateral transfer suggests that learning a skill with one's dominant hand may transfer better to the non-dominant hand.
- 🧠 Cognitive explanations for bilateral transfer involve the transfer of cognitive information about how to perform a skill, while motor control explanations involve the establishment of a generalized motor program.
- 🧠 Brain inter-hemispheric transfer contributes to bilateral transfer, as motor areas on both sides of the brain are activated even when using one hand.
Q & A
What is the definition of transfer of learning?
-Transfer of learning is the idea that we learn a motor skill in a practice environment and need to transfer what we've learned to another environment, like a competition or performance situation.
How can previous skills affect the learning of new skills?
-Previous skills can either make the new skill easier to learn, interfere with learning, or have no effect at all.
What is positive transfer of learning?
-Positive transfer occurs when previous experience facilitates learning or transferring a skill to a new environment.
What is negative transfer of learning?
-Negative transfer occurs when previous experience interferes with learning or transferring a skill to a new environment.
What are the two main hypotheses about why positive transfer occurs?
-The two main hypotheses are the identical elements theory, which states that transfer is due to the similarity between the component parts or characteristics of the skills, and the transfer appropriate processing theory, which suggests that similar cognitive processing required by the two skills leads to positive transfer.
Can you give an example of negative transfer?
-An example of negative transfer is when a tennis player, used to keeping their wrist stiff, tries to learn badminton, where wrist snapping is required. The habit from tennis interferes with learning the new skill.
What are the proposed reasons for why negative transfer occurs?
-Negative transfer can occur due to memory representation, cognitive confusion, and intrinsic dynamics. These factors involve how previous experiences and established coordination patterns interfere with learning new skills.
What is bilateral transfer?
-Bilateral transfer refers to the transfer of a skill learned with one hand to the other hand, making it faster and easier to learn the skill with the other hand.
What is the difference between symmetric and asymmetric bilateral transfer?
-Symmetric bilateral transfer means there is equal transfer regardless of which hand the skill is learned with first. Asymmetric transfer means there is a better hand to start with, usually the dominant hand, which results in better transfer to the non-dominant hand.
What are the explanations for why bilateral transfer occurs?
-The cognitive explanation suggests that cognitive information about how to complete the skill is transferred. The motor control explanation involves a generalized motor program (GMP) that can be applied to both limbs. Additionally, brain inter-hemispheric transfer occurs, activating motor areas on both sides of the brain during learning.
Outlines
🚀 Transfer of Learning: Adapting Skills Across Environments
This paragraph introduces the concept of transfer of learning, which is the ability to apply motor skills learned in one environment to another, such as moving from practice to competition. It discusses how previous learning can positively facilitate, negatively interfere with, or have no effect on the learning of new skills. The paragraph also covers the sequence of learning skills, emphasizing the importance of order in an effective motor skills learning environment. Two main hypotheses for positive transfer are presented: identical elements theory, which relates to the similarity in component parts or characteristics between skills, and transfer appropriate processing theory, which suggests that similar cognitive processing between skills can lead to positive transfer.
🔄 Overcoming Negative Transfer: Adapting to New Movements
This paragraph delves into the phenomenon of negative transfer, where past skills can interfere with the acquisition of new ones. It explains that negative transfer can occur when a familiar stimulus requires a different response, such as when the environmental context is similar but the motor response is different. The paragraph outlines scenarios where spatial locations or timing structures of movements change, leading to potential interference. Three reasons for negative transfer are proposed: memory representation, where established perception-action couplings need to be altered; cognitive confusion, where there is uncertainty about what actions to take; and intrinsic dynamics, where task-specific coordination tendencies may either aid or compete with the learning of a new skill.
🤲 Bilateral Transfer: Learning Skills for Both Hands
This paragraph explores bilateral transfer, which is the concept of learning a skill with one hand and having that skill transfer positively to the other hand. It discusses the terms inter-manual transfer, cross-transfer, and cross-education, and the debate over whether bilateral transfer is symmetric or asymmetric, with a general agreement leaning towards asymmetric transfer. The paragraph presents two explanations for why bilateral transfer occurs: a cognitive explanation, where cognitive information about the skill is equally applicable to the other hand, and a motor control explanation, suggesting that a generalized motor program can be applied to both limbs. It also touches on the role of brain inter-hemispheric transfer in facilitating the coordination and execution of movements with both hands.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Transfer of Learning
💡Motor Skill
💡Positive Transfer
💡Negative Transfer
💡Zero Transfer
💡Identical Elements Theory
💡Transfer Appropriate Processing Theory
💡Cognitive Confusion
💡Intrinsic Dynamics
💡Bilateral Transfer
💡Generalized Motor Program (GMP)
💡Inter-hemispheric Transfer
Highlights
Transfer of learning is the ability to apply motor skills learned in one environment to another, such as from practice to competition.
Previous skills can either facilitate, interfere with, or have no effect on the learning of new skills.
The sequence of skills learned is crucial for effective motor skill learning, impacting how skills enhance or interfere with each other.
Transfer of learning is influenced by how past experiences affect the performance of a new skill or the learning process.
Positive transfer occurs when previous experiences aid in learning or transferring a skill to a new environment.
Negative transfer happens when past experiences hinder the learning or application of a new skill.
Zero transfer indicates that previous learning has no impact on the new skill acquisition.
Identical elements theory suggests transfer occurs due to the similarity in component parts or characteristics between skills.
Transfer appropriate processing theory posits that similar cognitive processing between skills leads to positive transfer.
Negative transfer is often temporary and can be overcome with practice, occurring when a different response is needed for a similar stimulus.
Three reasons for negative transfer include memory representation, cognitive confusion, and intrinsic dynamics.
Bilateral transfer refers to learning a skill with one hand and experiencing positive effects when learning the same skill with the other hand.
Debate exists on whether bilateral transfer is symmetric or asymmetric, with evidence supporting asymmetric transfer being more effective.
Cognitive explanations for bilateral transfer involve the transfer of cognitive information about how to perform a skill.
Motor control explanation suggests that a generalized motor program can be applied to both limbs, facilitating bilateral transfer.
Dynamical systems theory proposes an abstract representation of movement coordination applicable to any limb.
Brain inter-hemispheric transfer indicates that motor areas in both brain hemispheres activate, aiding in skill transfer between hands.
The video concludes with the assertion that with practice, skills can be effectively transferred and executed by both hands.
Transcripts
hello in this video i'm going to discuss
transfer of learning
um so transfer of learning is the idea
that we learn a motor skill in a
practice environment and we need to be
able to transfer what we've learned from
that practice environment into another
environment like a competition
environment or performance situation or
a testing environment
so that's transfer of learning the
learner needs to be able to transfer the
learned capability from one environment
to a different environment
when we are learning a skill after we've
learned other skills previously those
skills that we've learned in the past
sometimes will make the new skill easier
to learn it can interfere with learning
or it could have no effect at all so
that's what i'll talk about throughout
this lecture is those different
situations
um the sequence of skills that we learn
when we're learning a sport or we're
rehabilitating an injury
the sequence of skills that we're
learning is really important because
some skills that we learn are going to
enhance or interfere with the skills
that we learn next so getting them in
the right order is really important if
we're going to have an effective motor
skills learning environment whether that
be learning a sport or in a
rehabilitation setting
so a few terms here first transfer of
learning is the influence of previous
experiences on performing a skill in a
new context or on learning a new skill
so how does what we've learned before
transfer to what we're learning now or
how does what we've learned in practice
transfer into a new setting
so as i mentioned sometimes what we've
learned already can have a positive
effect a negative effect or no effect at
all so positive transfer is when our
previous experience
facilitates learning or transferring of
that skill to a new environment negative
transfer is when the previous experience
gets in the way of learning
or transferring to a new environment and
zero transfer means there was no effect
so here are the two main hypotheses
about why positive transfer occurs
so first is the identical elements
theory so the idea here is that on the
transfer is due to the degree of
similarity between the component parts
or the characteristics
so if the kinematics are similar between
two skills so
maybe the way that we reach you know the
specific amount of flexion extension you
know something about the kinematics of
the movement is similar enough
or it could be that the types of
corrections that are required for the
two skills are similar
so like if both skills require dynamic
balance or similar muscle control you
know same muscle groups um similar types
of coordination or aspects of
coordination so if some of the the types
of corrections that need to be made
during that on the two skills if those
are similar
then they might be similar enough that
positive transfer occurs
the other hypothesis is called transfer
appropriate processing theory
so that's the idea that if the cognitive
processing required between two skills
are similar enough then there will be
positive transfer
so like if two skills both require fast
decision making then having mastered the
first skill might lead to
faster decision making
out of the gate without any practice or
learning the new skill when you're
beginning to learn that new skill
so like fast decision making problem
solving attention control so cognitive
processes that maybe you've practiced
with the previous skill now might
transfer to the new skill and sort of
give you a head start in learning
negative transfer
again that's where your past skills
might interfere with your learning of
the new skill so an example of that
would be
like if you play tennis um you generally
will keep your wrist stiff when you hit
the ball and then maybe if you're
learning badminton in badminton you snap
your wrist
and so there might be some negative
transfer where you have the habit of
what to do with your wrist from tennis
and now you're having to relearn the
skill and what you've already that past
skill and tennis might be interfering
with learning that new skill
or if you went the opposite direction
same problem but thankfully negative
transfer is um temporary it doesn't
happen that often the skills have to be
very similar like what i just described
and even when it does happen the effects
are temporary it generally only happens
in the very beginning in the early
learning stage
and then you can overcome that with
practice
it occurs when a previously experienced
stimulus requires a different response
so like the ball coming towards you and
you're going to hit the ball but now
it's a shuttle coming towards you
and you need to hit it but with a
different racket and with different form
um so the stimulus and the environment
are similar but now you need to respond
with a different
uh motor response
so similar environmental context
characteristics but the movement
characteristics are different
um so negative transfer is most likely
to occur if there's a change in spatial
locations for the movement or a change
in the timing structure of the movement
um so spatial locations that could be
like you know maybe you're really used
to driving your car and then you get in
a friend's car to drive their car
more or less it's going to be the same
action it's going to be all the same
movements the same coordination patterns
but in the new car everything's going to
be in a slightly different place so a
little bit of a different spatial
location
you know the petals might be in a
slightly different place the
stick might be in a slightly different
place all the little levers and buttons
and everything's a little bit different
so change in spatial locations
um and then the second scenario is a
change in the timing structure so
maybe you're learning the steps in a
dance and now you're trying to relearn
it with a new rhythm
um
so in that case the old rhythm that you
danced to or maybe you're playing a new
music piece or something
but if you've learned a previous rhythm
that now you're trying to learn a new
rhythm then there will probably be some
interference
from what you've learned previously
that might get in a way a little bit of
learning that new rhythm
so why negative transfer occurs there
are three
proposed reasons
so the first is the memory
representation um so specific perception
action coupling develops in response to
performing a skill and becomes part of
the memory representation for the action
okay so when we learn and practice a
skill we couple our perception of the
environment so what are we perceiving
that's happening and what are we
perceiving that's happening within our
own body and we couple that with the
motor response so if we
practice a skill and we establish this
memory representation of the perception
action coupling and now
we need to produce a new response to
that perception now we have to sort of
uncouple and make a new coupling so that
could be part of why negative transfer
occurs the second is cognitive confusion
which is exactly what it sounds like
confusion about what you're supposed to
be doing
um so it's like if you're driving in
another country where you drive on the
opposite side of the road from where
you're used to
um
you know obviously cognitively you know
you're supposed to drive on that side of
the road but you might keep forgetting
or it might feel really uncomfortable
and weird because you're on the wrong
side of the road compared to what you're
used to or if you're using a new
keyboard and you don't know quite where
all the keys are you know maybe the
shift key or the command key or whatever
is in a different place
so cognitive confusion like there's no
issue with coordination or control of
the movement but you just simply are
confused about where things are what you
should be doing
and then lastly is intrinsic dynamics so
task specific coordination tendencies
can transfer from one task to another
and these intrinsic dynamics may
cooperate or compete with the new skill
that is being learned
so we learn all sorts of specific
coordination patterns um that we
transfer and use for many different
skills that are are widely applicable to
lots of different things that we do
and in some cases those coordination
tendencies will help with a new skill
and in that case that would be positive
transfer but sometimes it competes with
the new skill and we have to sort of
unlearn that tendency to learn the new
one in that case that would be negative
transfer
that can also occur retroactively
meaning that you need to sort of unlearn
that coordination tendency to learn the
new one and in some cases it can
actually interfere with your ability to
complete the old skill the previous
skill that required that previous
coordination tendency that now you're
you're trying to break the habit like if
we think back to the tennis and
badminton
situation
maybe you start snapping your wrist to
play badminton and now when you go back
to tennis it might be harder for you to
keep that wrist strong and stable now
that you've established that new
coordination pattern of snapping the
rest
okay bilateral transfer
is referring to how we can learn a skill
with one hand and that skill has a
positive transfer effect to the other
hand
so when transfer of learning relates to
learning the same task but with the
other limb
um it's also referred to as inter-manual
transfer cross-transfer or
cross-education
um so the idea is that once we learn a
skill with one hand it makes it faster
and easier to learn the skill with the
other hand so there is debate about
whether bilateral transfer is symmetric
or asymmetric symmetric means that it
doesn't matter which hand you learn it
with first that there will be an equal
amount of bilateral transfer so i could
learn a skill with my left hand or my
right hand and it will transfer equally
as asymmetric transfer means that
when a person is learning a skill
they're going to learn it better by
starting with a certain hand and then
it's going to transfer better to the
other hand so the idea is like maybe
it's better that i learn the skill first
with my dominant hand and then it will
transfer better to my non-dominant hand
or vice versa so asymmetric transfer
just means that there is a better
hand to start with it's not equal in
terms of which one we should start with
now there's also debate about which hand
is better
oh and i should i should say
it is commonly accepted that asymmetric
transfer is the case so there's debate
between asymmetric and symmetric
transfer and generally we agree that
asymmetric transfer is true so it there
does seem to be
um a difference depending on which hand
you start with now there's debate about
which hand you should start with um so
it is more generally accepted that
there's more transfer if you start with
your preferred limb so if you start with
your dominant hand there will be more
transfer to the non-dominant now that is
debated not everybody agrees but there
is more evidence to support starting
with the dominant and then transferring
to the non-dominant
so why does bilateral transfer occur
there are two ways to look at this both
are probably in at play both are
probably true um there's the cognitive
explanation
um that when you learn a new skill we
get a lot of cognitive information about
how to complete that skill so when you
first learn to do something you have to
learn what to do and how to do it so you
need all that information about okay
you're going to move this way then
you're going to do this here are some
cues you could look for
so if you learn all of those things to
do with something with one hand all that
information equally applies if you're
going to conduct the skill with the
other hand
so that cognitive transfer
kind of gives you a jump start on when
you're using the other hand the motor
control explanation
says that practicing the skill with one
one limb establishes a gmp a generalized
motor program and that gmp because it is
generalized we can use to apply to the
other limb equally even if we learned it
initially with the first limb
if we look at it from a dynamical
systems theory perspective
um basically we are creating an abstract
representation of how to coordinate the
movement and again just like with the
gmp we can apply that abstract
representation of the movement to either
limb regardless of which one we start
with
then finally brain inter-hemispheric
transfer occurs
so
even if i'm doing something with my
right hand and my left hemisphere is
controlling my right hand
i will also have activation in the same
motor areas on the right hemisphere as i
do on the left hemisphere so the brain
is actually developing these motor plans
and these motor components on both sides
of the brain even though i'm using the
right hand um so that kind of gives the
the other hand a jump start or a head
start on being able to
coordinate and execute that motion
um and so it just takes a little bit of
practice and pretty soon you'll be able
to do it equally on both sides
all right thank you so much for watching
i'll see you in the next video
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