Sejarah Pariwisata Jepang

Summary

The video provides an insightful exploration of Japan's tourism history, covering key aspects such as pre-Tokugawa and Tokugawa-era travel, pilgrimages, and the evolution of tourism. It highlights the significance of pilgrimages, the introduction of key transportation methods during the Meiji era, and the booming tourism driven by foreign visitors. The script also discusses the development of travel agencies and the rise of group tours, concluding with the growth of Japan's tourism industry post-1950s. With rich cultural and historical context, the script paints a vivid picture of Japan's transformation into a global tourism hub.

Takeaways

• 😀 The history of tourism in Japan dates back to the 7th century, with royal families traveling to their family villas in Yoshino, outside Kobe.
• 😀 In the 10th century, Buddhist sects began making pilgrimages to sacred places, such as Mount Koya and Kumano, covering distances of over 600 km.
• 😀 During the Azuchi-Momoyama period, traveling became difficult due to poor roads and the sekisho (checkpoints), where travelers had to pay to continue their journeys.
• 😀 The Tokugawa era introduced the Sankin-kotai system, requiring daimyo (feudal lords) to alternate their time between Edo and their own territories, which led to an increase in travel to Edo.
• 😀 The Tokugawa period also saw the rise of the poet Matsuo Basho, who promoted a style of travel focused on reflection and philosophical meaning, contrasting with the hedonistic lifestyle of the time.
• 😀 Pilgrimages, such as the 88 sacred sites of Shikoku and the Seven Great Temples, were key elements of early Japanese tourism, evolving from religious purposes to recreational activities by the end of the Tokugawa period.
• 😀 Despite the Sakoku policy restricting travel during the Tokugawa era, many people, including commoners, still engaged in travel for leisure, particularly visiting onsens or enjoying local food and sake.
• 😀 Japan's travel culture grew significantly during the Meiji era with the removal of the sekisho system and the introduction of horse-drawn carriages and rickshaws for travel within cities.
• 😀 The development of railways in the Meiji era and the arrival of foreign tourists further boosted Japan’s tourism industry, which eventually led to the promotion of Japan as a tourist destination.
• 😀 The concept of group tours (dantai ryoko) emerged in the medieval period with pilgrimages and was further developed during the Meiji era by private businesses, eventually leading to the growth of modern travel agencies.

Q & A

What were the main characteristics of tourism before the Tokugawa era in Japan?

Before the Tokugawa era, tourism in Japan was mostly centered around religious pilgrimages. People, especially members of Buddhist sects, would visit sacred places like Mount Koya and Kumano. Travel was limited to the nobility and certain religious groups, and the quality of roads made long-distance travel challenging.

How did the Tokugawa era influence tourism in Japan?

The Tokugawa era introduced the 'sankin-kotai' system, which required feudal lords (daimyo) to spend alternating years in Edo (modern-day Tokyo) and their own territories. This policy significantly increased travel to and from Edo, creating a demand for improved infrastructure, including the development of the five main highways (Gokaido).

What role did pilgrimage play in early Japanese tourism?

Pilgrimages were a significant aspect of early Japanese tourism. There were two main types: 'Soshi,' where people visited temples of specific Buddhist sects, and 'Meiki,' where individuals visited famous shrines or temples, such as the 88 temples in Shikoku. Pilgrimages were primarily religious, but over time they became more secular and contributed to the development of the tourism culture.

What is the difference between 'tabi' and 'ryoko' in the context of Japanese travel?

In Japan, 'tabi' refers to a philosophical journey undertaken for self-reflection or spiritual purposes, often involving abandoning material possessions. On the other hand, 'ryoko' is travel for leisure or enjoyment, focusing on recreation and pleasure.

How did Matsuo Basho's travels influence Japanese tourism?

Matsuo Basho, a famous Haiku poet, embarked on a journey to Tohoku in 1689, criticizing the hedonistic lifestyle through his 'tabi' travels. His journey was documented in the book 'Oku no Hosomichi' and helped popularize the concept of travel as a means of personal reflection, which in turn influenced Japanese tourism culture.

How did the Meiji era impact tourism in Japan?

The Meiji era saw significant changes in Japanese tourism. The removal of checkpoints (sekisho) and the introduction of railways and horse-drawn carriages made travel more accessible. This period also saw the beginning of inbound tourism, with foreigners visiting Japan, and the promotion of tourism as a means of national development.

What was the role of foreign tourists in shaping Japanese tourism in the late 19th century?

Foreign tourists played a key role in the development of Japanese tourism in the late 19th century. In the 1870s, the influx of wealthy Westerners sparked interest in promoting Japan as a tourist destination. This led to the creation of organizations aimed at improving facilities for foreign visitors and promoting Japan's historical sites.

What is 'shugakuyoko' and how did it relate to group tourism in Japan?

'Shugakuyoko' refers to school trips that became a popular form of group tourism in Japan during the Meiji era. These trips contributed to the development of group travel, which was later formalized into commercial package tours, popularized by businesses like Nippon Ryoko.

How did Japan's government respond to tourism during the wartime period (1930s)?

During the 1930s, particularly after the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War, Japan's government imposed strict regulations on tourism. All leisure travel was officially banned in May 1940, and only JTB (Japan Travel Bureau) was allowed to organize travel during this period.

What impact did the introduction of package tours have on Japanese tourism?

The introduction of package tours, or 'dantai ryoko,' in Japan marked the formalization of group travel, which had begun in the medieval period with religious pilgrimages. In the modern era, businesses like Nippon Ryoko were pioneers in organizing these group tours, making travel more accessible to the masses and shaping the tourism industry as it is today.