Девиантное поведение: преступность, самоубийства, аномия, стигма, девиация — СОЦИОЛОГИЯ 6 — ТЕЛОС

ТЕЛОС

24 Apr 202419:32

Summary

TLDRThe script delves into the sociological perspective on deviant behavior, exploring the causes and societal reactions to crimes like suicide, prostitution, adultery, and cannibalism. It discusses how poverty, race, and nationality influence crime tendencies and questions the societal norms that label certain behaviors as deviant. The transcript examines various theories, including Durkheim's view on crime and suicide as normal societal functions and Merton's concept of anomie. The role of social institutions, the impact of labeling, and the emergence of deviant subcultures are also highlighted, offering a comprehensive look at the complexities of deviance in society.

Takeaways

🎭 Deviant behavior is viewed differently across cultures and contexts, such as how murder is perceived in warfare versus robbery.
📊 Emile Durkheim noted that crime and suicide occur at stable rates in societies, indicating their normalcy within societal structures.
🔄 Deviant behavior can lead to social change by challenging existing norms and promoting new alternatives.
⚖️ Robert Merton highlighted that deviant behavior can have both positive and negative impacts on society, distinguishing between social functions and dysfunctions.
👮 Deviance differs from delinquency; deviants often reject societal norms, sometimes to provoke change or make a statement.
🧠 Psychological theories, like those of Freud, often fail to comprehensively explain deviant behaviors such as tax evasion.
🌍 Durkheim emphasized that societal cohesion and regulation play crucial roles in preventing suicides.
🔍 Howard Becker's labeling theory suggests that society's reaction to behavior is what defines it as deviant.
🚪 Edwin Lemert differentiated between primary deviance (initial act) and secondary deviance (result of societal reaction).
🔗 Subcultures form their own norms and values, often in response to societal barriers, as noted by Albert Cohen and Richard Cloward.

Q & A

What are some examples of deviant behavior discussed in the transcript?
-Examples include crime, suicide, prostitution, adultery, and cannibalism.
How do sociologists explain deviant behavior such as crime and suicide?
-Sociologists explain deviant behavior through various theories, including the impact of social norms, the role of societal reaction, and the influence of external social factors on individuals.
What is the absolutist perspective on deviance mentioned in the transcript?
-The absolutist perspective considers certain behaviors, like killing, universally bad. However, in specific societies like cannibalistic ones, behaviors such as cannibalism may be normalized and even encouraged as traditions.
What does Emile Durkheim say about the normality of deviant behavior?
-Durkheim argues that deviant behaviors like crime and suicide are normal parts of society, occurring with some stability. However, when their rates increase sharply and threaten society, they are considered abnormal.
How does deviant behavior contribute to social change, according to Durkheim?
-Deviant behavior can act as an alternative to the existing order and promote social change by challenging norms and highlighting issues within the current system.
What is Robert Merton's perspective on the functions of deviant behavior?
-Merton distinguishes between functions and dysfunctions of social phenomena, recognizing that deviant behavior can have both positive and negative impacts on society.
What are some physiological theories of deviance mentioned in the transcript?
-Cesare Lombroso in the 19th century and William Sheldon in the 20th century considered criminal tendencies to be innate characteristics that could be identified by physical traits such as skull shape or body type.
How do psychoanalysts like Sigmund Freud explain deviant behavior?
-Freud and other psychoanalysts attribute deviant behavior to unconscious aggressive or sexual instincts that are not restrained by the individual's super-ego.
What role does social integration and regulation play in the occurrence of suicides, according to Durkheim?
-Durkheim suggests that higher levels of social integration and regulation reduce the incidence of suicides by providing individuals with a sense of belonging and controlling destructive desires.
What is Howard Becker's theory on the social construction of deviance?
-Becker argues that social groups create rules and enforce them, labeling those who break these rules as deviants. Deviance is thus a result of societal reaction rather than the behavior itself.
What is the concept of 'stigma' as explained by Erving Goffman in relation to deviance?
-Goffman describes stigma as a discrediting attribute that can be bodily deformity, individual character flaws, or social group membership, which leads to discrimination and exclusion by society.
How do different theories explain the learning of criminal behavior?
-Edwin Sutherland's theory of differential association posits that criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others, where individuals adopt the methods, motives, and attitudes of criminals.

Outlines

00:00

🔍 Societal Norms and Deviant Behavior

The script discusses how sociologists interpret deviant behavior, including crime, suicide, and other taboo subjects like prostitution, adultery, and cannibalism. It explores the influence of poverty, race, and nationality on the likelihood of committing crimes. The concept of deviance is explained as a deviation from social norms, which are not universally agreed upon but are instead determined by societal reactions to behavior. The script also delves into the idea that deviant behavior can sometimes be beneficial for society, as it can lead to social change and unity when collectively punishing deviants. Various theories, including physiological, psychoanalytic, and sociological perspectives, are mentioned to explain the causes of deviance.

05:00

👥 Social Factors Influencing Deviant Behavior

This paragraph examines the social factors that contribute to deviant behavior, such as the level of social integration and regulation within a community. It discusses how suicide rates can be influenced by the degree of social cohesion and the balance between individual desires and societal expectations. The concept of anomie, a state of disorganization in social norms and institutions, is introduced as a precursor to increased suicide rates. The paragraph also covers Durkheim's typology of suicides, which includes egoistic, altruistic, and fatalistic suicides, each resulting from different levels of social integration and regulation. The theory of anomie is further explained in relation to the discrepancy between cultural goals and institutional means, leading to strain and deviant adaptations.

10:01

🚷 The Formation of Deviant Subcultures

The script explores how deviant subcultures form as a response to status frustration and the inability to achieve societal goals through legitimate means. It discusses the concept of 'labeling theory' and how individuals who are labeled as deviants by society may adopt this identity, leading to further deviant behavior. The paragraph also touches on the idea of 'differential association,' where individuals learn criminal behaviors and motivations from their social environment. The discussion includes the role of social institutions in shaping deviant behavior and the emergence of white-collar crimes committed by individuals in high-status professions.

15:02

🏛 The Impact of Social Reactions on Deviance

This paragraph delves into the impact of social reactions on deviant behavior, highlighting the process of labeling and the self-fulfilling prophecy that can lead individuals to embrace a deviant identity. It discusses the concept of 'secondary deviance' and how societal reactions can exacerbate an individual's deviant behavior. The paragraph also examines the role of stigma in deviance, identifying different types of stigmas that can lead to discrimination and exclusion from mainstream society. The discussion includes the idea of 'institutionalized deviance' and the need to address the underlying social structures that contribute to deviant behavior.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Deviant Behavior

Deviant behavior refers to actions that violate social norms and are considered abnormal or unacceptable by society. In the video's context, it is discussed in relation to various topics such as crime, suicide, and other behaviors that deviate from societal expectations. The script mentions how society constructs deviance and how certain behaviors are labeled as deviant based on social reactions, such as laughing at someone's joke in a bar being normal, but laughing at someone's grandmother's funeral being deviant.

💡Social Norms

Social norms are the unwritten rules that govern behavior in a society. They are the standards that define what is considered normal or acceptable. The script discusses how social norms are created and how they influence the perception of deviant behavior. For example, the script mentions that if murder during a robbery is considered deviant, then the murder of an enemy soldier or a terrorist is not seen as deviant behavior and is not condemned.

💡Crime

Crime is an act that poses a threat to the welfare of society and is punishable by law. The video script explores the sociological explanations for crime, including the idea that crime can be a response to societal conditions and that it can sometimes serve a function within society, such as social change or reinforcing social unity through collective sanctions against deviants.

💡Suicide

Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one's own death. In the script, it is discussed as a social fact that exists in any society and can be influenced by social integration and regulation. The video mentions how different levels of social integration can lead to different types of suicide, such as egoistic suicide due to a lack of integration or altruistic suicide due to an excess of integration.

💡Anomie

Anomie is a state of disorganization of social norms and institutions, often occurring during the transition from traditional to modern societies. The script describes anomie as a condition where old norms are breaking down and new ones have not yet formed, leading to increased suicide rates as individuals feel disoriented and lose control.

💡Social Control

Social control refers to the mechanisms by which society influences the behavior of individuals to conform to societal norms. The video script discusses how social control can prevent pathological suicide behavior in cohesive societies by maintaining unity of behavior, thoughts, and values among individuals.

💡Subculture

A subculture is a group within a larger culture that has its own distinct norms, values, and behaviors. The script mentions deviant subcultures, such as criminal gangs or drug subcultures, where individuals may adopt different sets of values and statuses that are contrary to mainstream societal norms.

💡Labeling Theory

Labeling theory posits that deviance is created by society's reaction to certain behaviors. The script discusses Howard Becker's work on labeling, explaining that social groups create rules and label those who break these rules as outsiders or deviants. This labeling can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy where individuals conform to the deviant label they have been given.

💡Stigma

Stigma refers to a mark of disgrace that sets an individual apart from others due to some attribute or characteristic. The video script discusses Erving Goffman's work on stigma, highlighting how certain physical, personal, or group attributes can lead to discrimination and exclusion from mainstream society.

💡Institutional Anomalies

Institutional anomalies are deviations that occur at the level of social institutions. The script mentions that these can be seen as protests against the established order or as a result of the current institutional system not satisfying everyone's needs or not being perceived as fair in how it operates.

💡Cultural Goals

Cultural goals are the aspirations and objectives that society encourages individuals to pursue, such as wealth, power, and fame. The video script discusses how cultural goals can be transmitted through direct interactions or subcultures and how they can lead to deviance when institutional means to achieve these goals are ineffective or inaccessible.

Highlights

Discussion on deviant behavior, including crime, suicide, and various social issues.

Explaining the concept of deviancy as a deviation from social norms.

The role of poverty, race, and nationality in the propensity to commit crimes.

Sociological perspective on how society turns people into criminals and even kills people through its mechanisms.

Durkheim's view on crime and suicide as normal parts of society's functioning.

Statistical approach to deviancy as a deviation from usual conditions or general trends.

Questioning whether deviancy is harmful to society, with an exploration of social pathologies.

Durkheim's argument that all social phenomena have a function or utility for society.

Robert Merton's distinction between the positive and negative impacts of social phenomena on society.

The concept of 'anomie' in Durkheim's theory, relating to the disorganization of social norms and institutions.

Types of suicide according to Durkheim, influenced by social integration and regulation.

The idea that deviancy can reinforce social solidarity and unity through collective sanctions.

Physiological theories of deviancy, including Cesare Lombroso and William Sheldon's views on criminal tendencies.

Psychoanalytic explanations of deviancy, such as Freud's theory of unconscious aggressive or sexual instincts.

Sutherland's differential association theory, focusing on learning criminal behavior through socialization.

Becker's labeling theory, which posits that deviance is a result of group reactions to individual behavior.

Goffman's concept of 'stigma' and its impact on individuals with certain characteristics.

Merton's discussion on the cultural and social structures that influence deviant behavior.

The role of 'white-collar crime' and its relationship with professional activities and high social status.

Exploration of how social institutions can both meet and fail to meet societal needs, leading to deviance.

The concept of 'secondary deviancy' where individuals conform to the deviant label they have been given.

The importance of considering the social context and reactions in understanding deviant behavior.