Tenaga Endogen Part 2 : VULKANISME

Summary

The video explores volcanic phenomena, detailing the processes of magma intrusion and extrusion. It explains how magma rises from the Earth's interior, with intrusion occurring beneath the surface and extrusion reaching the Earth’s surface. Various volcanic eruption types, including explosive and effusive eruptions, are described, along with different eruption styles such as linear, areal, and central. The video also covers the seven types of volcanic eruptions and the three main types of volcanoes—shield, cone, and maar. It discusses the solid, liquid, and gas materials released during eruptions, as well as pre- and post-eruption signs, highlighting safety measures for those living near active volcanoes.

Takeaways

• 😀 Vulkanism refers to volcanic activity caused by the rise of magma from within the Earth, which is molten rock containing minerals and gases.
• 😀 Magma movement is divided into two categories: intrusion (when magma moves through the Earth's lithosphere without reaching the surface) and extrusion (when magma reaches the surface).
• 😀 Intrusive magma forms various structures such as laccoliths (lens-shaped), dikes (flat intrusions), batholiths (large magma bodies near the magma chamber), sills (thin layers between rocks), and diapirs (cylindrical magma pipes).
• 😀 When magma cools after intrusion, it forms deep igneous rocks or corroded rocks.
• 😀 Extrusive magma, also known as volcanic eruption, is categorized into explosive and effusive eruptions, based on eruption intensity and magma flow.
• 😀 Explosive eruptions involve violent explosions that eject volcanic materials into the atmosphere, while effusive eruptions involve the slow flow of lava from the volcano.
• 😀 Eruptions can be categorized based on the shape of their eruption: linear eruptions (through cracks), areal eruptions (magma flows from several points), and central eruptions (through a central crater forming a cone-shaped volcano).
• 😀 There are seven types of volcanic eruptions, including Strombolian, Hawaiian, Vulcanian, Merapi-like, Le, Plinian, and more, each defined by intensity, magma properties, and eruption style.
• 😀 Volcanoes come in three main types: shield volcanoes (wide, flat eruptions), cone-shaped volcanoes (tall and steep, with alternating explosive and effusive eruptions), and maar volcanoes (explosive eruptions forming large craters).
• 😀 Materials ejected during eruptions include solid debris (eflata), liquid lava, and gases (such as sulfur, carbon dioxide, and steam), each contributing to the eruption's effects and aftermath.

Q & A

What is vulcanism?

Vulcanism is the geological process associated with the rise of magma from the Earth's interior. It involves the movement of molten rock, which is called magma, that can either intrude into the Earth's crust or extrude to the surface as lava.

What is the difference between magma intrusion and magma extrusion?

Magma intrusion refers to the process where magma pushes through cracks and gaps in the Earth's crust but does not reach the surface. On the other hand, magma extrusion occurs when magma flows from the Earth's interior to the surface, forming lava.

What are some types of magma intrusions and their characteristics?

There are several types of magma intrusions, including laccoliths (magma that forms lens-shaped protrusions between rock layers), dikes (flat intrusions cutting through rock), batholiths (large magma bodies near the magma source), and sills (thin layers of magma between rock layers).

What is the difference between explosive and effusive volcanic eruptions?

Explosive eruptions involve powerful explosions that eject volcanic material into the air, while effusive eruptions involve the slow release of lava that flows from the volcano. Explosive eruptions are typically more violent, whereas effusive eruptions are less intense but can cover vast areas with lava.

What are the three types of volcanic eruptions based on their eruption patterns?

The three types of volcanic eruptions based on eruption patterns are linear eruptions (through fissures), areal eruptions (where magma melts surrounding rocks, leading to eruptions from multiple vents), and central eruptions (which occur through a single vent or central opening, forming a cone-shaped volcano).

What are the seven types of volcanic eruptions?

The seven types of volcanic eruptions include: 1) Slime Vincent (moderate eruptions with high intensity), 2) Merapi (resulting in hot clouds), 3) Hawaii (small eruptions with low intensity), 4) Stromboli (continuous eruptions with small explosions), 5) Vulcano (explosions of both solid and liquid materials), 6) Le (caused by blockage of volcanic vents), and 7) Plinian (producing high-altitude eruptions with massive eruptions and caldera formation).

What types of volcanoes are there and how do they differ?

There are three main types of volcanoes: shield volcanoes (formed by low-viscosity lava that spreads out in wide, gentle slopes), stratovolcanoes (steep-sided, formed by alternating eruptions of lava and solidified material), and cinder cone volcanoes (built from explosive eruptions, with steep sides).

What materials are ejected during a volcanic eruption?

During a volcanic eruption, materials ejected include solid debris (e.g., tephra, ash, and lava bombs), liquid lava, and gaseous emissions such as sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and water vapor.

What are the signs of an impending volcanic eruption?

Signs of an impending eruption include sudden temperature changes around the volcano, drying up of nearby water sources, increased seismic activity, abnormal behavior in local wildlife, and the rising intensity of volcanic gas emissions.

What are some post-eruption phenomena that can occur?

Post-eruption phenomena include the formation of hot springs, the appearance of fumaroles (steam vents), the development of new mineral-rich springs, and the reactivation of geysers or thermal vents.