Patofisiologi - Penyakit Kanker Kolorektal (Colon Cancer)

Summary

The video discusses the pathophysiology of colorectal cancer, a common and leading cause of death worldwide. It explores how colorectal cancer develops, typically starting as adenocarcinoma from mutated intestinal gland cells. The script highlights risk factors, such as genetic mutations and environmental influences, and explains the four stages of cancer progression. It also covers symptoms, which may vary depending on tumor location, and common diagnostic methods like colonoscopy and blood tests. The therapeutic approach is tailored to the cancer's stage, with surgery and chemotherapy being key treatments, though metastasis presents challenges in curing the disease.

Takeaways

• 😀 Colorectal cancer, also known as *karsinoma colorectal*, is a common type of cancer that affects the colon or rectum and is a leading cause of death worldwide.
• 😀 The condition develops when malignant cells form in the lining of the colon or rectum, often due to mutations in genes that regulate cell growth and death, such as the APC gene.
• 😀 Mutations in the APC gene prevent cells from undergoing apoptosis, leading to uncontrolled cell division and the formation of polyps, which can become cancerous over time.
• 😀 Colorectal cancer progresses through several stages: Stage 0 (in situ), Stage 1 (localized), Stage 2 (wall invasion), Stage 3 (spread to lymph nodes), and Stage 4 (metastasis).
• 😀 Risk factors for colorectal cancer are divided into modifiable factors (like diet, smoking, and obesity) and non-modifiable factors (like age, gender, and family history).
• 😀 Symptoms of colorectal cancer vary depending on tumor location: right-sided tumors may cause anemia and vague symptoms, while left-sided tumors may cause bowel obstruction and bloody stools.
• 😀 Early-stage colorectal cancer may be asymptomatic, but as the disease progresses, it can lead to more serious symptoms such as constipation, pain, and visible blood in the stool.
• 😀 Diagnosis involves colonoscopy for direct visualization of the colon, biopsy for histological confirmation, blood tests for anemia, and sometimes barium enema for imaging.
• 😀 Treatment for colorectal cancer depends on the stage: early stages may require surgery, while advanced stages often involve chemotherapy, targeted therapies, and possibly palliative care for metastatic disease.
• 😀 Preventive measures include lifestyle changes such as eating a balanced diet high in fiber, avoiding smoking, reducing red meat consumption, and maintaining a healthy weight to lower the risk of colorectal cancer.

Q & A

What is colorectal cancer, and where does it occur?

Colorectal cancer, also known as colon cancer, occurs in the colon or rectum. It develops when malignant cells form in the tissues of the colon or rectum, which are parts of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

What are the common causes and risk factors for colorectal cancer?

The main causes of colorectal cancer are sporadic mutations in the DNA, but it can also be influenced by genetic mutations that run in families. Risk factors include age (older individuals are at higher risk), gender (men are more prone), inflammatory bowel diseases, and lifestyle factors such as smoking, poor diet, obesity, and lack of exercise.

What are the four layers that make up the wall of the gastrointestinal tract?

The four layers of the GI tract are: 1) Serosa (outermost layer), 2) Muscularis (muscle layer responsible for moving food), 3) Submucosa (which contains blood vessels and lymphatic tissue), and 4) Mucosa (the innermost layer, which directly interacts with digested food).

What is the role of the APC gene in colorectal cancer?

The APC gene normally helps prevent the accumulation of mutations by inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death) when excess mutations are detected. When the APC gene is mutated, it allows cells to multiply uncontrollably, leading to the formation of polyps and, eventually, cancer.

What are adenomas, and how do they relate to colorectal cancer?

Adenomas are benign polyps in the colon that have the potential to become malignant over time. They are one of the precursors to colorectal cancer, particularly when they undergo mutations in genes like APC, leading to uncontrolled cell division and progression to cancer.

How is colorectal cancer staged, and what are the key stages?

Colorectal cancer is staged from 0 to 4. Stage 0 refers to localized cancer that has not spread beyond the mucosal layer. Stages 1 to 3 involve increasing invasiveness, from spreading to deeper layers of the colon to the involvement of lymph nodes. Stage 4 is metastatic cancer, where the cancer has spread to distant organs like the liver or lungs.

What are common symptoms of colorectal cancer?

Symptoms of colorectal cancer can include abdominal pain, changes in bowel habits (constipation or diarrhea), blood in the stool, unexplained weight loss, and anemia. However, many cases are asymptomatic in the early stages.

How is colorectal cancer diagnosed?

Colorectal cancer is commonly diagnosed through colonoscopy, where a camera is inserted into the colon to visualize abnormal growths or polyps. Other diagnostic methods include blood tests to detect markers of cancer and imaging techniques like barium enema, which can reveal abnormalities in the colon.

What is the typical treatment for colorectal cancer?

Treatment for colorectal cancer depends on the stage of the disease. Early-stage cancers are typically treated with surgery to remove the tumor. For later stages, chemotherapy is often used, especially if the cancer has spread to lymph nodes or distant organs. In advanced cases with metastasis, treatment may focus on palliative care to alleviate symptoms.

What factors make colorectal cancer more likely to spread to other organs?

Colorectal cancer tends to spread when it reaches advanced stages, particularly Stage 4. Metastasis usually occurs when the cancer invades blood vessels or lymph nodes and then spreads to distant organs like the liver or lungs. The presence of mutations in tumor suppressor genes or in DNA repair mechanisms can also promote metastasis.