Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1 em (mais de) 5 minutos│ Medicina Resumida

Summary

This video explains Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 (DM1), a chronic autoimmune disease where the body attacks its insulin-producing cells. It covers the causes, including genetic factors and environmental triggers, and highlights symptoms such as excessive thirst, urination, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves measuring blood glucose levels and HbA1c. The video stresses the importance of early detection and insulin therapy, as well as the risks of diabetic ketoacidosis. It also touches on lifestyle factors like exercise and diet in managing the disease, while emphasizing the need for careful monitoring of blood glucose levels.

Takeaways

• 😀 Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disorder, with Type 1 being insulin-dependent and accounting for 5-10% of all diabetes cases.
• 😀 Type 1 diabetes may have two main causes: genetic factors (autoimmune response attacking pancreatic beta cells) and idiopathic factors (unknown cause).
• 😀 Genetic factors play a role in Type 1 diabetes, especially if a parent has diabetes. Environmental factors, though still under study, may also contribute.
• 😀 The hygiene hypothesis suggests that industrialized countries have higher diabetes rates due to a lack of exposure to microorganisms, which affects immune system regulation.
• 😀 Infections, such as the Coxsackie virus, can trigger molecular mimicry, leading the immune system to attack the pancreas by mistake, contributing to Type 1 diabetes.
• 😀 Common autoimmune conditions associated with Type 1 diabetes include vitiligo, Addison's disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and celiac disease.
• 😀 Early detection of Type 1 diabetes often involves identifying key antibodies, such as anti-insulin (IAA) and anti-islet antibodies.
• 😀 Metabolic symptoms of Type 1 diabetes include polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, and sometimes mild polyphagia. Fatigue (asthenia) is also common.
• 😀 Non-metabolic symptoms can include visual disturbances, skin changes, altered sensitivity, and the patient’s lack of energy, especially in children.
• 😀 Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) occurs when insulin deficiency leads to high blood glucose and the body starts using fat for energy, producing ketones and causing acidosis.
• 😀 Insulin therapy is essential for managing Type 1 diabetes, and exercise must be carefully monitored to prevent ketoacidosis due to low insulin levels during intense physical activity.

Q & A

What is Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is an autoimmune disease where the body's immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to insulin deficiency and high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia).

How does the immune system contribute to the development of Type 1 Diabetes?

In Type 1 Diabetes, the immune system produces autoantibodies that attack the beta cells of the pancreas. This autoimmune response stops the production of insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels.

What are the two main causes (etiologies) of Type 1 Diabetes?

The two main causes of Type 1 Diabetes are autoimmune (where autoantibodies attack the pancreas) and idiopathic (where no known cause is identified, though the body still does not produce insulin).

Can Type 1 Diabetes be linked with other autoimmune diseases?

Yes, Type 1 Diabetes is often associated with other autoimmune diseases, such as Vitiligo, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Addison's disease, pernicious anemia, and celiac disease, due to the immune system attacking other parts of the body as well.

What are the risk factors for developing Type 1 Diabetes?

Risk factors for Type 1 Diabetes include genetic predisposition (family history of the disease) and environmental factors, such as viral infections, diet, stress, and lack of sun exposure. However, the exact role of these environmental factors is still under research.

What is the 'hygiene hypothesis' in relation to Type 1 Diabetes?

The hygiene hypothesis suggests that in industrialized countries, the lack of exposure to microorganisms in early life due to sanitized food and environments may impair the development of a healthy immune system, potentially increasing the risk of autoimmune diseases like Type 1 Diabetes.

What are the typical symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes?

The typical symptoms include polyuria (excessive urination), polydipsia (excessive thirst), unexplained weight loss, and sometimes polyphagia (increased hunger). Additionally, children with Type 1 Diabetes may lose interest in playing and feel fatigued.

What are some non-metabolic symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes?

Non-metabolic symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes can include visual disturbances (such as diabetic retinopathy), changes in skin sensitivity, and general fatigue. In children, there may also be a noticeable lack of interest in physical activities.

How is Type 1 Diabetes diagnosed?

Type 1 Diabetes is diagnosed through blood tests that measure glucose levels. Key diagnostic criteria include a fasting glucose level ≥ 126 mg/dL, a post-oral glucose tolerance test level ≥ 200 mg/dL, a hemoglobin A1c level ≥ 6.5%, or a random glucose level ≥ 200 mg/dL with symptoms of diabetes.

What is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), and how is it related to Type 1 Diabetes?

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious complication of Type 1 Diabetes caused by a lack of insulin, leading to the body breaking down fat for energy and producing ketones, which can make the blood acidic. Symptoms include high blood sugar (≥ 250 mg/dL) and can lead to a life-threatening condition if untreated.